Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Material estimates subject to significant change include the allowance for loan losses, the expected cash flows and collateral values associated with impaired loans, the carrying value of other real estate owned ("OREO"), the fair value of financial instruments, business combination fair value computations, the valuation of goodwill and other intangible assets, stock-based compensation and deferred income tax assets.
Significant Group of Concentrations of Credit Risk	Significant Group of Concentrations of Credit Risk - Most of the Corporation’s activities are with customers located within Pennsylvania. "Note 3 - Investment Securities" discusses the types of investment securities in which the Corporation invests. "Note 4 - Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses" discusses the types of lending that the Corporation engages in as well as loan concentrations. The Corporation does not have a significant concentration of credit risk with any one customer.
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value Measurements - The Corporation uses estimates of fair value in applying various accounting standards for its consolidated financial statements on either a recurring or non-recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing and able market participants. The Corporation groups its assets and liabilities measured at fair value in three hierarchy levels, based on the observability and transparency of the inputs. These levels are as follows Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 - Observable inputs other than level 1 inputs, including quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in less active markets and other inputs that can be corroborated by observable market data; and Level 3 - Unobservable inputs supported by limited or no market activity or data and inputs requiring significant management judgment or estimation; valuation techniques utilizing level 3 inputs include option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. It is the Corporations’s policy to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs in estimating fair value. Unobservable inputs are utilized in determining fair value estimates only to the extent that observable inputs are not available. The need to use unobservable inputs generally results from a lack of market liquidity and trading volume. Transfers between levels of fair value hierarchy are recorded at the end of the reporting period. Available for sale investment securities - The fair value of equity and debt securities classified as available for sale is determined by obtaining quoted market prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (Level 1), or matrix pricing (Level 2), which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities, but rather, relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices. Equity securities - The fair value of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, with realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in other expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Loans held for sale - This category includes mortgage loans held for sale that are measured at fair value. Fair values as of December 31, 2022 were measured as the price that secondary market investors were offering for loans with similar characteristics. Loan-level interest rate swaps - are measured by alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency in markets that are not active. Based on the complex nature of interest rate swap agreements, the markets these instruments trade in are not as efficient and are less liquid than that of the more mature Level 1 markets. These markets do however have comparable, observable inputs in which an alternative pricing sources values these assets in order to arrive at a fair market value. These characteristics classify interest rate swap agreements as Level 2. Mortgage banking derivatives - represent the fair value of mortgage banking derivatives in the form of interest rate locks and forward commitments with secondary market investors and the fair value of interest rate swaps. The fair values of the Corporation’s interest rate locks, forward commitments and interest rate swaps represent the amounts that would be required to settle the derivative financial instruments at the balance sheet date. These characteristics classify interest rate swap agreements as Level 2. See "Note 12 - Derivative Financial Instruments," for additional information. Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, upon their acquisition or when there is evidence of impairment).
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents - For purposes of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, balances due from banks, and federal funds sold, all of which mature within ninety days.
Restrictions on Cash and Due from Bank Accounts	Restrictions on Cash and Due from Bank Accounts - The Bank is required by banking regulations to maintain certain minimum cash reserves.
Debt Investment Securities	Debt Investment Securities - Mid Penn determines the classification of investment securities at the time of purchase. If Mid Penn has the intent and the ability at the time of purchase to hold debt securities until maturity, they are classified as held-to-maturity ("HTM"). HTM investment securities are stated at amortized cost. Debt securities Mid Penn does not intend to hold to maturity are classified as available for sale ("AFS") and carried at estimated fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes. Available for sale securities are a part of Mid Penn’s asset/liability management strategy and may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, prepayment risk or other market factors. Management has elected to reclassify realized gains and losses from accumulated other comprehensive income when securities are sold on the trade date. Interest income and dividends on securities are recognized in interest income on an accrual basis. Premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized as an adjustment to interest income over the period to maturity of the related security using the effective interest method. Realized gains or losses on the sale of securities are determined using the specific identification method. Mid Penn reviews investment securities for impairment on a quarterly basis or more frequently if events and circumstances warrant. In order to determine if a decline in fair value below amortized cost represents other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI"), management considers several factors, including but not limited to, the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer (considering factors such as adverse conditions specific to the issuer and the security and ratings agency actions) and the Corporation’s intent and ability to retain the investment in order to allow for an anticipated recovery in fair value. Mid Penn recognizes OTTI of a debt security for which there has been a decline in fair value below amortized cost if (i) management intends to sell the security, (ii) it is more likely than not that Mid Penn will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, or (iii) Mid Penn does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. The amount by which amortized cost exceeds the fair value of a debt security that is considered to have OTTI is separated into a component representing the credit loss, which is recognized in earnings, and a component related to all other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). The measurement of the credit loss component is equal to the difference between the debt security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows discounted at the security’s effective yield. If Mid Penn intends to sell the security, or if it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery, an OTTI write-down is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the amortized cost basis and fair value of the security.
Equity Securities	Equity Securities - The Corporation reports its equity securities with readily determinable fair values at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, with realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in other expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Loans Held for Sale	Loans Held for Sale - During the third quarter of 2021, the Corporation made the election to measure mortgage loans held for sale at fair value. Derivative financial instruments related to mortgage banking activities are also recorded at fair value, as detailed under the heading "Mortgage Banking Derivative Financial Instruments," below. The Corporation determines fair value for its mortgage loans held for sale based on the price that secondary market investors would pay for loans with similar characteristics, including interest rate and term, as of the date fair value is measured. Changes in fair values during the period are recorded as components of mortgage banking income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Interest income earned on mortgage loans held for sale is classified in interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. In periods prior to the third quarter of 2021, mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market were included in loans held for sale and were reported at the lower of cost or fair value, as determined by the aggregate commitments from investors or current investor yield requirements. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are included in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Loans	Loans - Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are reported at their outstanding principal balances, net of an allowance for loan losses, unamortized deferred fees and costs and unamortized premiums or discounts. The net amount of nonrefundable loan origination fees and certain direct costs associated with the lending process are deferred and amortized to interest income over the contractual lives of the loans using methods which approximate the level yield method. Discounts and premiums are amortized or accreted to interest income over the estimated term of the loans using methods that approximate the level yield method. Interest income on loans is accrued based on the unpaid principal balance outstanding and the contractual terms of the loan agreements. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is comprised of commercial and real estate loans throughout Pennsylvania. The ability of the Corporation’s debtors to honor their contracts is dependent upon the general economic conditions of this area. The loan portfolio is segmented into commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, commercial real estate – construction loans, residential mortgage loans, home equity loans and consumer loans. Commercial and industrial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to repay the loan through operating profitably and effectively growing its business. The Corporation’s management examines current and projected cash flows to determine the ability of the borrower to repay their obligations as agreed. Commercial loans are primarily made based on the credit quality and cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee to add strength to the credit and reduce the risk on a transaction to an acceptable level; however, some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis to the most credit worthy borrowers. Commercial loans also include loans originated under the Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"). These loans are underwritten and originated in accordance with program guidelines. Commercial real estate loans are subject to underwriting standards and processes similar to commercial loans. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally largely dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. With respect to loans to developers and builders, the Corporation generally requires the borrower to have a proven record of success and an expertise in the building industry. Commercial real estate - construction loans are underwritten utilizing feasibility studies, independent appraisal reviews, sensitivity analysis of absorption and lease rates and financial analysis of the developers and property owners. Commercial real estate - construction loans are generally based upon estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. These estimates may be inaccurate. Commercial real estate - construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project. The Corporation’s non-real estate consumer loans are based on the borrower’s proven earning capacity over the term of the loan. The Corporation monitors payment performance periodically for consumer loans to identify any deterioration in the borrower’s financial strength. To monitor and manage consumer loan risk, policies and procedures are developed and modified, as needed, jointly by management and staff. This activity, coupled with a relatively small volume of consumer loans, minimizes risk. Acquired Loans - Loans that Mid Penn acquires in connection with business combinations are recorded at fair value with no carryover of predecessor institutions’ related allowance for loan losses. The balance of loans acquired at fair value and included in the balance of loans, net of unearned interest, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $768.5 million and $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Determining the fair value of acquired loans involves estimating the amount and timing of principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. Loans acquired with credit deterioration are accounted for under ASC 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. For these loans, the excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value is referred to as the accretable discount and is recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan. The difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the nonaccretable discount. The nonaccretable discount includes estimated future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loan. Subsequent decreases to the expected cash flows will require Mid Penn to evaluate the need for an additional allowance. Subsequent improvement in expected cash flows will result in the reversal of a corresponding amount of the nonaccretable discount which Mid Penn will then reclassify as accretable discount that will be recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan. Loans acquired through business combinations that meet the specific criteria of ASC 310-30 are individually evaluated each period to analyze expected cash flows. To the extent that the expected cash flows of a loan have decreased due to credit deterioration, Mid Penn establishes an allowance. Loans acquired through business combinations that do not meet the specific criteria of ASC 310-30 are accounted for under ASC 310-20. These loans are initially recorded at fair value and include credit and interest rate marks associated with acquisition accounting adjustments. Purchase premiums or discounts are subsequently amortized as an adjustment to yield, using the level yield method, over the estimated contractual lives of the loans. There is no allowance for loan losses established at the acquisition date for acquired performing loans. An allowance for loan losses is recorded for any credit deterioration in these loans subsequent to acquisition. Acquired loans that met the criteria for impaired or non-accrual of interest prior to the acquisition may be considered performing upon acquisition, regardless of whether the customer is contractually delinquent, if Mid Penn expects to fully collect the new carrying value (i.e. fair value) of the loans established at the time of acquisition. As such, Mid Penn may no longer consider the loan to be non-accrual or non-performing at the date of acquisition and may accrue interest on these loans, including the impact of any accretable discount. In addition, charge-offs on such loans would be first applied to the nonaccretable difference portion of the fair value adjustment. Non-accrual Loans - The Corporation classifies loans as past due when the payment of principal or interest is greater than 30 days delinquent based on the contractual next payment due date. The Corporation’s policies related to when loans are placed on non-accrual status conform to guidelines prescribed by regulatory authorities. