10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10‑K

(mark one)
☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                          to                     

Commission File Number: 001‑12400

INCYTE CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware (State of other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	94‑3136539 (IRS Employer Identification No.)
1801 Augustine Cut-Off  Wilmington, DE (Address of principal executives offices)	19803 (zip code) (302) 498‑6700 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.001 par value per share	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well‑known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15 (d) of the Act. Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S‑K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10‑K or any amendment to this Form 10‑K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act. (check one)

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non‑accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non‑affiliates (based on the closing sale price on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 30, 2018) was approximately $11.9 billion.

As of February 7, 2019 there were 214,048,325 shares of Common Stock, $.001 par value per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Items 10 (as to directors and Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance), 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III incorporate by reference information from the registrant’s proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies for the registrant’s 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on April 26, 2019.

Table of Contents

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PART I
Item 1.	Business	2
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	28
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	50
Item 2.	Properties	50
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	50
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	50
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	52
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	53
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	54
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	72
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	73
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	121
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	121
Item 9B.	Other Information	124
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	124
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	124
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	124
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	125
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	125
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	125
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	128
SIGNATURES		129

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Item 1.  Business

This report contains forward‑looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements relate to future periods, future events or our future operating or financial plans or performance. Often, these statements include the words “believe,” “expect,” “target,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “seek,” “estimate,” “potential,” or words of similar meaning, or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” or the negative of these terms, and other similar expressions. These forward‑looking statements include statements as to:

· the discovery, development, formulation, manufacturing and commercialization of our compounds, our drug candidates and JAKAFI®/JAKAVI® (ruxolitinib) and ICLUSIG® (ponatinib);

· the expected benefits from our acquisition of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. and our plans to further develop our European operations;

· conducting clinical trials internally, with collaborators, or with clinical research organizations;

· our collaboration and strategic relationship strategy; anticipated benefits and disadvantages of entering into collaboration agreements;

· our licensing, investment and commercialization strategies, including our plans to commercialize JAKAFI and ICLUSIG;

· the regulatory approval process, including obtaining U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other international health authorities approval for our products in the United States and abroad;

· the safety, effectiveness and potential benefits and indications of our drug candidates and other compounds under development;

· the timing and size of our clinical trials; the compounds expected to enter clinical trials; timing of clinical trial results;

· our ability to manage expansion of our drug discovery and development operations;

· future required expertise relating to clinical trials, manufacturing, sales and marketing;

· obtaining and terminating licenses to products, drug candidates or technology, or other intellectual property rights;

· the receipt from or payments pursuant to collaboration or license agreements resulting from milestones or royalties;

· plans to develop and commercialize products on our own;

· plans to use third-party manufacturers;

· expected expenses and expenditure levels; expected uses of cash; expected revenues and sources of revenues, including milestone payments; expectations with respect to inventory;

· expectations with respect to reimbursement for our products;

· the expected impact of recent accounting pronouncements and changes in U.S. tax laws;

· expected losses; fluctuation of losses; currency translation impact associated with collaboration royalties;

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· our profitability; the adequacy of our capital resources to continue operations;

· the need to raise additional capital;

· the costs associated with resolving matters in litigation;

· our expectations regarding competition;

· expectations relating to our new European headquarters and the anticipated completion date for our large molecule production facility;

· our investments, including anticipated expenditures, losses and expenses; and

· our patent prosecution and maintenance efforts.

