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TAXES BASED ON INCOME
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
TAXES BASED ON INCOME TAXES BASED ON INCOME
Taxes based on income were as follows:
(In millions)202320222021
Current:
U.S. federal tax$42.5 $29.4 $7.3 
State taxes9.0 8.8 5.3 
Foreign taxes
160.8 177.7 229.9 
212.3 215.9 242.5 
Deferred:
U.S. federal tax(29.0)5.8 (1.1)
State taxes(3.5).9 (5.3)
Foreign taxes
11.9 19.6 12.5 
(20.6)26.3 6.1 
Provision for income taxes$191.7 $242.2 $248.6 
The principal items accounting for the difference between taxes computed at U.S. federal statutory rate and taxes recorded were as follows:
(In millions)202320222021
Tax provision computed at U.S. federal statutory rate(1)
$145.9 $209.9 $208.5 
Increase (decrease) in taxes resulting from:
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit2.6 11.8 4.5 
Foreign earnings taxed at different rates(1)
50.4 51.7 72.7 
GILTI high-tax exclusion election, net(2)
(10.0)(11.9)(22.8)
Valuation allowance2.6 (5.0)(4.8)
U.S. federal research and development tax credits(8.3)(6.5)(6.2)
Tax contingencies and audit settlements11.9 (4.3)3.9 
Other items, net(3.4)(3.5)(7.2)
Provision for income taxes$191.7 $242.2 $248.6 
(1)
In 2023, we recognized $4.4 million from our current year GILTI exclusion election and $5.6 million related to the election made on our 2022 U.S. federal tax return. In 2022, we recognized $11.9 million of benefit related to a GILTI exclusion election made on our 2021 U.S. federal tax return. In 2021, we recognized $14.1 million and $8.7 million of benefit related to GILTI exclusion elections made on our amended 2018 and originally filed 2020 U.S. federal tax returns, respectively.
(2)
Income before taxes from our U.S. and foreign operations was as follows:
(In millions)202320222021
U.S.$187.2 $232.4 $88.0 
Foreign
507.5 766.9 904.6 
Income before taxes$694.7 $999.3 $992.6 
Our effective tax rate was 27.6%, 24.2% and 25.0% for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Our 2023 provision for income taxes included (i) $16.4 million of net tax charge related to the tax on global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") of our foreign subsidiaries after benefiting from our current year exclusion election, as well as the recognition of foreign withholding taxes on current year earnings, partially offset by the benefit from foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”); (ii) $14.7 million of return-to-provision benefit primarily related to our GILTI exclusion election and benefits from additional foreign tax credits recognized under temporary relief granted by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") in July 2023, upon completion of our 2022 U.S. federal tax return, (iii) $10.5 million of tax charge related to non-deductible expenses resulting from the impact of the Argentine peso remeasurement loss; and (iv) $9.5 million of net tax charge primarily from the recognition of uncertain tax positions in certain foreign jurisdictions, partially offset by decreases in certain tax reserves as a result of closing tax years.
Our 2022 provision for income taxes included (i) $18.8 million of net tax charge related to the tax on GILTI of our foreign subsidiaries and the recognition of foreign withholding taxes on current year earnings, partially offset by the benefit from FDII; (ii) $17.3 million of return-to-provision benefit, including $11.9 million related to a GILTI exclusion election and a lower net tax charge from other international inclusion items upon completion of our 2021 U.S. federal tax return, and (iii) $4.3 million of net tax benefit primarily from decreases in certain tax reserves, including interest and penalties, as a result of closing tax years and the settlement of certain foreign tax audits.
Our 2021 provision for income taxes included (i) $28.5 million of net tax charge related to the tax on GILTI of our foreign subsidiaries and the recognition of foreign withholding taxes on current year earnings, partially offset by the benefit from FDII; (ii) $14.1 million of return-to-provision benefit related to a GILTI exclusion election made on our amended 2018 U.S. federal tax return; and (iii) $11.3 million of return-to-provision benefit, including $8.7 million related to a GILTI exclusion election and a higher FDII deduction on our 2020 U.S. federal tax return.