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when it is probable that principal or interest is not fully collectible, or generally when principal or interest becomes 90 days past due, whichever occurs first. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, interest receivable is reversed against interest income in the current period and amortization of any discount ceases. Interest payments received thereafter are applied as a reduction to the remaining principal balance unless management believes that the ultimate collection of the principal is likely, in which case payments are recognized in earnings on a cash basis. Loans are removed from non-accrual status when they become current as to both principal and interest and the collectability of principal and interest is no longer doubtful. Generally, a non-accrual loan that is restructured remains on non-accrual for a reasonable period of time (generally, at least nine consecutive months) to demonstrate the borrower can meet the restructured terms. However, performance prior to the restructuring, or significant events that coincide with the restructuring, are considered in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms and may result in the loan being returned to accrual status after a shorter performance period. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment schedule is not reasonably assured, the loan remains classified as a non-accrual loan. Troubled Debt Restructuring ("TDR") - In certain situations, due to economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, the Corporation may grant a concession to the borrower for other than an insignificant period of time that it would not otherwise consider. At that time, the related loan is classified as a TDR and considered impaired. The concessions granted may include rate reductions, principal forgiveness, payment forbearance, extensions of maturity at rates of interest below those commensurate with the risk profile of the borrower, and other actions intended to minimize economic loss. A troubled debt restructured loan is generally placed on non-accrual status at the time of the modification unless the borrower has no history of missed payments for six months prior to the restructuring. If the borrower performs pursuant to the modified loan terms for at least six months and the remaining loan balance is considered collectible, the loan is returned to accrual status. Section 4013 of the CARES Act provides financial institutions the opportunity to opt out of applying the TDR accounting guidance in ASC 310-40 for certain loan modifications. Loan modifications made between March 1, 2020 and the earlier of (i) 60 days after the end of the national emergency proclamation or (ii) December 31, 2020. Section 541 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, amended Section 4013 of the CARES Act to extend this relief to the earlier of (i) 60 days after the end of the national emergency proclamation or (ii) January 1, 2022. Impaired Loans - Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Corporation will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements. All impaired loans are reviewed individually for specific reserves on a monthly basis. Allowance for Loan Losses - The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for loan losses ("allowance"), and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments. The allowance represents management’s estimate of losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date and is recorded as a reduction to loans. The reserve for unfunded lending commitments represents management’s estimate of losses inherent in its unfunded loan commitments and is recorded in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The reserve for unfunded lending commitments was $85 thousand and $72 thousand at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The allowance is increased by the provision for loan losses, and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged off to the allowance, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. All, or part, of the principal balance of loans are charged off to the allowance as soon as it is determined that the repayment of all, or part, of the principal balance is highly unlikely. Non-residential consumer loans are generally charged off no later than 120 days past due on a contractual basis, or earlier in the event of bankruptcy or if there is an amount deemed uncollectible. Because all identified losses are immediately charged off, no portion of the allowance for loan losses is restricted to any individual loan or groups of loans, and the entire allowance is available to absorb any and all loan losses. The allowance is maintained at a level considered by management to be adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. Management performs a monthly evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance. The allowance is based on Mid Penn’s past loan loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. For loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value, or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component covers pools of loans by loan class including commercial loans not considered impaired, as well as smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loans. These pools of loans are evaluated for loss exposure based upon historical loss rates for each of these categories of loans, adjusted for qualitative factors. These qualitative risk factors include changes in economic conditions, fluctuations in loan quality measures, changes in collateral values, changes in the experience of the lending staff and loan review systems, changes in lending policies and procedures (including underwriting standards), changes in the mix and volume of loans originated, the effect of other external factors, such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the existing loan portfolio, shifting industry or portfolio concentrations, and other relevant factors. Each factor is assigned a value to reflect improving, stable or declining conditions based on management’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation. Adjustments to the factors are supported through documentation of changes in conditions and a narrative accompanying the allowance for loan loss calculation. The unallocated component of the allowance for loan losses covers several considerations that are not specifically measurable through either the specific and general components. The unallocated component allocation recognizes the inherent imprecision in our allowance for loan loss methodology, or any alternative methodology, for estimating specific and general loan losses, including the unpredictable timing and amounts of charge-offs, the fact that historical loss averages don’t necessarily correlate to future loss trends, and unexpected changes to specific-credit or general portfolio future cash flows and collateral values which could negatively impact unimpaired portfolio loss factors. Mid Penn evaluates loans for charge-off on a monthly basis. Policies that govern the recommendation for charge-off are unique to the type of loan being considered. Commercial loans classified as substandard non-accrual, doubtful, having probable loss will first have a collateral evaluation completed in accordance with the guidance on impaired loans. Once the collateral evaluation has been completed, a specific allocation of allowance is made based upon the results of the evaluation. The remaining balance remains a non-performing loan with the original terms and interest rate intact (not restructured). In the event the loan is unsecured, the loan would have been charged-off at the recognition of impairment. Commercial real estate loans determined to be impaired will also have an initial collateral evaluation completed in accordance with the guidance on impaired loans. An updated real estate valuation is ordered and the collateral evaluation is modified to reflect any variations in value. A specific allocation of allowance is made for any anticipated collateral shortfall. The remaining balance remains a non-performing loan with the original terms and interest rate intact (not restructured). The process of charging off a residential mortgage loan begins when a loan becomes delinquent for 90 days and is not in the process of collection. The existing appraisal is reviewed and a lien search is obtained to determine lien position and any instances of intervening liens. A new appraisal of the property will be ordered if deemed necessary by management, and a collateral evaluation is completed. The loan will then be charged down to the value indicated in the evaluation. Non-residential consumer loans are generally charged off no later than 120 days past due on a contractual basis, or earlier in the event of either bankruptcy or if there is an amount deemed uncollectible. The collateral shortfall of the consumer loan is recommended for charge-off at this point. As noted above, Mid Penn assesses a specific allocation for commercial loans and commercial real estate loans. The remaining balance remains a non-performing loan with the original terms and interest rate intact (not restructured). In addition, Mid Penn takes a preemptive step when any commercial loan becomes classified under its internal classification system. A preliminary collateral evaluation, in accordance with the guidance on impaired loans, is prepared using the existing collateral information in the loan file. This process allows Mid Penn to review both the credit and documentation files to determine the status of the information needed to make a collateral evaluation. This collateral evaluation is preliminary, but allows Mid Penn to determine if any potential collateral shortfalls exist. It is Mid Penn’s policy to obtain updated third-party collateral valuations on all impaired loans secured by real estate as soon as practically possible following the credit being classified as substandard non-accrual. Prior to receipt of the updated real estate valuation, Mid Penn will use any existing real estate valuation to determine any potential allowance issues; however, no allowance recommendation will be made until such time Mid Penn is in receipt of the updated valuation. The Asset Recovery department employs an electronic tracking system to monitor the receipt of and need for updated appraisals. To date, there have been no material time lapses noted with the above processes. In some instances, Mid Penn is not holding real estate as collateral and is relying on business assets (personal property) for repayment. In these circumstances, a collateral inspection is performed by Mid Penn personnel to determine an estimated value. The value is based on net book value, as provided by the financial statements, and discounted accordingly based on determinations made by management. Occasionally, Mid Penn will employ an outside service to provide a fair estimate of value based on auction sales or private sales. Management reviews the estimates of these third parties and discounts them accordingly based on management’s judgment, if deemed necessary. For impaired loans with no valuation allowance required, the independent third-party market valuations on the subject property obtained by Mid Penn as soon as practically possible following the credit being placed on non-accrual status sometimes indicates that the loan-to-value ratio is sufficient to obviate the need for a specific allocation in spite of significant deterioration in real estate values in Mid Penn’s primary market area. These circumstances are determined on a case-by-case analysis of the impaired loans. Mid Penn actively monitors the values of collateral on impaired loans. This monitoring may require the modification of collateral values over time or changing circumstances by some factor, either positive or negative, from the original values. All collateral values will be assessed by management at least every twelve months for revaluation by an independent third party. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, Mid Penn does not separately identify individual residential mortgage loans, home equity loans and other consumer loans for impairment disclosures, unless such loans are the subject of a troubled debt restructuring agreement. The allowance calculation methodology includes segregation of loan classes into risk rating categories. The borrower’s overall financial condition, repayment sources, guarantors, and value of collateral, if appropriate, are evaluated annually for commercial loans or when credit deficiencies arise, such as delinquent loan payments. Credit quality risk ratings include regulatory classifications of special mention, substandard, doubtful, and loss. Loans criticized as special mention have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If uncorrected, the potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects. Loans classified substandard have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They include loans that are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified substandard with the added characteristic that collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current conditions and facts, is highly improbable. Loans classified as a loss are considered uncollectible and are charged to the allowance for loan losses. Any loans not classified as noted above are rated pass. In addition, federal and state regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowance and may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination, which may not be currently available to management. Based on management’s comprehensive analysis of the loan portfolio, management believes the current level of the allowance for loan losses is adequate.