These forward‑looking statements reflect our current views with respect to future events, are based on assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected and include, but are not limited to:

· our ability to successfully commercialize JAKAFI and ICLUSIG;

· our ability to maintain at anticipated levels reimbursement for our products from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations;

· our ability to establish and maintain effective sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;

· the risk of reliance on other parties to manufacture our products, which could result in a short supply of our products, increased costs, and withdrawal of regulatory approval;

· our ability to maintain regulatory approvals to market our products;

· our ability to achieve a significant market share in order to achieve or maintain profitability;

· the risk of civil or criminal penalties if we market our products in a manner that violates health care fraud and abuse and other applicable laws, rules and regulations;

· our ability to discover, develop, formulate, manufacture and commercialize our drug candidates;

· the risk of unanticipated delays in, or discontinuations of, research and development efforts;

· the risk that previous preclinical testing or clinical trial results are not necessarily indicative of future clinical trial results;

· risks relating to the conduct of our clinical trials;

· changing regulatory requirements;

· the risk of adverse safety findings;

· the risk that results of our clinical trials do not support submission of a marketing approval application for our drug candidates;

· the risk of significant delays or costs in obtaining regulatory approvals;

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· risks relating to our reliance on third-party manufacturers, collaborators, and clinical research organizations;

· risks relating to the development of new products and their use by us and our current and potential collaborators;

· risks relating to our inability to control the development of out‑licensed compounds or drug candidates;

· risks relating to our collaborators’ ability to develop and commercialize drug candidates;

· costs associated with prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

· our ability to maintain or obtain adequate product liability and other insurance coverage;

· the risk that our drug candidates may not obtain or maintain regulatory approval;

· the impact of technological advances and competition, including potential generic competition;

· our ability to compete against third parties with greater resources than ours;

· risks relating to changes in pricing and reimbursement in the markets in which we may compete;

· competition to develop and commercialize similar drug products;

· our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection and freedom to operate for our discoveries and to continue to be effective in expanding our patent coverage;

· the impact of changing laws on our patent portfolio;

· developments in and expenses relating to litigation;

· our ability to in‑license drug candidates or other technology;

· unanticipated construction, other delays or changes in plans relating to our new European headquarters and large molecule production facility;

· our ability to integrate successfully acquired businesses, development programs or technology;

· our ability to obtain additional capital when needed;

· fluctuations in net cash provided and used by operating, financing and investing activities;

· our ability to analyze the effects of new accounting pronouncements and apply new accounting rules;

· our history of operating losses; and

· the risks set forth under “Risk Factors.”

Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward‑looking statements. Except as required by federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to update any forward‑looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available or other events occur in the future.

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In this report all references to “Incyte,” “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company” mean Incyte Corporation and our subsidiaries, except where it is made clear that the term means only the parent company.

Incyte and JAKAFI are our registered trademarks. We also refer to trademarks of other corporations and organizations in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

Overview

Incyte is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of proprietary therapeutics. Our global headquarters is located in Wilmington, Delaware. We conduct our European clinical development operations from our offices in Geneva, Switzerland, and Lausanne, Switzerland; our Japanese office is in Tokyo.

Marketed Indications - JAKAFI (ruxolitinib)

JAKAFI (ruxolitinib) is our first product to be approved for sale in the United States. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2011 for the treatment of patients with intermediate or high‑risk myelofibrosis and in December 2014 for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea. Myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera are both rare blood cancers. Under our collaboration agreement with Novartis International Pharmaceutical Ltd., Novartis received exclusive development and commercialization rights to ruxolitinib outside of the United States for all hematologic and oncologic indications and sells ruxolitinib outside of the United States under the name JAKAVI.

In 2003, we initiated a research and development program to explore the inhibition of enzymes called janus associated kinases (JAK). The JAK family is composed of four tyrosine kinases—JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and Tyk2—that are involved in the signaling of a number of cytokines and growth factors. JAKs are central to a number of biologic processes, including the formation and development of blood cells and the regulation of immune functions. Dysregulation of the JAK‑STAT signaling pathway has been associated with a number of diseases, including myeloproliferative neoplasms, other hematological malignancies, rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a closely related group of blood diseases in which blood cells, specifically platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells, grow or act abnormally. These diseases include myelofibrosis (MF), polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET).

We have discovered multiple potent, selective and orally bioavailable JAK inhibitors that are selective for JAK1 or JAK1 and JAK2. JAKAFI is the most advanced compound in our JAK program. It is an oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor.

