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Significant accounting policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Certain amortization expense related to intangible assets previously reported in general and administrative expenses has been reclassified to acquisition-related amortization and remeasurement based on use of the underlying intangible asset. This reclassification resulted in a decrease to general and administrative expense of $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Market risk

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is exposed to the impact of changes in interest rates and foreign currency fluctuations. The Company’s objective is to limit the impact of such movements on earnings and cash flows. In order to achieve this objective, the Company seeks to balance its non-U.S. Dollar denominated income and expenditures.

The financial statements for operations outside the United States are generally maintained in their local currency. All foreign currency denominated balance sheet accounts, except shareholders’ equity, are translated to U.S. Dollars at year end exchange rates and revenue and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange prevailing during the year. Gains and losses resulting from the translation of foreign currency are recorded in the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component of shareholders’ equity. Transactional foreign currency gains and losses, including those generated from intercompany operations, are included in other expense, net and were a gain of $3.9 million, loss of $1.4 million, and a loss of $3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Financial instruments and concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that could subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and accounts receivable. Generally, cash is held at large financial institutions and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid money market funds. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of customers, generally does not require collateral, and maintains a reserve for potential credit losses. The Company believes that a concentration of credit risk related to the accounts receivable is limited because customers are geographically dispersed and end users are diversified.

Net sales to our customers based in Europe were approximately $57.7 million in 2020, which represents a substantial portion of our accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2020. It is at least reasonably possible that changes in global economic conditions and/or local operating and economic conditions in the regions, or other factors, could affect the future realization of these accounts receivable balances.

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Restricted cash as of December 31, 2018 related to a court order affecting the Company’s local bank accounts for its office in São Paulo, Brazil, as part of an investigation of more than 30 companies, which resulted in the freezing of approximately $2.6 million of the Company’s cash. On April 3, 2019, the Company’s appeal regarding the freezing of its local bank accounts was heard by the Brazil Federal Court of Appeals of Rio de Janeiro, in which the Court ordered the unfreezing of the Company’s cash. The cash was then returned without any restrictions in April 2019.

In September 2019, approximately $0.5 million (based upon foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2020) of the Company’s cash in Brazil was frozen upon request to satisfy a judgment related to an ongoing legal dispute with a former Brazilian distributor. Although the Company is appealing this judgment, this cash has been reclassified to restricted cash. Refer to Note 13 for further discussion of this matter.

Investing activities that did not result in cash receipts or cash payments during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 consisted of the following, which were not included within cash from investing activities in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows:

(U.S. Dollars, in thousands)	2020		2019		2018
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Noncash investing activities:
Intangible assets acquired in asset acquisitions	$	1,575	$	1,600	$	2,015
Contingent consideration recognized at acquisition date		375		—		25,491

Advertising costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs are included within sales and marketing expense and totaled $0.9 million, $0.8 million, and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.

Research and development costs

Research and development costs, including in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) costs

Expenditures for research and development are expensed as incurred. Expenditures related to the Company’s collaborative arrangement with MTF Biologics (“MTF”) are expensed based on the terms of the related agreement. The Company recognized $0.8 million in research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 under the collaborative arrangement with MTF and did not recognize any such expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2019.

On October 1, 2020, the Company and Neo Medical SA, a privately held Swiss-based company developing a new generation of products for spinal surgery (“Neo Medical”), entered into a partnership that includes a co-development agreement covering the parties’ joint development of single use instruments for cervical spine procedures, and a distribution agreement under which the Company will exclusively distribute Neo Medical’s thoracolumbar procedure solutions to certain U.S. customer accounts. In connection with this agreement, the Company is responsible for the payment of variable costs associated with the development of the specified products. Research and development expenses incurred under this collaborative arrangement for the year ended December 31, 2020 totaled less than $0.1 million.