Premises and Equipment	Premises and Equipment - Land is carried at cost. Buildings, furniture, fixtures, equipment, land improvements, and leasehold improvements are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Building assets are depreciated using an estimated useful life of five to fifty years. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are depreciated using an estimated useful life of three to ten years. Land improvements are depreciated over an estimated useful life of ten to twenty years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated using an estimated useful life that is the lesser of the remaining life of the lease or ten to fifteen years. Maintenance and normal repairs are charged to expense when incurred, while major additions and improvements are capitalized. Gains and losses on disposals are reflected in current operations. The Corporation reviews the carrying value of long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles for impairment whenever events and changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, as prescribed by ASC Topic 360, "Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets".
Bank Premises and Equipment Held For Sale	Bank Premises and Equipment Held For Sale - Bank premises and equipment designated as held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or market value, and totaled $1.3 million and $3.9 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The balance at December 31, 2021 related to the December 7, 2021 announcement of a Retail Network Optimization Plan pursuant to which the Bank announced its intention to close certain retail locations throughout its expanded footprint. The branch closures occurred on about March 4, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, three properties remained for sale.
Foreclosed Assets Held for Sale	Foreclosed Assets Held for Sale - Real estate properties acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are initially recorded at their fair value less estimated disposition costs. When such assets are acquired, any shortfall between the loan carrying value and the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral less disposition costs is recorded as an adjustment to the allowance for loan losses while any excess is recognized in income. The Corporation periodically performs a valuation of the property held; any excess of carrying value over fair value less disposition costs is charged to earnings as impairment. Routine maintenance and real estate taxes are expensed as incurred.
Bank Owned Life Insurance	Bank-Owned Life Insurance ("BOLI") - Mid Penn is the owner and beneficiary of BOLI policies on current and former Mid Penn directors, as well as BOLI policies acquired through the Phoenix, First Priority and Riverview acquisitions covering certain former Miners Bank, First Priority, and Riverview employees. These policies are recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement, if applicable. Increases in the cash surrender value of these policies are included in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Corporation's BOLI policies are invested in general account and hybrid account products that have been underwritten by highly-rated third party insurance carriers. Mid Penn is also party to certain Split-Dollar Life Insurance Arrangements, and in accordance with GAAP, has accrued a liability related to the postretirement benefits covered by an endorsement split-dollar life insurance arrangement, and a liability for the future death benefit.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of merged entities. We assess goodwill for impairment annually as of October 31 of each year. The Corporation has one reporting unit, community banking, which includes the Bank, the Corporation’s wholly-owned banking subsidiary. If certain events occur which indicate goodwill might be impaired between annual tests, goodwill must be tested when such events occur. In making this assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, current market data, etc. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and our judgment in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. Changes in economic and operating conditions could result in goodwill impairment in future periods. The Bank did not identify any impairment on its outstanding goodwill from its most recent testing, which was performed as of October 31, 2022. Core deposit intangible ("CDI") is a measure of the value of checking and savings deposits acquired in business combinations. The fair value of the CDI stemming from any given business combination is based on the present value of the expected cost savings attributable to the core deposit funding relative to an alternative source of funding. CDI is amortized over the estimated useful lives of the existing deposit relationships acquired, but does not exceed ten years. Significantly all CDI is amortized using the sum of the years digits method. Customer list intangibles are a measure of the the inherent value of certain customer arrangements acquired in business combinations. The fair value of the customer list is based on the income approach which employs a present value analysis, which calculates the expected after-tax cash flow benefits of the net revenues generated by the acquired customers over the expected life of the acquired customers, discounted at a long-term market-oriented after-tax rate of return on investment. The value assigned to the acquired customers represents the future economic benefit from acquiring the customers (net of operating expenses). The customer list is amortized over a 20-year projection period, a sufficient time to capture the economic value of the customer list given an assumed customer attrition rate. The Corporation evaluates such identifiable intangibles for impairment when events and circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. If an impairment loss is determined to exist, the loss is reflected as an impairment charge in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the period in which such impairment is identified.
Leases	Leases - Mid Penn leases certain premises and equipment and recognizes a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and a related lease liability for each distinct lease agreement. The lease ROU asset consists of the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability, adjusted for any lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, minus any lease incentives received, and any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee (defined as costs of a lease that would not have been incurred had the lease not been executed). The related lease liability is equal to the present value of the future lease payments, discounted using the rate implicit in the lease (or if that rate cannot be readily determined, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate). Given that the rate implicit in the lease is rarely available, all lease liability amounts are calculated using Mid Penn’s incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, on a collateralized basis, for a similar term. For operating leases existing prior to January 1, 2019, the rate for the remaining lease term as of January 1, 2019 was used. Operating and finance lease ROU assets, as well as operating lease liabilities, are presented as separate line items on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, while finance lease liabilities are classified as a component of long-term debt. Operating lease expense, recognized as a component of occupancy expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income, consists of a single lease cost calculated so that the remaining cost of the lease is allocated over the remaining lease term on a straight-line basis. Operating lease expense also includes variable lease payments not included in the lease liability, and any impairment of the ROU asset. Finance lease expense consists of the amortization of the ROU asset, recognized as a component of occupancy expense and interest expense on the lease liability, which is recorded as a component of other interest expense, both on the Consolidated Statements of Income. In assessing whether a contract contains a lease, Mid Penn reviews third-party agreements to determine if the contract conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration, and grants Mid Penn the right to both obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the identified asset’s use and the direct the use of the identified asset throughout the term of the agreement. Upon identification that a lease agreement exists, Mid Penn performs an assessment of the consideration to be paid related to the identified asset and quantifies both the lease components, consisting of consideration paid to transfer a good or service to Mid Penn and non-lease components, consisting of consideration paid for distinct elements of the contract that are not related to securing the use of the leased asset, such as property taxes, common area maintenance, utilities, and insurance. Many of Mid Penn’s lease agreements include options to extend or renew contracts subsequent to the expiration of the initial lease term. Additionally, for leases that contain escalation clauses related to consumer or other price indices, Mid Penn includes the known lease payment amount as of the commencement date in the calculation of ROU assets and related lease liabilities. Subsequent increases in rental payments over the known amount at the commencement date due to increase in the indices will be expensed as incurred. None of Mid Penn’s lease agreements include residual value guarantees or material variable lease payments. Mid Penn does not have material restrictions or covenants imposed by leases that would impact Mid Penn’s ability to pay dividends or cause Mid Penn to incur additional financial obligations.
Comprehensive Income	Comprehensive Income - Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes changes in unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale arising during the period and reclassification adjustments for realized gains and losses on securities available for sale included in net income. Mid Penn has an unfunded noncontributory defined benefit plan for directors and other postretirement benefit plans covering full-time employees. These plans utilize assumptions and methods to calculate the fair value of plan assets and recognizing the overfunded and underfunded status of the plans on its Consolidated Balance Sheet. Gains and losses, prior service costs and credits are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, until they are amortized, or immediately upon curtailment.
Trust Assets and Income	Trust Assets and Income - Assets held by the Bank in a fiduciary or agency capacity for customers of the trust department of the Bank are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements since such items are not assets of the Bank. Most trust income is recognized on the cash basis, which is not materially different than if it were reported on the accrual basis.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition - Mid Penn recognizes revenue when earned based upon contractual terms, as transactions occur, or as related services are provided and collectability is reasonably assured. The largest source of revenue for Mid Penn is interest income. Noninterest income is earned from various banking and financial services that Mid Penn offers through its subsidiaries. In certain circumstances, noninterest income is reported net of associated expenses. Following is further detail on the various types of noninterest income Mid Penn earns and when it it recognized: Interest Income - primarily recognized on an accrual basis according to loan agreements, investment securities contracts or other such written contracts. Income from Fiduciary and Wealth Management Activities - consists of trust, wealth management, and investment management fee income, brokerage transaction fee income, and estate fee income. Trust, wealth management, and investment management fee income consists of advisory fees that are typically based on market values of clients’ managed portfolios and transaction fees for fiduciary services performed, both of which are recognized as earned. Brokerage transaction fee income includes advisory fees, which are recognized as earned on a monthly basis and transaction fees that are recognized when transactions occur. Payment is typically received in the following month. Estate fee income is recognized as services are performed over the service period, generally eighteen months. ATM Debit Card Interchange Income - consists interchange fees earned when Mid Penn’s debit cards are processed through card payments networks. The interchange fee is calculated as a percentage of the total electronic funds transfer ("EFT") transaction plus a per-transaction fee, which varies based on the type of card used, the method used to process the EFT transaction, and the type of business at which the transaction was processed. Revenue is recognized daily as transactions occur and interchange fees are subsequently processed. Payment for interchange activity is received primarily daily, while some fees are aggregated and payment is received in the following month. Service Charges on Deposits - consist of cash management, overdraft, non-sufficient fund fees and other service charges on deposit accounts. Revenue is primarily transactional and recognized when earned, which is at the time the respective initiating transaction occurs and the related service charge is subsequently processed. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to the customers’ accounts. Mortgage Banking Income - consists of gains or losses on the sale of residential mortgage loans and is recognized when the sale is completed. Mortgage Hedging Income - relates to the changes in fair value of interest rate locks, forward mortgage loan sales commitments and hedging instruments on forward sales commitments. Other Income - includes credit card royalties, check orders, letter of credit fees and merchant services income. These fees are primarily transactional, and revenue is recognized when transactions occur and the related services are subsequently processed. Payment is primarily received immediately or in the following month. Mid Penn does not exercise significant judgements in the recognition of income, as typically income is not recognized until the performance obligation has been satisfied.