JAKAFI is marketed in the United States through our own specialty sales force and commercial team. JAKAFI was the first FDA‑approved JAK inhibitor for any indication and was the first and remains the only product approved by the FDA for use in MF and PV. The FDA has granted JAKAFI orphan drug status for MF, PV, ET, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD).

To help ensure that all eligible MF and PV patients have access to JAKAFI, we have established a patient assistance program called IncyteCARES (CARES stands for Connecting to Access, Reimbursement, Education and Support). IncyteCARES helps ensure that any patient with intermediate or high‑risk MF or uncontrolled PV who meets certain eligibility criteria and is prescribed JAKAFI has access to the product regardless of ability to pay and has access to ongoing support and educational resources during treatment.

JAKAFI is distributed primarily through a network of specialty pharmacy providers and wholesalers that allow for efficient delivery of the medication by mail directly to patients or direct delivery to the patient’s pharmacy. Our distribution process uses a model that is well‑established and familiar to physicians who practice within the oncology field.

To further support appropriate use and future development of JAKAFI, our U.S. Medical Affairs department is responsible for providing appropriate scientific and medical education and information to physicians, preparing scientific presentations and publications, and overseeing the process for supporting investigator sponsored trials.

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Myelofibrosis.  Myelofibrosis is a rare, life‑threatening condition. MF, considered the most serious of the myeloproliferative neoplasms, can occur either as primary MF, or as secondary MF that develops in some patients who previously had polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia. We estimate there are between 16,000 and 18,500 patients with MF in the United States. Based on the modern prognostic scoring systems referred to as International Prognostic Scoring System and Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System, we believe intermediate and high‑risk patients represent 80%  to 90%  of all patients with MF in the United States and encompass patients over the age of 65, or patients who have or have ever had any of the following: anemia, constitutional symptoms, elevated white blood cell or blast counts, or platelet counts less than 100,000 per microliter of blood.

Most MF patients have enlarged spleens and many suffer from debilitating symptoms, including abdominal discomfort, pruritus (itching), night sweats and cachexia (involuntary weight loss). There were no FDA approved therapies for MF until the approval of JAKAFI.

The FDA approval was based on results from two randomized Phase III trials (COMFORT‑I and COMFORT‑II), which demonstrated that patients treated with JAKAFI experienced significant reductions in splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). COMFORT‑I also demonstrated improvements in symptoms. The most common hematologic adverse reactions in both trials were thrombocytopenia and anemia. These events rarely led to discontinuation of JAKAFI treatment. The most common non‑hematologic adverse reactions were bruising, dizziness and headache.

In August 2014, the FDA approved supplemental labeling for JAKAFI to include Kaplan‑Meier overall survival curves as well as additional safety and dosing information. The overall survival information is based on three‑year data from COMFORT‑I and II, and shows that at three years the probability of survival for patients treated with JAKAFI in COMFORT‑I was 70% and for those patients originally randomized to placebo it was 61%. In COMFORT‑II, at three years the probability of survival for patients treated with JAKAFI was 79% and for patients originally randomized to best available therapy it was 59%.  In December 2016, we announced an exploratory pooled analysis of data from the five-year follow-up of the COMFORT-I and COMFORT-II trials of patients treated with JAKAFI, which further supported previously published overall survival findings.

In October 2017, the FDA approved updated labeling for JAKAFI to include the addition of new patient-reported outcome (PRO) data from the COMFORT-I study, as well as updating the warning related to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. An exploratory analysis of PRO data of patients with myelofibrosis receiving JAKAFI showed improvement in fatigue-related symptoms at Week 24. Fatigue response (defined as a reduction of 4.5 points or more from baseline in the PROMIS® Fatigue total score) was reported in 35% of patients treated with JAKAFI versus 14% of the patients treated with placebo.

In September 2016, we announced that JAKAFI had been included as a recommended treatment in the latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for myelofibrosis, underscoring the important and long-term clinical benefits seen in patients treated with JAKAFI.

