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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 28, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
Income (loss) from continuing operations, before income taxes consisted of the following:

For the Year Ended
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
December 28, 2019
 
December 29, 2018
 
December 30, 2017
Canada
$
(57.0
)
 
$
(26.1
)
 
$
(29.1
)
Outside Canada
66.4

 
50.2

 
(4.5
)
Income (loss) from continuing operations, before income taxes
$
9.4

 
$
24.1

 
$
(33.6
)

Income tax expense (benefit) consisted of the following:

For the Year Ended
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
December 28, 2019
 
December 29, 2018
 
December 30, 2017
Current

 

 

Canada
$
(0.2
)
 
—

 
$
—

Outside Canada
12.6

 
2.3

 
3.9


$
12.4

 
$
2.3

 
$
3.9

Deferred

 

 

Canada
$
(1.0
)
 
$
(5.6
)
 
$
—

Outside Canada
(1.9
)
 
(1.5
)
 
(33.9
)

$
(2.9
)
 
$
(7.1
)
 
$
(33.9
)
Income tax expense (benefit)
$
9.5

 
$
(4.8
)
 
$
(30.0
)


The following table reconciles income taxes calculated at the basic Canadian corporate rates with the income tax provision:

For the Year Ended
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
December 28, 2019
 
December 29, 2018
 
December 30, 2017
Income tax expense (benefit) based on Canadian statutory rates
$
2.5

 
$
6.4

 
$
(8.7
)
Foreign tax rate differential
(11.1
)
 
(2.6
)
 
(1.3
)
Local taxes
2.1

 
0.5

 
(0.2
)
Nontaxable interest income
(8.4
)
 
(9.8
)
 
(11.3
)
Impact of intercompany transactions and dividends
12.2

 
1.0

 
(9.2
)
Nontaxable capital gains
—

 
—

 
(3.7
)
Income tax credits
(0.5
)
 
—

 
—

Change in enacted tax rates
(0.1
)
 
3.4

 
(32.7
)
Change in valuation allowance
19.7

 
(4.2
)
 
45.8

Change in uncertain tax positions
0.3

 
(3.4
)
 
(2.4
)
Equity compensation
1.5

 
1.5

 
1.1

Permanent differences
1.6

 
1.1

 
(0.6
)
Outside basis differences on discontinued operations
—

 
—

 
(3.8
)
Adjustments to deferred taxes
(10.4
)
 
0.7

 
(3.4
)
Other items
0.1

 
0.6

 
0.4

Income tax expense (benefit)
$
9.5

 
$
(4.8
)
 
$
(30.0
)

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities were recognized on temporary differences between the financial and tax bases of existing assets and liabilities as follows:
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
December 28, 2019
 
December 29, 2018
Deferred tax assets

 

Net operating loss carryforwards
$
134.2

 
$
109.8

Capital loss carryforwards
12.0

 
13.1

Liabilities and reserves
28.2

 
25.0

Stock options
8.2

 
8.1

Inventories
4.0

 
3.8

Interest expense
11.3

 
12.2

Derivatives 1
—

 
2.8

Right of use lease obligations
49.1

 
—

Other 1
—

 
3.9


247.0

 
178.7

Deferred tax liabilities

 

Property, plant and equipment
(76.3
)
 
(65.7
)
Intangible assets
(125.1
)
 
(139.2
)
Right of use assets
(47.6
)
 
—

Derivatives
(3.9
)
 
—

Other
(1.2
)
 
—


(254.1
)
 
(204.9
)
Valuation allowance
(120.3
)
 
(98.0
)
Net deferred tax liability
$
(127.4
)
 
$
(124.2
)