In connection with the Spinal Kinetics Inc. acquisition in 2018, the Company recognized $26.8 million of IPR&D costs within intangible assets, net and recorded additional research and development costs to further develop this acquired IPR&D. See Note 7 for further details.

Acquired IPR&D represents the fair value assigned to acquired research and development assets that have not reached technological feasibility. The fair value assigned to acquired IPR&D is determined by estimating the costs to develop the acquired technology into commercially viable products, estimating the resulting revenues from the projects, and discounting the net cash flows to present value. The revenue and cost projections used to value acquired IPR&D are, as applicable, reduced based on the probability of success of developing the asset. Additionally, estimated revenues consider the relevant market sizes and growth factors, expected trends in technology, and the nature and expected timing of new product introductions by the Company and its competitors. The rates utilized to discount the net cash flows to their present value are commensurate with the stage of development of the project and uncertainties in the economic estimates used in the projections. Any future costs to further develop the IPR&D subsequent to acquisition are recorded to research and development expense as incurred. See Note 7 for additional policy discussion related to amortization and impairment testing for IPR&D.

Recently adopted accounting standards and recently issued accounting pronouncements

Adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and Subsequent Amendments

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016-13 (which was then further clarified in subsequent ASUs), which requires that credit losses for certain types of financial instruments, including accounts receivable, be estimated based on expected credit losses among other changes. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using a modified retrospective approach. Therefore, results for reporting periods after January 1, 2020 are presented under Topic 326, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the historical accounting guidance. See Note 15 for additional discussion of the Company’s adoption of Topic 326 and its resulting accounting policies.

Adoption of ASU 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, which eliminates Step 2 of the previous goodwill impairment test, which required a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. Under ASU 2017-04, a goodwill impairment loss will now be measured as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the recorded amount of

goodwill. The Company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2020 on a prospective basis. Adoption of this ASU did not impact the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet, statements of operations, or cash flows, but is expected to impact the measurement of any future goodwill impairment.

Adoption of ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, which eliminates certain disclosures, such as the amount and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, and adds new disclosure requirements for Level 3 measurements. The Company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2020, with certain provisions of the ASU applied retrospectively and other provisions provided prospectively. Adoption of this ASU did not impact the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet, statements of operations, or cash flows; however, adoption of the ASU did result in modified disclosures in Note 12.

Adoption of ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The accounting for the service element of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract was not affected by the amendments in this update. The Company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2020 on a prospective basis. Adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact to the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet, statements of operations, or cash flows, but is expected to impact future cloud computing arrangements.

Adoption of ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, which provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential financial reporting burden of the expected market transition away from LIBOR. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contract modifications, hedge accounting, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met through December 31, 2022. The Company adopted this ASU effective March 12, 2020, the effective date of the ASU, on a prospective basis. Adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact to the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet, statements of operations, or cash flows, but is expected to impact the future borrowing rate used for the Company’s secured revolving credit facility.

Adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842)

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016-02, which changes how lessees account for leases. For most leases, the standard requires a liability to be recorded on the balance sheet based on the present value of future lease obligations with a corresponding right-of-use asset. For leases classified as operating leases, the Company is now required to recognize lease costs on a straight-line basis based on the combined amortization of the lease obligation and the right-of-use asset. Similar to capital leases under the previous accounting standard, leases are accounted for as finance leases when the relevant criteria is met. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02 using a modified retrospective approach. Upon adoption, the Company elected a package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard. The elected practical expedients allow the Company to carry forward its historical lease classification and to not separate and allocate the consideration paid between lease and non-lease components included within a contract. The Company also elected an optional transition method that waives the requirement to apply the ASU to the comparative periods presented within the financial statements in the year of adoption. Therefore, results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2019 are presented under Topic 842, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the Company’s historic accounting policies under Topic 840. See Note 9 for additional discussion of the Company’s adoption of Topic 842 and its lease accounting policies.