Polycythemia Vera.  PV is a myeloproliferative neoplasm typically characterized by elevated hematocrit, the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood, which can lead to a thickening of the blood and an increased risk of blood clots, as well as an elevated white blood cell and platelet count. When phlebotomy can no longer control PV, chemotherapy such as hydroxyurea, or interferon, is utilized. Approximately 25,000 patients with PV in the United States are considered uncontrolled because they have an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea, the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of PV.

In December 2014, the FDA approved JAKAFI for the treatment of patients with PV who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea. The approval of JAKAFI for PV was based on data from the pivotal Phase III RESPONSE trial. In this trial, patients treated with JAKAFI demonstrated superior hematocrit control and reductions in spleen volume compared to best available therapy. In addition, a greater proportion of patients treated with JAKAFI achieved complete hematologic remission—which was defined as achieving hematocrit control, and lowering platelet and white blood cell counts. In the RESPONSE trial, the most common hematologic adverse reactions (incidence > 20%) were thrombocytopenia and anemia. The most common non‑hematologic adverse events (incidence >10%) were headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue, pruritus, dyspnea and muscle spasms.

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In March 2016, the FDA approved supplemental labeling for JAKAFI to include additional safety data as well as efficacy analyses from the RESPONSE trial to assess the durability of response in JAKAFI treated patients after 80 weeks. At this time, 83% patients were still on treatment, and 76% of the responders at 32 weeks maintained their response through 80 weeks.

In June 2016, we announced data from the Phase III RESPONSE-2 study of JAKAFI in patients with inadequately controlled PV that was resistant to or intolerant of hydroxyurea who did not have an enlarged spleen. These data showed that JAKAFI was superior to best available therapy in maintaining hematocrit control (62.2% vs. 18.7%, respectively; P<0.0001) without the need for phlebotomy.

In August 2017, we announced that JAKAFI had been included as a recommended treatment in the latest NCCN Guidelines for patients with polycythemia vera who have had an inadequate response to first-line therapies, such as hydroxyurea.

We have retained all development and commercialization rights to JAKAFI in the United States and are eligible to receive development and commercial milestones as well as royalties from product sales outside the United States. We hold patents that cover the composition of matter and use of ruxolitinib which patents, including applicable extensions, expire in late 2027.

Marketed Indications - ICLUSIG (ponatinib)

In June 2016, we acquired the European operations of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ARIAD) and obtained an exclusive license to develop and commercialize ICLUSIG (ponatinib) in Europe and other select countries. ICLUSIG is a kinase inhibitor. The primary target for ICLUSIG is BCR-ABL, an abnormal tyrosine kinase that is expressed in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL).

In the European Union, ICLUSIG is approved for the treatment of adult patients with chronic phase, accelerated phase or blast phase CML who are resistant to dasatinib or nilotinib; who are intolerant to dasatinib or nilotinib and for whom subsequent treatment with imatinib is not clinically appropriate; or who have the T315I mutation, or the treatment of adult patients with Ph+ ALL who are resistant to dasatinib; who are intolerant to dasatinib and for whom subsequent treatment with imatinib is not clinically appropriate; or who have the T315I mutation.

Clinical Programs in Oncology

We believe that the future of cancer treatment lies in the use of targeted therapies, which aim to block, directly or indirectly, the effects of cancer-causing mutations, and immune therapies, which seek to recruit the patient’s own immune system to tackle cancer. Our most advanced programs are detailed below.

JAK Inhibition

As part of our development program to improve and expand therapeutic options for patients with MF, we are currently recruiting Phase II trials combining ruxolitinib with our clinical candidates such as itacitinib (JAK1), parsaclisib (formerly INCB50465; PI3Kδ), and INCB53914 (PIM) in patients with refractory MF.

GVHD is a condition that can occur after an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (the transfer of genetically dissimilar stem cells or tissue). In GVHD, the donated bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells view the recipient’s body as foreign and attack the body. 12-month survival rates in patients with Grade III or IV steroid-refractory acute GVHD are 50% or less and the diagnosed incidence of acute and chronic GVHD is approximately 20,000 per year across the United States, Europe and Japan.