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes - Income tax expense is determined using the asset and liability method and consists of income taxes that are currently payable and deferred income taxes. Deferred income tax expense (benefit) is determined by recognizing deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income in years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Changes in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets when management determines that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making such determinations, the Corporation considers all available positive and negative evidence that may impact the realization of deferred tax assets. These considerations include future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, and available tax planning strategies. The Corporation files a consolidated federal income tax return including the results of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Corporation estimates income taxes payable based on the amount it expects to owe the various tax authorities (i.e., federal and state). Income taxes represent the net estimated amount due to, or to be received from, such tax authorities. In estimating income taxes, management assesses the relative merits and risks of the appropriate tax treatment of transactions, taking into account statutory, judicial, and regulatory guidance in the context of the Corporation’s tax position. Although the Corporation uses the best available information to record income taxes, underlying estimates and assumptions can change over time as a result of unanticipated events or circumstances such as changes in tax laws and judicial guidance influencing its overall tax position. An uncertain tax position is recognized only if it is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation process, based on the technical merits of the position. The amount of tax benefit recognized in the financial statements is the largest amount of benefit that is more than fifty percent likely to be sustained upon ultimate settlement of the uncertain tax position. If the initial assessment fails to result in recognition of a tax benefit, the Corporation subsequently recognizes a tax benefit if there are changes in tax law or case law that raise the likelihood of prevailing on the technical merits of the position to more-likely-than-not, the statute of limitations expires, or there is a completion of an examination resulting in a settlement of that tax year or position with the appropriate agency. The Corporation’s policy is to classify interest and penalties associated with income taxes within other expenses. The Corporation is subject to routine audits by taxing jurisdictions; however, there are currently no audits in progress for any tax periods. Management believes it is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years prior to 2019.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements - The Corporation enters into contractual loan commitments to extend credit, normally with fixed expiration dates or termination clauses, at specified rates and for specific purposes. Since a portion of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Substantially all of the commitments to extend credit are contingent upon customers maintaining specific credit standards until the time of loan funding. The Corporation decreases its exposure to loss under these commitments by subjecting them to credit approval and monitoring procedures. Standby letters of credit are written conditional commitments issued by the Corporation to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. In the event the customer does not perform in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the third party, the Corporation would be required to fund the commitment. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Corporation could be required to make is represented by the contractual amount of the commitment. If the commitment is funded, the Corporation would be entitled to seek recovery from the customer. The Corporation’s policies generally require that standby letter of credit arrangements contain security and debt covenants similar to those contained in loan agreements.
Earning Per Common Share	Earnings per Common Share - The Corporation presents basic and diluted earnings per common share ("EPS") data for its common stock. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the net income attributable to shareholders of the Corporation by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit or loss attributable to shareholders and the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential common shares comprised of restricted stock awards.
Treasury Stock	Treasury Stock - Common stock held in treasury is accounted for using the cost method, which treats stock held in treasury as a reduction to total stockholders’ equity. The shares may be purchased in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time depending upon the market conditions and other factors over a one-year period or such longer period of time as may be necessary to complete such repurchases.
Derivative Financial Instruments	Derivative Financial Instruments Loan-level Interest Rate Swaps - The Corporation offers certain derivative products directly to qualified commercial lending clients seeking to manage their interest rate risk. The Corporation economically hedges interest rate swap transactions to execute with commercial lending clients by entering into offsetting interest rate swap transactions with institutional derivatives market participants. Derivative transactions executed as part of this program are not designed as qualifying hedging relationships and are, therefore, carried at fair value with the change in fair value recorded as noninterest income. Because these derivatives have mirror-image contractual terms, in additional to collateral provisions which mitigate the impact of non-performance risk, the changes in fair value are expected to substantially offset. Mortgage Banking Derivative Financial Instruments - During the third quarter of 2021, Mid Penn began using mortgage banking derivative financial instruments as part of our overall strategy to manage exposure to market risk within our mortgage banking operations, primarily due to fluctuations in interest rates, and to reduce the risk of price volatility of loans in the commitment phase. In connection with its mortgage banking activities, Mid Penn enters into interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") to extend credit to a mortgage applicant within a specified period of time, provided certain specified terms and conditions are met, and with both the interest rate and the maximum loan amount set prior to funding. This loan commitment binds Mid Penn (subject to approval of the loan) to fund the loan at the specified rate, regardless of whether interest rates have changed between the commitment date and the loan funding date. Outstanding IRLCs may expose Mid Penn to the risk that the price of the mortgage loans underlying the commitments may decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates from inception of the rate lock to the funding of the loan. As such, outstanding IRLCs are subject to interest rate risk and related price risk during the period from the date of the commitment through the loan funding date or expiration date. The IRLC does not contractually obligate the borrower to close the loan, regardless of whether Mid Penn approves the loan. Mid Penn originates all mortgage loans with the intention that the loans will be held for sale in the secondary market. Mid Penn enters into forward mortgage loan sales commitments shortly after extending an IRLC to the borrower to mitigate interest rate risk related to the IRLC for mortgage loans originated for sale. Mid Penn enters into mortgage loan sales commitments as either a mandatory commitment, meaning that the loan must be delivered at an agreed-upon price within a specified timeframe, or a best-effort commitment, meaning that the loan will be delivered if and when it closes, with a price that is typically less favorable than a mandatory commitment and often with a large markup. If a mandatory commitment is not delivered within the agreed-upon timeframe or price point, Mid Penn would likely be required to "pair out" of the commitment and may be subject to a pair-off fee. In addition, Mid Penn enters into forward commitments for the future sales or purchases of mortgage-backed securities to or from third-party counterparties to hedge the effect of changes in interest rates on the values of both the interest rate locks and mortgage loans held for sale. Mandatory forward loan sales commitments are accounted for as freestanding derivative instruments and are carried at fair value equal to the amount required to settle the commitment as of the reporting date based on the underlying mortgage loans and the probability of commitments being exercised. Gross derivative assets and liabilities are recorded within other assets and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, with changes in fair value during the period recorded in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Best effort forward sales commitments are financial instruments which are carried at fair value under ASC 825 – Financial Instruments. Fair value is estimated as the amount required to settle the commitment as of the reporting date, which is based on the underlying mortgage loans and the probability of commitments being exercised. Gross derivative assets and liabilities are recorded within other assets and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, with changes in fair value during the period in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Accounting Standards Adopted ASU No. 2020-04: The FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The ASU provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. Specifically, the guidance permits an entity, when certain criteria are met, to consider amendments to contracts made to comply with reference rate reform to meet the definition of a modification under GAAP. It further allows hedge accounting to be maintained and a one-time transfer or sale of qualifying HTM securities. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments were permitted to be adopted any time through December 31, 2022 and do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, except for certain optional expedients elected for certain hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022. The Corporation applied the guidance during 2022 to any contract modifications made due to reference rate reform. ASU No. 2022-06: The FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of Sunset Date of topic 848. This update extends the sunset provision date of "ASU 2020-04" to December 31, 2024. ASU 2022-06 became effective for the Corporation upon issuance of ASU 2022-06. The Corporation does not expect ASU 2022-06 to have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements. Accounting Standards Pending Adoption ASU 2016-13: The FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as further amended. The ASU requires credit losses on most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments to be measured using an expected credit loss model, referred to as the current expected credit loss model ("CECL"). Under this model, entities will estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument (considering estimated prepayments, but not expected extensions or modifications unless reasonable expectation of a troubled debt restructuring exists) from the date of initial recognition of that instrument. The ASU also replaces the current accounting model for purchased credit impaired loans and debt securities. The allowance for purchased financial assets with a more-than insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination ("PCD assets") should be determined in a similar manner to other financial assets measured on an amortized cost basis. However, upon initial recognition, the allowance is added to the purchase price to determine the initial amortized cost basis, referred to as the gross up approach. The subsequent accounting for PCD assets is the same expected loss model described above. Further, the ASU made certain targeted amendments to the existing impairment model for available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities. For an AFS debt security for which there is neither the intent nor a more-likely-than-not requirement to sell, an entity will record credit losses as an allowance rather than a write-down of the amortized cost basis. Certain incremental disclosures are required. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-10, and ASU 2019-11 and ASU 2020-02 to clarify, improve, or defer the adoption of ASU 2016-13. In October 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 which deferred the implementation date of ASU 2016-13 for smaller reporting companies ("SRCs") until January 1, 2023. Mid Penn qualified as an SRC as of the date this guidance was issued; therefore, Mid Penn adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2023. Mid Penn is continuing to validate the Corporation's CECL model and methodologies but expects an increase to the allowance for credit losses, which includes the reserves for unfunded commitments, as a result of the adoption of CECL. Based on current estimates, management estimates that this increase will be no greater than 200% of the total credit loss reserve as of December 31, 2022. This estimate is subject to change based on continuing refinement and validation of the model and methodologies. ASU No. 2022-02: The FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This ASU eliminates the TDR recognition and measurement guidance and, instead, requires that an entity evaluate (consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications) whether a modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. In addition, this ASU enhances existing disclosure requirements and introduces new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. For public business entities, this ASU requires that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Gross write-off information must be included in the vintage disclosures required for public business entities in accordance with paragraph 326-20-50-6, which requires that an entity disclose the amortized cost basis of financing receivables by credit quality indicator and class of financing receivable by year of origination. For entities that have adopted the amendments in update 2016-13, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For entities that have not yet adopted the amendments in update 2016-13, the effective dates for the amendments in this update are the same as the effective dates in Update 2016-13. The Corporation adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2023.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Material estimates subject to significant change include the allowance for loan losses, the expected cash flows and collateral values associated with impaired loans, the carrying value of other real estate owned ("OREO"), the fair value of financial instruments, business combination fair value computations, the valuation of goodwill and other intangible assets, stock-based compensation and deferred income tax assets.