Adoption of ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, which allows entities to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2019, using a modified retrospective approach, which resulted in an increase to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and a decrease in retained earnings of $0.9 million.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

Topic

Description of Guidance

Effective Date

Status of Company's Evaluation

Simplifying the accounting for income taxes (ASU 2019-12)

Reduces the complexity of accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions to the general principles in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 740, Income Taxes. Additionally, the ASU simplifies GAAP by amending the requirements related to the accounting for "hybrid" tax regimes and also adding the requirement to evaluate when a step up in the tax basis of goodwill should be considered part of the business combination and when it should be considered a separate transaction. Certain of the provisions are to be applied retrospectively with other provisions applied prospectively.

January 1, 2021

The Company will adopt this new ASU effective January 1, 2021. Provisions related to general intra-period tax allocations, the calculation of income taxes for interim periods, and the effects of changes in tax laws or tax rates will be adopted on a prospective basis. The provision applicable to exceptions to the recognition of deferred taxes for investment ownership changes will be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, with a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings, and the provision for changes in accounting for franchise taxes will be applied either on a retrospective basis or using a modified retrospective approach.

The Company does not expect this change in guidance to have a material impact to its consolidated financial statements.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value, after provision for excess, obsolete or impaired items, which is reviewed and updated on a periodic basis by management. For inventory procured or produced, whether internally or through contract manufacturing arrangements, at our manufacturing facility in Italy, cost is determined on a weighted-average basis, which approximates the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. For inventory procured or produced, whether internally or through contract manufacturing arrangements, at our manufacturing facilities in Texas and California, standard costs, which approximates actual cost on the FIFO method, is used to value inventory. Standard costs are reviewed annually by management, or more often in the event circumstances indicate a change in cost has occurred.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, or when acquired as part of a business combination, at estimated fair value. Costs include all expenditures necessary to place the asset in service, generally including freight and sales and use taxes. Property, plant and equipment includes instrumentation held by customers, which is generally used to facilitate the implantation of the Company’s products.

The Company evaluates the useful lives of these assets on an annual basis. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of the assets. Depreciation of leasehold improvements is computed over the shorter of the lease term or the useful life of the asset. Total depreciation expense was $19.3 million, $17.7 million and $15.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs and minor renewals and improvements, which do not extend the lives of the respective assets, are expensed as incurred. All other expenditures for renewals and improvements are capitalized. The assets and related accumulated depreciation are adjusted for property retirements and disposals, with the resulting gain or loss included in earnings. Fully depreciated assets remain in the accounts until retired from service.

The Company capitalizes system development costs related to internal-use software during the application development stage. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Internal-use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, generally three to seven years.

Long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances have occurred that would indicate impairment. For purposes of the evaluation, the Company groups its long-lived assets with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level of identifiable cash flows if the asset does not generate cash flows independent of other assets and liabilities. If the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group, the Company will write the carrying value down to the fair value in the period identified.

The Company generally determines fair value of long-lived assets as the present value of estimated future cash flows. In determining the estimated future cash flows associated with the assets, the Company uses estimates and assumptions about future revenue contributions, cost structures and remaining useful lives of the asset group. The use of alternative assumptions, including estimated cash flows, discount rates, and alternative estimated remaining useful lives could result in different calculations of impairment.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are recorded at cost, or when acquired as a part of a business combination, at estimated fair value. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of the assets, which the Company believes is materially consistent with the pattern of economic benefit provided by these assets.

Goodwill

The Company tests goodwill at least annually for impairment. The Company tests more frequently if indicators are present or changes in circumstances suggest that impairment may exist. These indicators include, among others, declines in sales, earnings or cash flows, or the development of a material adverse change in the business climate. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company’s leases primarily relate to facilities, vehicles, and equipment. Lease assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent

the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Lease assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate is used as a discount rate, based on the information available at the commencement date, in determining the present value of lease payments. Lease assets also include the impact of any prepayments made and are reduced by impact of any lease incentives.