Building upon positive, independently published third-party data of ruxolitinib in GVHD, we initiated the REACH clinical program to evaluate ruxolitinib in patients with steroid-refractory GVHD. The result of REACH1, a pivotal Phase II trial in steroid-refractory acute GVHD, formed the basis for a supplemental new drug application (sNDA), which was accepted by the FDA for Priority Review in October 2018. In February 2019, the FDA extended the sNDA review period by three months. REACH2, the Novartis-sponsored Phase III trial in steroid-refractory acute GVHD, and

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REACH3, the Phase III trial in steroid-refractory chronic GVHD that is co-sponsored by Incyte and Novartis, are both underway. In June 2016, we announced that the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for ruxolitinib in patients with acute GVHD. In April 2016, we announced an agreement with Eli Lilly and Company enabling us to develop and commercialize ruxolitinib in the United States for the treatment of GVHD. We also announced an agreement with Novartis granting Novartis exclusive research, development and commercialization rights for ruxolitinib in GVHD outside the United States.

Based on data from a proof-of-concept trial of itacitinib, a selective JAK1 inhibitor, in patients with acute GVHD, a pivotal trial (GRAVITAS-301) investigating itacitinib for the treatment of patients with treatment-naïve acute GVHD was initiated in July 2017. The FDA has granted itacitinib orphan drug status for GVHD.

Following positive proof-of-concept data, we initiated a pivotal program investigating ruxolitinib for the treatment of patients with essential thrombocythemia. ET is a Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasm, characterized by the overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow. The pivotal RESET trial is enrolling ET patients that are refractory to or intolerant of hydroxyurea, the current standard of care for first-line treatment of these patients. The clinical program to evaluate itacitinib in solid tumors includes a clinical trial in combination with AstraZeneca/MedImmune’s EGFR inhibitor osimertinib.

FGFR1/2/3 Inhibition

Pemigatinib is an inhibitor of the FGFR isoforms 1, 2 and 3 that has demonstrated potency and selectivity in preclinical studies. The FGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases can act as oncogenic drivers in a number of liquid and solid tumor types. We initiated the FIGHT clinical program to evaluate pemigatinib across a spectrum of cancers that are driven by FGF/FGFR mutations. The program currently has three Phase II trials– FIGHT-201 in patients with bladder cancer, FIGHT-202 in patients with cholangiocarcinoma, and FIGHT-203 in patients with 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (8p11 MPN). Based on data generated from ongoing trials in patients with FGFR-driven cholangiocarcinoma, bladder cancer, and 8p11 MPN, we are planning to initiate a pivotal tumor-agnostic trial evaluating pemigatinib in patients with driver-activations of FGF/FGFR later in 2019.

In October 2018, we announced positive data from the FIGHT-202 trial evaluating pemigatinib in patients with advanced/metastatic or surgically unresectable cholangiocarcinoma who failed at least one previous treatment. In February 2019, we announced that the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for pemigatinib in patients with previously treated, advanced/metastatic or unresectable FGFR2 translocated cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a cancer that arises from the cells within the bile ducts. It is often diagnosed late (stages III and IV) and the prognosis is poor. The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 translocation is increasing, and is currently estimated at 2,000-3,000 patients in the U.S., Europe and Japan.

PD-1 Antagonism

In October 2017, we and MacroGenics, Inc. announced an exclusive global collaboration and license agreement for MacroGenics’ INCMGA0012, an investigational monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD-1. Under this collaboration, we obtained exclusive worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of INCMGA0012 in all indications. Enrollment in the dose escalation portion of the Phase I study of INCMGA0012 has been completed and the molecule is currently being evaluated as monotherapy across four solid tumor types in the dose expansion portion of the study. Registration-directed trials in MSI-high endometrial cancer, merkel cell carcinoma, and anal cancer were initiated in 2018.