Fair Value Measurements - The Corporation uses estimates of fair value in applying various accounting standards for its consolidated financial statements on either a recurring or non-recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing and able market participants. The Corporation groups its assets and liabilities measured at fair value in three hierarchy levels, based on the observability and transparency of the inputs. These levels are as follows

Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2 - Observable inputs other than level 1 inputs, including quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in less active markets and other inputs that can be corroborated by observable market data; and

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs supported by limited or no market activity or data and inputs requiring significant management judgment or estimation; valuation techniques utilizing level 3 inputs include option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. It is the Corporations’s policy to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs in estimating fair value. Unobservable inputs are utilized in determining fair value estimates only to the extent that observable inputs are not available. The need to use unobservable inputs generally results from a lack of market liquidity and trading volume. Transfers between levels of fair value hierarchy are recorded at the end of the reporting period.

Available for sale investment securities - The fair value of equity and debt securities classified as available for sale is determined by obtaining quoted market prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (Level 1), or matrix pricing (Level 2), which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities, but rather, relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices.

Equity securities - The fair value of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, with realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in other expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Loans held for sale - This category includes mortgage loans held for sale that are measured at fair value. Fair values as of December 31, 2022 were measured as the price that secondary market investors were offering for loans with similar characteristics.

Loan-level interest rate swaps - are measured by alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency in markets that are not active. Based on the complex nature of interest rate swap agreements, the markets these instruments trade in are not as efficient and are less liquid than that of the more mature Level 1 markets. These markets do however have comparable, observable inputs in which an alternative pricing sources values these assets in order to arrive at a fair market value. These characteristics classify interest rate swap agreements as Level 2.

Mortgage banking derivatives - represent the fair value of mortgage banking derivatives in the form of interest rate locks and forward commitments with secondary market investors and the fair value of interest rate swaps. The fair values of the Corporation’s interest rate locks, forward commitments and interest rate swaps represent the amounts that would be required to settle the derivative financial instruments at the balance sheet date. These characteristics classify interest rate swap agreements as Level 2. See "Note 12 - Derivative Financial Instruments," for additional information.

Debt Investment Securities - Mid Penn determines the classification of investment securities at the time of purchase. If Mid Penn has the intent and the ability at the time of purchase to hold debt securities until maturity, they are classified as held-to-maturity ("HTM"). HTM investment securities are stated at amortized cost. Debt securities Mid Penn does not intend to hold to maturity are classified as available for sale ("AFS") and carried at estimated fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable income taxes. Available for sale securities are a part of Mid Penn’s asset/liability management strategy and may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, prepayment risk or other market factors. Management has elected to reclassify realized gains and losses from accumulated other comprehensive income when securities are sold on the trade date.

Interest income and dividends on securities are recognized in interest income on an accrual basis. Premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized as an adjustment to interest income over the period to maturity of the related security using

the effective interest method. Realized gains or losses on the sale of securities are determined using the specific identification method.

Mid Penn reviews investment securities for impairment on a quarterly basis or more frequently if events and circumstances warrant. In order to determine if a decline in fair value below amortized cost represents other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI"), management considers several factors, including but not limited to, the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer (considering factors such as adverse conditions specific to the issuer and the security and ratings agency actions) and the Corporation’s intent and ability to retain the investment in order to allow for an anticipated recovery in fair value.

Mid Penn recognizes OTTI of a debt security for which there has been a decline in fair value below amortized cost if (i) management intends to sell the security, (ii) it is more likely than not that Mid Penn will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, or (iii) Mid Penn does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. The amount by which amortized cost exceeds the fair value of a debt security that is considered to have OTTI is separated into a component representing the credit loss, which is recognized in earnings, and a component related to all other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). The measurement of the credit loss component is equal to the difference between the debt security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows discounted at the security’s effective yield. If Mid Penn intends to sell the security, or if it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security before recovery, an OTTI write-down is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the amortized cost basis and fair value of the security.

Loans Held for Sale - During the third quarter of 2021, the Corporation made the election to measure mortgage loans held for sale at fair value. Derivative financial instruments related to mortgage banking activities are also recorded at fair value, as detailed under the heading "Mortgage Banking Derivative Financial Instruments," below. The Corporation determines fair value for its mortgage loans held for sale based on the price that secondary market investors would pay for loans with similar characteristics, including interest rate and term, as of the date fair value is measured. Changes in fair values during the period are recorded as components of mortgage banking income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Interest income earned on mortgage loans held for sale is classified in interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

In periods prior to the third quarter of 2021, mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market were included in loans held for sale and were reported at the lower of cost or fair value, as determined by the aggregate commitments from investors or current investor yield requirements. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are included in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Loans - Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are reported at their outstanding principal balances, net of an allowance for loan losses, unamortized deferred fees and costs and unamortized premiums or discounts. The net amount of nonrefundable loan origination fees and certain direct costs associated with the lending process are deferred and amortized to interest income over the contractual lives of the loans using methods which approximate the level yield method. Discounts and premiums are amortized or accreted to interest income over the estimated term of the loans using methods that approximate the level yield method. Interest income on loans is accrued based on the unpaid principal balance outstanding and the contractual terms of the loan agreements.

A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is comprised of commercial and real estate loans throughout Pennsylvania. The ability of the Corporation’s debtors to honor their contracts is dependent upon the general economic conditions of this area.

The loan portfolio is segmented into commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, commercial real estate – construction loans, residential mortgage loans, home equity loans and consumer loans. Commercial and industrial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to repay the loan through operating profitably and effectively growing its business. The Corporation’s management examines current and projected cash flows to determine the ability of the borrower to repay their obligations as agreed. Commercial loans are primarily made based on the credit quality and cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee to add strength to the credit and reduce the risk on a transaction to an acceptable level; however, some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis to the most credit worthy borrowers. Commercial loans also include loans originated under the Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"). These loans are underwritten and originated in accordance with program guidelines.

Commercial real estate loans are subject to underwriting standards and processes similar to commercial loans. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally largely dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan.

With respect to loans to developers and builders, the Corporation generally requires the borrower to have a proven record of success and an expertise in the building industry. Commercial real estate - construction loans are underwritten utilizing feasibility studies, independent appraisal reviews, sensitivity analysis of absorption and lease rates and financial analysis of the developers and property owners. Commercial real estate - construction loans are generally based upon estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. These estimates may be inaccurate. Commercial real estate - construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project.

The Corporation’s non-real estate consumer loans are based on the borrower’s proven earning capacity over the term of the loan. The Corporation monitors payment performance periodically for consumer loans to identify any deterioration in the borrower’s financial strength. To monitor and manage consumer loan risk, policies and procedures are developed and modified, as needed, jointly by management and staff. This activity, coupled with a relatively small volume of consumer loans, minimizes risk.