The Company does not recognize lease liabilities or lease assets on the balance sheet for short-term (leases with a lease term of twelve months or less as of the commencement date). Rather, any short-term lease payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The current period short-term lease expense reasonably reflects our short-term lease commitments.

For all classifications of leases, the Company combines lease and nonlease components to account for them as a single lease component. Variable lease payments are excluded from the lease liability and recognized in the period in which the obligation is incurred. Additionally, lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option.

Commitments and contingencies

Contingencies policy

The Company records accruals for certain outstanding legal proceedings, investigations or claims when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company evaluates, on a quarterly basis, developments in legal proceedings, investigations and claims that could affect the amount of any accrual, as well as any developments that would make a loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. When a loss contingency is not both probable and reasonably estimable, the Company does not accrue the loss. However, if the loss (or an additional loss in excess of the accrual) is at least a reasonable possibility and material, then the Company discloses a reasonable estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, if such reasonable estimate can be made. If the Company cannot make a reasonable estimate of the possible loss, or range of loss, then that is disclosed. In addition, legal fees and other directly related costs are expensed as incurred.

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for a contract when there is approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of consideration is probable. The Company’s contracts may contain one or more performance obligations. If a contract contains more than one performance obligation, the Company allocates the total transaction price to each of the performance obligations based upon the observable standalone selling price of the promised goods or services underlying each performance obligation. The Company recognizes

revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer, which typically occurs at a point in time upon shipment, delivery, or utilization, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for the promised goods or services. The amount the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for the goods or services reflects any fixed amount stated per the contract and estimates for any variable consideration, such as discounts, to the extent that is it probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved.

The following sections discuss the Company’s revenue recognition policies by significant product category:

Bone Growth Therapies

Bone Growth Therapies revenue is largely attributable to the U.S. and is comprised of third-party payor transactions and wholesale revenue.

The largest portion of Bone Growth Therapies revenue is derived from third-party payors. This includes commercial insurance carriers, health maintenance organizations, preferred provider organizations, and governmental payors, such as Medicare. Revenue is recognized when the product is fitted to and accepted by the patient and all applicable documents required by the third-party payor have been obtained. Amounts paid by third-party payors are generally based on fixed or allowable reimbursement rates. These revenues are recorded at the expected or preauthorized reimbursement rates, net of any contractual allowances or adjustments. Certain billings are subject to review by the third-party payors and may be subject to adjustment.

Wholesale revenue is related to the sale of the Company’s bone growth stimulators directly to durable medical equipment suppliers. Wholesale revenues are typically recognized upon shipment and receipt of a confirming purchase order, which is when the customer obtains control of the promised goods.

Biologics

Biologics revenue is largely attributable to the U.S. and is primarily related to a collaborative arrangement with MTF, which extends through July 28, 2027. Under this arrangement, the Company markets tissue for bone repair and reconstruction under the brand names Trinity Evolution and Trinity ELITE. Per the terms of the agreement, MTF sources the tissue, processes it to create the bone growth matrix, packages, and delivers the tissue to the customer. The Company has exclusive global marketing rights for the Trinity Evolution and Trinity ELITE tissues, exclusive rights to market fiberFUSE and AlloQuent tissues in the U.S., non-exclusive marketing rights for certain other products, and receives marketing fees from MTF based on total sales. MTF is considered the primary obligor in these arrangements; therefore, the Company recognizes marketing service fees on a net basis within net sales upon shipment of the product to the customer.

Spinal Implants and Global Extremities

Spinal Implants and Global Extremities products are distributed world-wide, with U.S. sales largely comprised of commercial sales and international sales derived from both commercial sales and through stocking distributor arrangements.

Commercial revenue is largely related to the sale of the Company’s Spinal Implants and Global Extremities products to hospital customers. The customer obtains control and revenues are recognized when these products have been utilized and a confirming purchase order has been received from the hospital.