PI3K-delta Inhibition

The PI3K-delta pathway mediates oncogenic signaling in B cell malignancies. Parsaclisib (formerly INCB50465) is a PI3K-delta inhibitor that has demonstrated potency and selectivity in preclinical studies and has potential therapeutic utility in the treatment of patients with lymphoma. We initiated the CITADEL clinical program to evaluate parsaclisib in

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non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and we are currently running Phase II trials in follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma.

	Indication	Status Update
Ruxolitinib (JAK1/JAK2)	Steroid-refractory acute GVHD	sNDA accepted for Priority Review (based on REACH1), review period extended by three months; Phase III (REACH2)
Ruxolitinib (JAK1/JAK2)	Steroid-refractory chronic GVHD	Phase III (REACH3)
Ruxolitinib (JAK1/JAK2)	Essential thrombocythemia	Phase II (RESET)
Ruxolitinib (JAK1/JAK2)	Refractory myelofibrosis	Phase II in combination with parsaclisib (PI3Kδ), INCB53914 (PIM), or itacitinib (JAK1)
Itacitinib (JAK1)	Treatment-naïve acute GVHD	Phase III (GRAVITAS-301)
Itacitinib (JAK1)	Treatment-naïve chronic GVHD	Phase III (GRAVITAS-309)
Itacitinib (JAK1)	NSCLC	Phase I/II in combination with osimertinib (EGFR)
Pemigatinib (FGFR1/2/3)	Bladder cancer	Phase II (FIGHT-201)
Pemigatinib (FGFR1/2/3)	Cholangiocarcinoma	Phase II (FIGHT-202); Phase III (FIGHT-302) now recruiting
Pemigatinib (FGFR1/2/3)	8p11 MPN	Phase II (FIGHT-203)
Pemigatinib (FGFR1/2/3)	Solid tumors with driver activations of FGF/FGFR	Pivotal program in preparation
INCMGA0012 (PD-1)1	Solid tumors	Phase II trials (MSI-high endometrial cancer, merkel cell carcinoma, anal cancer)
Parsaclisib (PI3Kδ)	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Phase II (CITADEL-203, follicular lymphoma); (CITADEL-204, marginal zone lymphoma); (CITADEL-205, mantel cell lymphoma)

1. INCMGA0012 licensed from MacroGenics.

Earlier-Stage Programs

We also have a number of other earlier-stage clinical programs, as detailed in the table below. We intend to describe these programs more fully if we obtain clinical proof‑of‑concept and establish that a program warrants further development in a specific indication or group of indications.

Small molecules	Monoclonal antibodies	Bispecific antibodies
INCB53914 (PIM)	INCAGN1876 (GITR)2	MCLA-145 (PD-L1xCD137)3
INCB59872 (LSD1)	INCAGN1949 (OX40)2
INCB62079 (FGFR4)	INCAGN2390 (TIM-3)2
INCB81776 (AXL/MER)	INCAGN2385 (LAG-3)2
INCB01158 (ARG)1
Epacadostat (IDO1)
INCB86550 (PD-L1)

1. INCB01158 development in collaboration with Calithera Biosciences, Inc.

2. Discovery collaboration with Agenus Inc.

3. MCLA-145 development in collaboration with Merus N.V.

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Clinical Programs outside Oncology

In June 2018, we announced that a Phase II trial of ruxolitinib cream for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis showed a significant benefit over vehicle control and a global, pivotal Phase III program was initiated in December 2018. Atopic dermatitis is a skin disorder that causes the skin to become red, scaly, and itchy. Onset can occur at any age, but is much more common in infants and children. United States and European prevalence are estimated at 10.3 million patients and 6.5 million patients, respectively. A Phase II trial of ruxolitinib cream in patients with vitiligo, a long term skin condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment, was initiated in June 2017.

A Phase II trial of INCB54707, a JAK1 selective inhibitor, is ongoing in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, an inflammatory skin disease.

A Phase II trial of itacitinib, a JAK1 selective inhibitor, has been initiated in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Phase II trials of parsaclisib, a PI3Kδ inhibitor, in pemphigus vulgaris, autoimmune hemolytic anemia and Sjögren's syndrome are all underway.