Acquired Loans - Loans that Mid Penn acquires in connection with business combinations are recorded at fair value with no carryover of predecessor institutions’ related allowance for loan losses. The balance of loans acquired at fair value and included in the balance of loans, net of unearned interest, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $768.5 million and $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Determining the fair value of acquired loans involves estimating the amount and timing of principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest.

Loans acquired with credit deterioration are accounted for under ASC 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. For these loans, the excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value is referred to as the accretable discount and is recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan. The difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the nonaccretable discount. The nonaccretable discount includes estimated future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loan. Subsequent decreases to the expected cash flows will require Mid Penn to evaluate the need for an additional allowance. Subsequent improvement in expected cash flows will result in the reversal of a corresponding amount of the nonaccretable discount which Mid Penn will then reclassify as accretable discount that will be recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan.

Loans acquired through business combinations that meet the specific criteria of ASC 310-30 are individually evaluated each period to analyze expected cash flows. To the extent that the expected cash flows of a loan have decreased due to credit deterioration, Mid Penn establishes an allowance.

Loans acquired through business combinations that do not meet the specific criteria of ASC 310-30 are accounted for under ASC 310-20. These loans are initially recorded at fair value and include credit and interest rate marks associated with acquisition accounting adjustments. Purchase premiums or discounts are subsequently amortized as an adjustment to yield, using the level yield method, over the estimated contractual lives of the loans. There is no allowance for loan losses established at the acquisition date for acquired performing loans. An allowance for loan losses is recorded for any credit deterioration in these loans subsequent to acquisition.

Acquired loans that met the criteria for impaired or non-accrual of interest prior to the acquisition may be considered performing upon acquisition, regardless of whether the customer is contractually delinquent, if Mid Penn expects to fully collect the new carrying value (i.e. fair value) of the loans established at the time of acquisition. As such, Mid Penn may no longer consider the loan to be non-accrual or non-performing at the date of acquisition and may accrue interest on these loans, including the impact of any accretable discount. In addition, charge-offs on such loans would be first applied to the nonaccretable difference portion of the fair value adjustment.

Non-accrual Loans - The Corporation classifies loans as past due when the payment of principal or interest is greater than 30 days delinquent based on the contractual next payment due date. The Corporation’s policies related to when loans are placed on non-accrual status conform to guidelines prescribed by regulatory authorities. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when it is probable that principal or interest is not fully collectible, or generally when principal or interest becomes 90 days past due, whichever occurs first. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, interest receivable is reversed against interest income in the current period and amortization of any discount ceases. Interest payments received thereafter are applied as a reduction to the remaining principal balance unless management believes that the ultimate collection of the principal is likely, in which case payments are recognized in earnings on a cash basis. Loans are removed from non-accrual status when they become current as to both principal and interest and the collectability of principal and interest is no longer doubtful.

Generally, a non-accrual loan that is restructured remains on non-accrual for a reasonable period of time (generally, at least nine consecutive months) to demonstrate the borrower can meet the restructured terms. However, performance prior to the restructuring, or significant events that coincide with the restructuring, are considered in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms and may result in the loan being returned to accrual status after a shorter performance period. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment schedule is not reasonably assured, the loan remains classified as a non-accrual loan.

Troubled Debt Restructuring ("TDR") - In certain situations, due to economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, the Corporation may grant a concession to the borrower for other than an insignificant period of time that it would not otherwise consider. At that time, the related loan is classified as a TDR and considered impaired. The concessions granted may include rate reductions, principal forgiveness, payment forbearance, extensions of maturity at

rates of interest below those commensurate with the risk profile of the borrower, and other actions intended to minimize economic loss. A troubled debt restructured loan is generally placed on non-accrual status at the time of the modification unless the borrower has no history of missed payments for six months prior to the restructuring. If the borrower performs pursuant to the modified loan terms for at least six months and the remaining loan balance is considered collectible, the loan is returned to accrual status.

Section 4013 of the CARES Act provides financial institutions the opportunity to opt out of applying the TDR accounting guidance in ASC 310-40 for certain loan modifications. Loan modifications made between March 1, 2020 and the earlier of (i) 60 days after the end of the national emergency proclamation or (ii) December 31, 2020. Section 541 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, amended Section 4013 of the CARES Act to extend this relief to the earlier of (i) 60 days after the end of the national emergency proclamation or (ii) January 1, 2022.

Impaired Loans - Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Corporation will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements. All impaired loans are reviewed individually for specific reserves on a monthly basis.

Allowance for Loan Losses - The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for loan losses ("allowance"), and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments. The allowance represents management’s estimate of losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date and is recorded as a reduction to loans. The reserve for unfunded lending commitments represents management’s estimate of losses inherent in its unfunded loan commitments and is recorded in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The reserve for unfunded lending commitments was $85 thousand and $72 thousand at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The allowance is increased by the provision for loan losses, and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged off to the allowance, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. All, or part, of the principal balance of loans are charged off to the allowance as soon as it is determined that the repayment of all, or part, of the principal balance is highly unlikely. Non-residential consumer loans are generally charged off no later than 120 days past due on a contractual basis, or earlier in the event of bankruptcy or if there is an amount deemed uncollectible. Because all identified losses are immediately charged off, no portion of the allowance for loan losses is restricted to any individual loan or groups of loans, and the entire allowance is available to absorb any and all loan losses.

The allowance is maintained at a level considered by management to be adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. Management performs a monthly evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance. The allowance is based on Mid Penn’s past loan loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. For loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value, or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan.

The general component covers pools of loans by loan class including commercial loans not considered impaired, as well as smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loans. These pools of loans are evaluated for loss exposure based upon historical loss rates for each of these categories of loans, adjusted for qualitative factors. These qualitative risk factors include changes in economic conditions, fluctuations in loan quality measures, changes in collateral values, changes in the experience of the lending staff and loan review systems, changes in lending policies and procedures (including underwriting standards), changes in the mix and volume of loans originated, the effect of other external factors, such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the existing loan portfolio, shifting industry or portfolio concentrations, and other relevant factors.

Each factor is assigned a value to reflect improving, stable or declining conditions based on management’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation. Adjustments to the factors are supported through documentation of changes in conditions and a narrative accompanying the allowance for loan loss calculation.

The unallocated component of the allowance for loan losses covers several considerations that are not specifically measurable through either the specific and general components. The unallocated component allocation recognizes the

inherent imprecision in our allowance for loan loss methodology, or any alternative methodology, for estimating specific and general loan losses, including the unpredictable timing and amounts of charge-offs, the fact that historical loss averages don’t necessarily correlate to future loss trends, and unexpected changes to specific-credit or general portfolio future cash flows and collateral values which could negatively impact unimpaired portfolio loss factors.

Mid Penn evaluates loans for charge-off on a monthly basis. Policies that govern the recommendation for charge-off are unique to the type of loan being considered. Commercial loans classified as substandard non-accrual, doubtful, having probable loss will first have a collateral evaluation completed in accordance with the guidance on impaired loans. Once the collateral evaluation has been completed, a specific allocation of allowance is made based upon the results of the evaluation. The remaining balance remains a non-performing loan with the original terms and interest rate intact (not restructured). In the event the loan is unsecured, the loan would have been charged-off at the recognition of impairment. Commercial real estate loans determined to be impaired will also have an initial collateral evaluation completed in accordance with the guidance on impaired loans. An updated real estate valuation is ordered and the collateral evaluation is modified to reflect any variations in value. A specific allocation of allowance is made for any anticipated collateral shortfall. The remaining balance remains a non-performing loan with the original terms and interest rate intact (not restructured). The process of charging off a residential mortgage loan begins when a loan becomes delinquent for 90 days and is not in the process of collection. The existing appraisal is reviewed and a lien search is obtained to determine lien position and any instances of intervening liens. A new appraisal of the property will be ordered if deemed necessary by management, and a collateral evaluation is completed. The loan will then be charged down to the value indicated in the evaluation. Non-residential consumer loans are generally charged off no later than 120 days past due on a contractual basis, or earlier in the event of either bankruptcy or if there is an amount deemed uncollectible. The collateral shortfall of the consumer loan is recommended for charge-off at this point.

As noted above, Mid Penn assesses a specific allocation for commercial loans and commercial real estate loans. The remaining balance remains a non-performing loan with the original terms and interest rate intact (not restructured). In addition, Mid Penn takes a preemptive step when any commercial loan becomes classified under its internal classification system. A preliminary collateral evaluation, in accordance with the guidance on impaired loans, is prepared using the existing collateral information in the loan file. This process allows Mid Penn to review both the credit and documentation files to determine the status of the information needed to make a collateral evaluation. This collateral evaluation is preliminary, but allows Mid Penn to determine if any potential collateral shortfalls exist.

It is Mid Penn’s policy to obtain updated third-party collateral valuations on all impaired loans secured by real estate as soon as practically possible following the credit being classified as substandard non-accrual. Prior to receipt of the updated real estate valuation, Mid Penn will use any existing real estate valuation to determine any potential allowance issues; however, no allowance recommendation will be made until such time Mid Penn is in receipt of the updated valuation. The Asset Recovery department employs an electronic tracking system to monitor the receipt of and need for updated appraisals. To date, there have been no material time lapses noted with the above processes.

