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CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING POLICIES
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING POLICY
2. CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Adoption of New Standards
Clarifying the Definition of a Business in an Acquisition
Effective January 1, 2017, we early adopted ASU 2017-01 on a prospective basis. The new standard was issued with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (disposals) of assets or businesses. The adoption of the pronouncement did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting for Intra-Entity Asset Transfers
Effective January 1, 2017, we early adopted ASU 2016-16 on a modified retrospective basis. The new standard was issued with the intent of improving the accounting for the income tax consequences of intra-entity asset transfers other than inventory. Under the new guidance, an entity should recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. The adoption of the pronouncement did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Simplifying the Embedded Derivatives Analysis for Debt Instruments
Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU 2016-06 on a modified retrospective basis. The new guidance simplifies the embedded derivative analysis for debt instruments containing contingent call or put options. The adoption of the pronouncement did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.


Future Accounting Policy Changes
Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities
ASU 2017-12 was issued in August 2017 with the main objective of better aligning a company’s risk management activities and the resulting hedge accounting reflected in the financial statements. The amendments allow cash flow hedging of contractually specified components in financial and non-financial items and make fair value hedges of interest rate risks more effective in certain circumstances. Under the new guidance, hedge ineffectiveness is no longer required to be measured and hedging instruments’ fair value changes will be recorded in the same income statement line as the hedged item. The ASU also allows the initial quantitative hedge effectiveness assessment to be performed at any time before the end of the quarter in which the hedge is designated. After initial quantitative testing is performed, an ongoing qualitative effectiveness assessment is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of the new standard on our consolidated financial statements. The accounting update is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted and is to be applied on a modified retrospective basis.
Accounting for Credit Losses
ASU 2016-13 was issued in June 2016 with the intent of providing financial statement users with more useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. Current treatment uses the incurred loss methodology for recognizing credit losses that delays the recognition until it is probable a loss has been incurred. The amendment adds a new impairment model, known as the current expected credit loss model, which is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new guidance, an entity recognizes as an allowance its estimate of expected credit losses, which the Financial Accounting Standards Board believes will result in more timely recognition of such losses. We are currently assessing the impact of the new standard on our consolidated financial statements. The accounting update is effective for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2019.
Recognition of Leases
ASU 2016-02 was issued in February 2016 with the intent to increase transparency and comparability among organizations. It requires lessees of operating lease arrangements to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the statement of financial position and disclose additional key information about lease agreements. The accounting update also replaces the current definition of a lease and requires that an arrangement be recognized as a lease when a customer has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of an asset, as well as the right to direct the use of the asset. We are currently gathering a complete inventory of our lease contracts in order to assess the impact of the new standard on our consolidated financial statements. The accounting update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and is to be applied using a modified retrospective approach.
Revenues from Contracts with Customers
ASU 2014-09 was issued in 2014 with the intent of significantly enhancing consistency and comparability of revenue recognition practices across entities and industries. The new standard establishes a single, principles-based five-step model to be applied to all contracts with customers and introduces new and enhanced disclosure requirements. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The new revenue standard permits either a full retrospective method of adoption with restatement of all prior periods presented, or a modified retrospective method with the cumulative effect of applying the new standard recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings in the period of adoption. We have decided to adopt the new revenue standard using the modified retrospective method.

We have reviewed a sample of our revenue contracts in order to evaluate the effect of the new standard on our revenue recognition practices. Based on our initial assessment, estimates of variable consideration which will be required under the new standard for certain contracts may result in changes to the pattern or timing of revenue recognition for those contracts. While we have not yet completed the assessment, our preliminary view is that we do not expect these changes to have a material impact on revenue or earnings (loss). We have also developed and tested processes to generate the disclosures required under the new standard.