Other revenues within the Spinal Implants and Global Extremities product categories are derived from stocking distributors, who purchase the Company’s products and then re-sell them directly to customers, such as hospitals. For revenue from stocking distributor arrangements, it is the Company’s policy to recognize revenue upon shipment and receipt of a confirming purchase order, which is when the distributor obtains control of the promised goods. The transaction price with stocking distributors is estimated based upon the Company’s historical collection experience with the stocking distributor. To derive this estimate, the Company analyzes twelve months of historical invoices by stocking distributor and the subsequent collections on those invoices for a period of up to 24 months subsequent to the invoice date. The historical collection percentage, which is specific to each stocking distributor, is then used to calculate the transaction price. Cost of sales is also recorded upon transfer of control of the product to the customer.

Product Sales and Marketing Service Fees

The table below presents net sales, which includes product sales and marketing service fees, for each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018.

	For the year ended December 31,
(U.S. Dollars, in thousands)	2020		2019		2018
Product sales	$	353,087	$	397,064	$	395,589
Marketing service fees		53,475		62,891		57,453
Net sales	$	406,562	$	459,955	$	453,042

Product sales primarily consists of the sale of Bone Growth Therapies, Spinal Implants, and Global Extremities products. Marketing service fees are received from MTF based on total sales of biologics tissues and relates solely to the Biologics product category within the Global Spine reporting segment. Marketing service fees received from MTF were $53.5 million, or approximately 96% of total Biologics revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2020. As MTF is the Company’s single supplier for the Trinity Evolution and Trinity ELITE tissue forms, which are derived from human cadaveric donors, any event or circumstance that would impact MTF’s continued access to donated human cadaveric tissue or the Company’s ability to market these tissues may adversely impact the Company’s financial results.

Revenues exclude any value added or other local taxes, intercompany sales and trade discounts. Shipping and handling costs for products shipped to customers are included in cost of sales, and were $2.4 million, $2.8 million and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.

Adoption of ASU 2016-13

As discussed in Note 3, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13 - Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and subsequent amendments, using a modified retrospective approach. Adoption of the new standard resulted in an increase to the Company’s allowance for expected credit losses of $1.1 million, an increase in deferred income tax assets of $0.2 million, and a decrease in retained earnings of $0.9 million as of January 1, 2020. The net impact of adoption to the Company’s balance sheet as of January 1, 2020 is presented in the table below. The standard did not have a material impact to the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations or cash flows.

(U.S. Dollars, in thousands)	December 31, 2019			Impact of Adoption of ASC 326			January 1, 2020
Assets
Current assets
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	70,403		$	—		$	70,403
Accounts receivable, net		86,805			(1,120	)		85,685
Inventories		82,397			—			82,397
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		20,948			—			20,948
Total current assets		260,553			(1,120	)		259,433
Deferred income taxes		35,117			233			35,350
Other long-term assets		199,950			—			199,950
Total assets	$	495,620		$	(887	)	$	494,733
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Total liabilities	$	167,989		$	—		$	167,989
Shareholders’ equity
Common shares	$	1,902		$	—		$	1,902
Additional paid-in capital		271,019			—			271,019
Retained earnings		57,749			(887	)		56,862
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(3,039	)		—			(3,039	)
Total shareholders’ equity		327,631			(887	)		326,744
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	495,620		$	(887	)	$	494,733

Earnings Per Share

The Company uses the two-class method of computing basic EPS due to the existence of non-vested restricted stock awards with nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (referred to as participating securities). Basic EPS is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each of the respective years. Diluted EPS is computed using the

weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding during each of the respective years using the more dilutive of either the treasury stock method or two-class method. The difference between basic and diluted shares, if any, largely results from common equivalent shares, which represents the dilutive effect of the assumed exercise of certain outstanding share options, the assumed vesting of restricted stock granted to employees and directors, or the satisfaction of certain necessary conditions for contingently issuable shares (see Note 18).