In some instances, Mid Penn is not holding real estate as collateral and is relying on business assets (personal property) for repayment. In these circumstances, a collateral inspection is performed by Mid Penn personnel to determine an estimated value. The value is based on net book value, as provided by the financial statements, and discounted accordingly based on determinations made by management. Occasionally, Mid Penn will employ an outside service to provide a fair estimate of value based on auction sales or private sales. Management reviews the estimates of these third parties and discounts them accordingly based on management’s judgment, if deemed necessary.

For impaired loans with no valuation allowance required, the independent third-party market valuations on the subject property obtained by Mid Penn as soon as practically possible following the credit being placed on non-accrual status sometimes indicates that the loan-to-value ratio is sufficient to obviate the need for a specific allocation in spite of significant deterioration in real estate values in Mid Penn’s primary market area. These circumstances are determined on a case-by-case analysis of the impaired loans.

Mid Penn actively monitors the values of collateral on impaired loans. This monitoring may require the modification of collateral values over time or changing circumstances by some factor, either positive or negative, from the original values. All collateral values will be assessed by management at least every twelve months for revaluation by an independent third party.

Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, Mid Penn does not separately identify individual residential mortgage loans, home equity loans and other consumer loans for impairment disclosures, unless such loans are the subject of a troubled debt restructuring agreement.

The allowance calculation methodology includes segregation of loan classes into risk rating categories. The borrower’s overall financial condition, repayment sources, guarantors, and value of collateral, if appropriate, are evaluated annually for commercial loans or when credit deficiencies arise, such as delinquent loan payments. Credit quality risk ratings include regulatory classifications of special mention, substandard, doubtful, and loss. Loans criticized as special mention have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If uncorrected, the potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects. Loans classified substandard have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They include loans that are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified substandard with the added characteristic that collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current conditions and facts, is highly improbable. Loans classified as a loss are considered uncollectible and are charged to the allowance for loan losses. Any loans not classified as noted above are rated pass.

In addition, federal and state regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowance and may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination, which may not be currently available to management. Based on management’s comprehensive analysis of the loan portfolio, management believes the current level of the allowance for loan losses is adequate.

Premises and Equipment - Land is carried at cost. Buildings, furniture, fixtures, equipment, land improvements, and leasehold improvements are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Building assets are depreciated using an estimated useful life of five to fifty years. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are depreciated using an estimated useful life of three to ten years. Land improvements are depreciated over an estimated useful life of ten to twenty years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated using an estimated useful life that is the lesser of the remaining life of the lease or ten to fifteen years. Maintenance and normal repairs are charged to expense when incurred, while major additions and improvements are capitalized. Gains and losses on disposals are reflected in current operations.

The Corporation reviews the carrying value of long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles for impairment whenever events and changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, as prescribed by ASC Topic 360, "Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets".

are included in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Corporation's BOLI policies are invested in general account and hybrid account products that have been underwritten by highly-rated third party insurance carriers.

Mid Penn is also party to certain Split-Dollar Life Insurance Arrangements, and in accordance with GAAP, has accrued a liability related to the postretirement benefits covered by an endorsement split-dollar life insurance arrangement, and a liability for the future death benefit.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of merged entities. We assess goodwill for impairment annually as of October 31 of each year. The Corporation has one reporting unit, community banking, which includes the Bank, the Corporation’s wholly-owned banking subsidiary. If certain events occur which indicate goodwill might be impaired between annual tests, goodwill must be tested when such events occur. In making this assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, current market data, etc. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and our judgment in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. Changes in economic and operating conditions could result in goodwill impairment in future periods. The Bank did not identify any impairment on its outstanding goodwill from its most recent testing, which was performed as of October 31, 2022.

Core deposit intangible ("CDI") is a measure of the value of checking and savings deposits acquired in business combinations. The fair value of the CDI stemming from any given business combination is based on the present value of the expected cost savings attributable to the core deposit funding relative to an alternative source of funding. CDI is amortized over the estimated useful lives of the existing deposit relationships acquired, but does not exceed ten years. Significantly all CDI is amortized using the sum of the years digits method.

Customer list intangibles are a measure of the the inherent value of certain customer arrangements acquired in business combinations. The fair value of the customer list is based on the income approach which employs a present value analysis, which calculates the expected after-tax cash flow benefits of the net revenues generated by the acquired customers over the expected life of the acquired customers, discounted at a long-term market-oriented after-tax rate of return on investment. The value assigned to the acquired customers represents the future economic benefit from acquiring the customers (net of operating expenses). The customer list is amortized over a 20-year projection period, a sufficient time to capture the economic value of the customer list given an assumed customer attrition rate.

Leases - Mid Penn leases certain premises and equipment and recognizes a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and a related lease liability for each distinct lease agreement. The lease ROU asset consists of the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability, adjusted for any lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, minus any lease incentives received, and any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee (defined as costs of a lease that would not have been incurred had the lease not been executed). The related lease liability is equal to the present value of the future lease payments, discounted using the rate implicit in the lease (or if that rate cannot be readily determined, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate). Given that the rate implicit in the lease is rarely available, all lease liability amounts are calculated using Mid Penn’s incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, on a collateralized basis, for a similar term. For operating leases existing prior to January 1, 2019, the rate for the remaining lease term as of January 1, 2019 was used.

Operating and finance lease ROU assets, as well as operating lease liabilities, are presented as separate line items on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, while finance lease liabilities are classified as a component of long-term debt.

Operating lease expense, recognized as a component of occupancy expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income, consists of a single lease cost calculated so that the remaining cost of the lease is allocated over the remaining lease term on a straight-line basis. Operating lease expense also includes variable lease payments not included in the lease liability, and any impairment of the ROU asset. Finance lease expense consists of the amortization of the ROU asset, recognized as a component of occupancy expense and interest expense on the lease liability, which is recorded as a component of other interest expense, both on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

In assessing whether a contract contains a lease, Mid Penn reviews third-party agreements to determine if the contract conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration, and grants Mid Penn the right to both obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the identified asset’s use and the direct the use of the identified asset throughout the term of the agreement.

Upon identification that a lease agreement exists, Mid Penn performs an assessment of the consideration to be paid related to the identified asset and quantifies both the lease components, consisting of consideration paid to transfer a good or service to Mid Penn and non-lease components, consisting of consideration paid for distinct elements of the contract that are not related to securing the use of the leased asset, such as property taxes, common area maintenance, utilities, and insurance.

Many of Mid Penn’s lease agreements include options to extend or renew contracts subsequent to the expiration of the initial lease term. Additionally, for leases that contain escalation clauses related to consumer or other price indices, Mid Penn includes the known lease payment amount as of the commencement date in the calculation of ROU assets and related lease liabilities. Subsequent increases in rental payments over the known amount at the commencement date due to increase in the indices will be expensed as incurred.

None of Mid Penn’s lease agreements include residual value guarantees or material variable lease payments. Mid Penn does not have material restrictions or covenants imposed by leases that would impact Mid Penn’s ability to pay dividends or cause Mid Penn to incur additional financial obligations.

Revenue Recognition - Mid Penn recognizes revenue when earned based upon contractual terms, as transactions occur, or as related services are provided and collectability is reasonably assured. The largest source of revenue for Mid Penn is interest income. Noninterest income is earned from various banking and financial services that Mid Penn offers through its subsidiaries. In certain circumstances, noninterest income is reported net of associated expenses. Following is further detail on the various types of noninterest income Mid Penn earns and when it it recognized:

Interest Income - primarily recognized on an accrual basis according to loan agreements, investment securities contracts or other such written contracts.

Income from Fiduciary and Wealth Management Activities - consists of trust, wealth management, and investment management fee income, brokerage transaction fee income, and estate fee income. Trust, wealth management, and investment management fee income consists of advisory fees that are typically based on market values of clients’ managed portfolios and transaction fees for fiduciary services performed, both of which are recognized as earned. Brokerage transaction fee income includes advisory fees, which are recognized as earned on a monthly basis and transaction fees that are recognized when transactions occur. Payment is typically received in the following month. Estate fee income is recognized as services are performed over the service period, generally eighteen months.

ATM Debit Card Interchange Income - consists interchange fees earned when Mid Penn’s debit cards are processed through card payments networks. The interchange fee is calculated as a percentage of the total electronic funds transfer ("EFT") transaction plus a per-transaction fee, which varies based on the type of card

used, the method used to process the EFT transaction, and the type of business at which the transaction was processed. Revenue is recognized daily as transactions occur and interchange fees are subsequently processed. Payment for interchange activity is received primarily daily, while some fees are aggregated and payment is received in the following month.

Service Charges on Deposits - consist of cash management, overdraft, non-sufficient fund fees and other service charges on deposit accounts. Revenue is primarily transactional and recognized when earned, which is at the time the respective initiating transaction occurs and the related service charge is subsequently processed. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to the customers’ accounts.