______________________
1
Derivatives prior year amounts have been reclassified from other to conform to the current year presentation.
As of December 28, 2019, we have outside tax basis differences, including undistributed earnings, in our foreign subsidiaries. For 2019, deferred taxes have not been recorded on the undistributed earnings because the foreign subsidiaries have the ability to repatriate funds to its parent company tax-efficiently or the undistributed earnings are indefinitely reinvested under the accounting guidance. In order to arrive at this conclusion, we considered factors including, but not limited to, past experience, domestic cash requirements, cash requirements to satisfy the ongoing operations, capital expenditures and other financial obligations of our subsidiaries. It is not practicable to determine the excess book basis over outside tax basis in the shares or the amount of incremental taxes that might arise if these earnings were to be remitted. The amount of tax payable could be significantly impacted by the jurisdiction in which a distribution was made, the amount of the distribution, foreign withholding taxes under applicable tax laws when distributed, relevant tax treaties and foreign tax credits. We repatriated earnings of $75.1 million and $83.1 million to Canada in 2019 and 2018, respectively, incurring no tax expense.
As of December 28, 2019, we have operating loss carryforwards totaling $516.0 million, capital loss carryforwards totaling $44.8 million, and tax credit carryforwards totaling $1.7 million. The operating loss carryforward amount was attributable to Canadian operating loss carryforwards of $213.4 million that will expire from 2027 to 2039; U.S. federal and state operating loss carryforwards of $120.6 million and $11.1 million, respectively, that will expire from 2020 to 2039; Dutch operating loss carryforwards of $115.9 million that will expire from 2020 to 2025; and various other operating loss carryforwards of $55.0 million that will expire from 2020 to 2039.
The capital loss carryforward is attributable to Canadian capital losses of $39.2 million and Israeli capital losses of $5.6 million, all with indefinite lives. The tax credit carryforward of $1.7 million will expire from 2020 to 2022.
In general, under Section 382 and 383 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), a U.S. corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses (“NOLs”) or tax credits to offset future taxable income. Therefore, current or future changes in our Canadian stock ownership, many of which are outside of our control, could result in a U.S. ownership change under Section 382 and 383 of the Code. If we undergo a U.S. ownership change, our ability to utilize U.S. federal or state NOLs or tax credits could be limited. We monitor changes in our ownership on an ongoing basis and do not believe we had a change of control limitation as of December 28, 2019.
We establish a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of the available evidence, both positive and negative, for each respective tax jurisdiction, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Due to recent cumulative losses, it was determined that it is more likely than not we will not realize the benefit of net operating loss carryforwards and other net deferred assets in Canada, and certain jurisdictions within the Eden business. The balance of the valuation allowance was $120.3 million and $98.0 million for the years ended December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018, respectively. The valuation allowance increase in 2019 was primarily related to losses generated in tax jurisdictions with existing valuation allowances.
Additionally, we have determined that it is more likely than not that the benefit from our capital losses in Canada and Israel will not be realized in the future due to the uncertainty regarding potential future capital gains in the jurisdiction. In recognition of this risk, we have provided a valuation allowance of $12.0 million on our capital losses.
The Tax Act enacted new Section 163(j) interest expense limitation rules on December 22, 2017. On November 26, 2018, the U.S. Department of the Treasury released proposed regulations to provide interpretative guidance for the new Section 163(j) rules, with early adoption permitted. We have not adopted the proposed regulations. If the proposed regulations are finalized as currently written, they could have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements in the year in which they are finalized.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of our unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

For the Year Ended
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
December 28, 2019
 
December 29, 2018
 
December 30, 2017
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year
$
15.5

 
$
16.2

 
$
28.6

Additions based on tax positions taken during a prior period
5.0

 
1.3

 
0.2

Reductions based on tax positions taken during a prior period
(1.9
)
 
(0.1
)
 
(6.3
)
Settlement on tax positions taken during a prior period
—

 
—

 
(1.0
)
Tax rate change
—

 
(0.1
)
 
(4.5
)
Lapse in statute of limitations
(2.9
)
 
(4.3
)
 
(3.2
)
Additions based on tax positions taken during the current period
1.7

 
3.0

 
1.7

Cash payments
(0.2
)

—


—

Foreign exchange
0.1

 
(0.5
)
 
0.7

Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year
$
17.3

 
$
15.5

 
$
16.2


As of December 28, 2019, we had $17.3 million of unrecognized tax benefits, a net increase of $1.8 million from $15.5 million as of December 29, 2018. If we recognized our tax positions, approximately $11.4 million would favorably impact the effective tax rate. We believe it is reasonably possible that our unrecognized tax benefits will decrease or be recognized in the next twelve months by up to $1.7 million due to the settlement of certain tax positions and lapses in statutes of limitation in various tax jurisdictions.
We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes. We recovered nil of interest and penalties during the years ended December 28, 2019, December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017. The amount of interest and penalties recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for 2019 and 2018 were a liability of $1.0 million and $0.6 million, respectively.
Years through 2009 have been audited by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, though the statutes are still open back to 2008 due to certain net operating loss carryforwards. Years prior to 2014 are closed to audit by U.S. state jurisdictions. We are currently under audit in Canada by the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) for tax year 2014. Years prior to 2014 are closed to audit by the CRA. We are currently under audit in Israel for the 2013 to 2017 tax years, the United Kingdom for the 2016 and 2017 tax years, and Poland for the 2014 tax year.