Deferred Taxes
Deferred taxes reflect the temporary differences between the amounts at which assets and liabilities are recorded for financial reporting purposes and the amounts utilized for tax purposes. The primary components of the temporary differences that gave rise to our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
(In millions)20232022
Accrued expenses not currently deductible$44.5 $32.3 
Net operating loss carryforwards138.9 137.2 
Tax credit carryforwards9.0 9.7 
Capitalized research expenses59.9 38.6 
Stock-based compensation10.9 15.4 
Pension and other postretirement benefits34.2 31.5 
Inventory reserve16.4 15.6 
Lease liabilities43.3 33.2 
Other assets27.9 21.3 
Valuation allowance(62.0)(59.4)
Total deferred tax assets(1)
323.0 275.4 
Depreciation and amortization(317.2)(296.6)
Repatriation accrual(24.5)(12.0)
Foreign operating loss recapture(3.4)(3.2)
Lease assets(43.4)(33.8)
Total deferred tax liabilities(1)
(388.5)(345.6)
Total net deferred tax assets (liabilities)$(65.5)$(70.2)
(1)Reflect gross amounts before jurisdictional netting of deferred tax assets and liabilities.
We assess the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income is expected to be generated to use existing deferred tax assets. On the basis of our assessment, we record valuation allowances only with respect to the portion of the deferred tax asset that is not more-likely-than-not to be realized. Our assessment of the future realizability of our deferred tax assets relies heavily on our forecasted earnings in certain jurisdictions determined by the manner in which we operate our business and the relevant carryforward periods. Any changes to our operations may affect our assessment of deferred tax assets considered realizable if the positive evidence no longer outweighs the negative evidence.
Net operating loss carryforwards of foreign subsidiaries at December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $481 million and $463 million, respectively. Tax credit carryforwards of both domestic and foreign subsidiaries at December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 totaled $9 million and $10 million, respectively. If unused, foreign net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards will expire as follows:
(In millions)
Net Operating Losses(1)
Tax Credits
Year of Expiry
2024$2.7 $.1 
20252.8 .2 
20262.9 .3 
20273.7 .3 
202812.6 1.2 
2029-204316.4 5.2 
Indefinite life/no expiry439.5 1.7 
Total$480.6 $9.0 
(1)Net operating losses are presented before tax effects and valuation allowance.
Certain indefinite-lived foreign net operating losses may require decades to be fully utilized under our current business model.
At December 30, 2023, we had net operating loss carryforwards in certain states of $429 million before tax effects. Based on our estimates of future state taxable income, it is more-likely-than-not that the majority of these carryforwards will not be realized before they expire. Accordingly, a valuation allowance has been recorded on $402 million of these carryforwards.
As of December 30, 2023, our provision for income taxes did not materially benefit from applicable tax holidays in foreign jurisdictions.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
As of December 30, 2023, our unrecognized tax benefits totaled $88 million, $75 million of which, if recognized, would reduce our annual effective income tax rate. As of December 31, 2022, our unrecognized tax benefits totaled $70 million, $65 million of which, if recognized, would reduce our annual effective income tax rate.
Where applicable, we accrue potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The interest and penalties we recognized during fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 were not material, individually or in aggregate, to the Consolidated Statements of Income. We have $16 million of accrued interest and penalties, net of tax benefit, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits is set forth below.
(In millions)20232022
Balance at beginning of year$69.5 $74.0 
Additions for tax positions of current year15.4 6.6 
Additions (reductions) for tax positions of prior years, net8.0 (2.2)
Settlements with tax authorities(1.8)(1.1)
Expirations of statutes of limitations(3.9)(4.8)
Changes due to translation of foreign currencies.8 (3.0)
Balance at end of year$88.0 $69.5 
It is reasonably possible that, during the next 12 months, we may realize a decrease in our uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, of approximately $6 million, primarily as a result of closing tax years.
The amount of income taxes we pay is subject to ongoing audits by taxing jurisdictions around the world. Our estimate of the potential outcome of any uncertain tax issue is subject to our assessment of the relevant risks, facts, and circumstances existing at the time. We believe we have adequately provided for reasonably foreseeable outcomes related to these matters. However, our future results may include favorable or unfavorable adjustments to our estimated tax liabilities in the period the assessments are made or resolved, which may impact our effective tax rate. The final determination of tax audits and any related legal proceedings could materially differ from amounts reflected in our tax provision for income taxes and the related liabilities. To date, we and our U.S. subsidiaries have completed the IRS’ Compliance Assurance Process through 2021. With limited exceptions, we are no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2010.