Mortgage Banking Income - consists of gains or losses on the sale of residential mortgage loans and is recognized when the sale is completed.

Mortgage Hedging Income - relates to the changes in fair value of interest rate locks, forward mortgage loan sales commitments and hedging instruments on forward sales commitments.

Other Income - includes credit card royalties, check orders, letter of credit fees and merchant services income. These fees are primarily transactional, and revenue is recognized when transactions occur and the related services are subsequently processed. Payment is primarily received immediately or in the following month.

Income Taxes - Income tax expense is determined using the asset and liability method and consists of income taxes that are currently payable and deferred income taxes. Deferred income tax expense (benefit) is determined by recognizing deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income in years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Changes in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets when management determines that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making such determinations, the Corporation considers all available positive and negative evidence that may impact the realization of deferred tax assets. These considerations include future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, and available tax planning strategies.

The Corporation files a consolidated federal income tax return including the results of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Corporation estimates income taxes payable based on the amount it expects to owe the various tax authorities (i.e., federal and state). Income taxes represent the net estimated amount due to, or to be received from, such tax authorities. In estimating income taxes, management assesses the relative merits and risks of the appropriate tax treatment of transactions, taking into account statutory, judicial, and regulatory guidance in the context of the Corporation’s tax position. Although the Corporation uses the best available information to record income taxes, underlying estimates and assumptions can change over time as a result of unanticipated events or circumstances such as changes in tax laws and judicial guidance influencing its overall tax position.

An uncertain tax position is recognized only if it is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation process, based on the technical merits of the position. The amount of tax benefit recognized in the financial statements is the largest amount of benefit that is more than fifty percent likely to be sustained upon ultimate settlement of the uncertain tax position. If the initial assessment fails to result in recognition of a tax benefit, the Corporation subsequently recognizes a tax benefit if there are changes in tax law or case law that raise the likelihood of prevailing on the technical merits of the position to more-likely-than-not, the statute of limitations expires, or there is a completion of an examination resulting in a settlement of that tax year or position with the appropriate agency. The Corporation’s policy is to classify interest and penalties associated with income taxes within other expenses.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements - The Corporation enters into contractual loan commitments to extend credit, normally with fixed expiration dates or termination clauses, at specified rates and for specific purposes. Since a portion of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Substantially all of the commitments to extend credit are contingent upon customers maintaining specific credit standards until the time of loan funding. The Corporation decreases its exposure to loss under these commitments by subjecting them to credit approval and monitoring procedures.

Standby letters of credit are written conditional commitments issued by the Corporation to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. In the event the customer does not perform in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the third party, the Corporation would be required to fund the commitment. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Corporation could be required to make is represented by the contractual amount of the commitment. If the commitment is funded, the Corporation would be entitled to seek recovery from the customer. The Corporation’s policies generally require that standby letter of credit arrangements contain security and debt covenants similar to those contained in loan agreements.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Loan-level Interest Rate Swaps - The Corporation offers certain derivative products directly to qualified commercial lending clients seeking to manage their interest rate risk. The Corporation economically hedges interest rate swap transactions to execute with commercial lending clients by entering into offsetting interest rate swap transactions with institutional derivatives market participants. Derivative transactions executed as part of this program are not designed as qualifying hedging relationships and are, therefore, carried at fair value with the change in fair value recorded as noninterest income. Because these derivatives have mirror-image contractual terms, in additional to collateral provisions which mitigate the impact of non-performance risk, the changes in fair value are expected to substantially offset.

Mortgage Banking Derivative Financial Instruments - During the third quarter of 2021, Mid Penn began using mortgage banking derivative financial instruments as part of our overall strategy to manage exposure to market risk within our mortgage banking operations, primarily due to fluctuations in interest rates, and to reduce the risk of price volatility of loans in the commitment phase.

In connection with its mortgage banking activities, Mid Penn enters into interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") to extend credit to a mortgage applicant within a specified period of time, provided certain specified terms and conditions are met, and with both the interest rate and the maximum loan amount set prior to funding. This loan commitment binds Mid Penn (subject to approval of the loan) to fund the loan at the specified rate, regardless of whether interest rates have changed between the commitment date and the loan funding date. Outstanding IRLCs may expose Mid Penn to the risk that the price of the mortgage loans underlying the commitments may decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates from inception of the rate lock to the funding of the loan. As such, outstanding IRLCs are subject to interest rate risk and related price risk during the period from the date of the commitment through the loan funding date or expiration date. The IRLC does not contractually obligate the borrower to close the loan, regardless of whether Mid Penn approves the loan.

Mid Penn originates all mortgage loans with the intention that the loans will be held for sale in the secondary market. Mid Penn enters into forward mortgage loan sales commitments shortly after extending an IRLC to the borrower to mitigate interest rate risk related to the IRLC for mortgage loans originated for sale. Mid Penn enters into mortgage loan sales commitments as either a mandatory commitment, meaning that the loan must be delivered at an agreed-upon price within a specified timeframe, or a best-effort commitment, meaning that the loan will be delivered if and when it closes, with a price that is typically less favorable than a mandatory commitment and often with a large markup. If a mandatory commitment is not delivered within the agreed-upon timeframe or price point, Mid Penn would likely be required to "pair out" of the commitment and may be subject to a pair-off fee. In addition, Mid Penn enters into forward commitments for the future sales or purchases of mortgage-backed securities to or from third-party counterparties to hedge the effect of changes in interest rates on the values of both the interest rate locks and mortgage loans held for sale.

Mandatory forward loan sales commitments are accounted for as freestanding derivative instruments and are carried at fair value equal to the amount required to settle the commitment as of the reporting date based on the underlying mortgage loans and the probability of commitments being exercised. Gross derivative assets and liabilities are recorded within other assets and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, with changes in fair value during the period recorded in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Best effort forward sales commitments are financial instruments which are carried at fair value under ASC 825 – Financial Instruments. Fair value is estimated as the amount required to settle the commitment as of the reporting date, which is based on the underlying mortgage loans and the probability of commitments being exercised. Gross derivative assets and liabilities are recorded within other assets and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, with changes in fair value during the period in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted

ASU No. 2020-04: The FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.

The ASU provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. Specifically, the guidance permits an entity, when certain criteria are met, to consider amendments to contracts made to comply with reference rate reform to meet the definition of a modification under GAAP. It further allows hedge accounting to be maintained and a one-time transfer or sale of qualifying HTM securities. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments were permitted to be adopted any time through December 31, 2022 and do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, except for certain optional expedients elected for certain hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022. The Corporation applied the guidance during 2022 to any contract modifications made due to reference rate reform.

ASU No. 2022-06: The FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of Sunset Date of topic 848.

This update extends the sunset provision date of "ASU 2020-04" to December 31, 2024. ASU 2022-06 became effective for the Corporation upon issuance of ASU 2022-06. The Corporation does not expect ASU 2022-06 to have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

Accounting Standards Pending Adoption

ASU 2016-13: The FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as further amended.

The ASU requires credit losses on most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments to be measured using an expected credit loss model, referred to as the current expected credit loss model ("CECL"). Under this model, entities will estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument (considering estimated prepayments, but not expected extensions or modifications unless reasonable expectation of a troubled debt restructuring exists) from the date of initial recognition of that instrument.

The ASU also replaces the current accounting model for purchased credit impaired loans and debt securities. The allowance for purchased financial assets with a more-than insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination ("PCD assets") should be determined in a similar manner to other financial assets measured on an amortized cost basis. However, upon initial recognition, the allowance is added to the purchase price to determine the initial amortized cost basis, referred to as the gross up approach. The subsequent accounting for PCD assets is the same expected loss model described above.

Further, the ASU made certain targeted amendments to the existing impairment model for available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities. For an AFS debt security for which there is neither the intent nor a more-likely-than-not requirement to sell, an entity will record credit losses as an allowance rather than a write-down of the amortized cost basis. Certain incremental disclosures are required.

Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-10, and ASU 2019-11 and ASU 2020-02 to clarify, improve, or defer the adoption of ASU 2016-13. In October 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 which deferred the implementation date of ASU 2016-13 for smaller reporting companies ("SRCs") until January 1, 2023. Mid Penn qualified as an SRC as of the date this guidance was issued; therefore, Mid Penn adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2023.

Mid Penn is continuing to validate the Corporation's CECL model and methodologies but expects an increase to the allowance for credit losses, which includes the reserves for unfunded commitments, as a result of the adoption of CECL. Based on current estimates, management estimates that this increase will be no greater than 200% of the total credit loss reserve as of December 31, 2022. This estimate is subject to change based on continuing refinement and validation of the model and methodologies.

ASU No. 2022-02: The FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures.

This ASU eliminates the TDR recognition and measurement guidance and, instead, requires that an entity evaluate (consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications) whether a modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. In addition, this ASU enhances existing disclosure requirements and introduces new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

For public business entities, this ASU requires that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Gross write-off information must be included in the vintage disclosures required for public business entities in accordance with paragraph 326-20-50-6, which requires that an entity disclose the amortized cost basis of financing receivables by credit quality indicator and class of financing receivable by year of origination.