<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?><InstanceReport xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"><Version>2.4.0.8</Version><ReportLongName>2108100 - Disclosure - Senior Notes and Subsidiary Guarantee</ReportLongName><DisplayLabelColumn>true</DisplayLabelColumn><ShowElementNames>false</ShowElementNames><RoundingOption /><HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports><Columns><Column FlagID="0"><Id>1</Id><IsAbstractGroupTitle>false</IsAbstractGroupTitle><LabelSeparator>

</LabelSeparator><CurrencyCode /><FootnoteIndexer /><hasSegments>false</hasSegments><hasScenarios>false</hasScenarios><MCU><KeyName /><CurrencySymbol /><contextRef><ContextID>D2013Q3YTD</ContextID><EntitySchema>http://www.sec.gov/CIK</EntitySchema><EntityValue>0000882829</EntityValue><PeriodDisplayName /><PeriodType>duration</PeriodType><PeriodStartDate>2012-10-01T00:00:00</PeriodStartDate><PeriodEndDate>2013-06-30T00:00:00</PeriodEndDate><Segments /><Scenarios /></contextRef><UPS /><CurrencyCode /><OriginalCurrencyCode /></MCU><CurrencySymbol /><Labels><Label Key="CalendarSupplement" Id="0" Label="9 Months Ended" /><Label Key="Calendar" Id="1" Label="Jun. 30, 2013" /></Labels></Column></Columns><Rows><Row FlagID="0"><Id>1</Id><IsAbstractGroupTitle>true</IsAbstractGroupTitle><LabelSeparator>

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</LabelSeparator><Level>2</Level><ElementName>us-gaap_GuaranteesTextBlock</ElementName><ElementPrefix>us-gaap_</ElementPrefix><IsBaseElement>true</IsBaseElement><BalanceType>na</BalanceType><PeriodType>duration</PeriodType><IsReportTitle>false</IsReportTitle><IsSegmentTitle>false</IsSegmentTitle><IsCalendarTitle>false</IsCalendarTitle><IsEquityPrevioslyReportedAsRow>false</IsEquityPrevioslyReportedAsRow><IsEquityAdjustmentRow>false</IsEquityAdjustmentRow><IsBeginningBalance>false</IsBeginningBalance><IsEndingBalance>false</IsEndingBalance><IsReverseSign>false</IsReverseSign><PreferredLabelRole>terseLabel</PreferredLabelRole><FootnoteIndexer /><Cells><Cell FlagID="0" ContextID="D2013Q3YTD" UnitID=""><Id>1</Id><IsNumeric>false</IsNumeric><IsRatio>false</IsRatio><DisplayZeroAsNone>false</DisplayZeroAsNone><NumericAmount>0</NumericAmount><RoundedNumericAmount>0</RoundedNumericAmount><NonNumbericText>&lt;div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;"&gt;&lt;div style="line-height:120%;font-size:10pt;"&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold;"&gt;Senior Notes and Subsidiary Guarantee&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height:120%;padding-top:6px;text-indent:32px;font-size:10pt;"&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;As of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;June&amp;#160;30, 2013&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;, the Company had &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;$285.0 million&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt; outstanding of the &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;7.75%&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt; Senior Notes and &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;$255.0 million&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt; outstanding of the &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;"&gt;7.375%&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt; Senior Notes, collectively (the &amp;#8220;Notes&amp;#8221;).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height:120%;padding-top:12px;text-indent:32px;font-size:10pt;"&gt;&lt;font style="font-family:inherit;font-size:10pt;"&gt;The Notes are guaranteed by the Company&amp;#8217;s subsidiaries Markets and Development and the Company&amp;#8217;s indirect subsidiaries Super Rx and Dairies (each a &amp;#8220;subsidiary guarantor&amp;#8221;, and collectively, the &amp;#8220;subsidiary guarantors&amp;#8221;). Condensed consolidating financial information with respect to the subsidiary guarantors is not provided because the Company has no independent assets or operations, the subsidiary guarantees are full and unconditional and joint and several and there are no subsidiaries of the Company other than the subsidiary guarantors.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</NonNumbericText><FootnoteIndexer /><CurrencyCode /><CurrencySymbol /><IsIndependantCurrency>false</IsIndependantCurrency><ShowCurrencySymbol>false</ShowCurrencySymbol><DisplayDateInUSFormat>false</DisplayDateInUSFormat></Cell></Cells><ElementDataType>nonnum:textBlockItemType</ElementDataType><SimpleDataType>na</SimpleDataType><ElementDefenition>The entire disclosure for each guarantee obligation, or each group of similar guarantee obligations, including (a) the nature of the guarantee, including its term, how it arose, and the events or circumstances that would require the guarantor to perform under the guarantee; (b) the maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted) the guarantor could be required to make under the guarantee; (c) the current carrying amount of the liability, if any, for the guarantor's obligations under the guarantee; and (d) the nature of any recourse provisions under the guarantee, and any assets held either as collateral or by third parties, and any relevant related party disclosure. Excludes disclosures about product warranties.</ElementDefenition><ElementReferences>No definition available.</ElementReferences><IsTotalLabel>false</IsTotalLabel><UnitID>0</UnitID><Label>Senior Notes and Subsidiary Guarantee</Label></Row></Rows><Footnotes /><IsEquityReport>false</IsEquityReport><ReportName>Senior Notes and Subsidiary Guarantee</ReportName><MonetaryRoundingLevel>UnKnown</MonetaryRoundingLevel><SharesRoundingLevel>UnKnown</SharesRoundingLevel><PerShareRoundingLevel>UnKnown</PerShareRoundingLevel><ExchangeRateRoundingLevel>UnKnown</ExchangeRateRoundingLevel><HasCustomUnits>true</HasCustomUnits><IsEmbedReport>false</IsEmbedReport><IsMultiCurrency>false</IsMultiCurrency><ReportType>Notes</ReportType><RoleURI>http://www.staterbros.com/role/SeniorNotesAndSubsidiaryGuarantee</RoleURI><NumberOfCols>1</NumberOfCols><NumberOfRows>2</NumberOfRows></InstanceReport>