	Indication	Status Update
Ruxolitinib cream1 (JAK1/JAK2)	Atopic dermatitis	Phase III
Ruxolitinib cream1 (JAK1/JAK2)	Vitiligo	Phase II; Phase III in preparation
INCB54707 (JAK1)	Hidradenitis suppurativa	Phase II
Itacitinib (JAK1)	Ulcerative colitis	Phase II
Parsaclisib (PI3Kδ)	Pemphigus vulgaris, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Sjögren's syndrome	Phase II

1. Novartis’ rights for ruxolitinib outside of the United States under our Collaboration and License Agreement with Novartis do not include topical administration.

Partnered Programs

Baricitinib

We have a second JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, baricitinib, which is subject to our collaboration agreement with Eli Lilly and Company, in which Lilly received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to the compound for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The Phase III program of baricitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis incorporated all three rheumatoid arthritis populations (methotrexate naïve, biologic naïve, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor inadequate responders); used event rates to fully power the baricitinib program for structural comparison and non-inferiority vs. adalimumab; and evaluated patient-reported outcomes. All four Phase III trials met their respective primary endpoints.

In January 2016, Lilly submitted a New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA and a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) to the European Medicines Agency for baricitinib as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. In February 2017, we and Lilly announced that the European Commission approved baricitinib as OLUMIANT for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to, or who are intolerant to, one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). In July 2017, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) granted marketing approval for OLUMIANTfor the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (including the prevention of structural injury of joints) in patients with inadequate response to standard-of-care therapies. In June 2018, the FDA approved the 2mg dose of OLUMIANT for the treatment of adults with moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have had an inadequate response to one or more tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapies.

Rheumatoid Arthritis.  Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by aberrant or abnormal immune mechanisms that lead to joint inflammation and swelling and, in some patients, the progressive destruction of joints. Rheumatoid arthritis can also affect connective tissue in the skin and organs of the body.

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Current rheumatoid arthritis treatments include the use of non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs, disease‑modifying anti‑rheumatic drugs, such as methotrexate, and the newer biological response modifiers that target pro‑inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. None of these approaches to treatment is curative; therefore, there remains an unmet need for new safe and effective treatment options for these patients. Rheumatoid arthritis is estimated to affect about 1% of the world’s population.

Atopic Dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis (AtD) is a condition that makes the skin red and itchy and which is common in children but can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis is long lasting and tends to flare periodically and then subside. Lilly has conducted a Phase IIa trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of baricitinib in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. The JAK-STAT pathway has been shown to play an essential role in the dysregulation of immune responses in atopic dermatitis. Therefore, we believe that inhibiting cytokine pathways dependent on JAK1 and JAK2 may lead to positive clinical outcomes in atopic dermatitis.

A Phase III program to evaluate the safety and efficacy of baricitinib in patients with moderate to severe AtD is ongoing. In February 2019, we and Lilly announced that baricitinib met the primary endpoint in BREEZE-AD1 and BREEZE-AD2, two Phase III studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of baricitinib monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. These are two of five studies that will be part of the placebo-controlled data program intended to support global registrations.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic disease that causes inflammation. In addition to affecting the skin and joints, it can affect other organs in the body such as the kidneys, the tissue lining the lungs and heart, and the brain. Lilly has conducted a Phase II trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of baricitinib in patients with SLE. Baricitinib’s activity profile suggests that it inhibits cytokines implicated in SLE such as type I interferon (IFN), type II IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-23 as well as other cytokines that may have a role in SLE, including granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-12. The potential impact of baricitinib on the IFN pathway is highly relevant to SLE, as clinical and preclinical studies have established that this pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. Lilly is currently running a Phase III trial of baricitinib in patients with SLE.

Alopecia Areata. Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the hair follicles, causing hair loss in patches. Lilly is currently running a Phase II/III trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of baricitinib in patients with severe alopecia areata.

Psoriatic Arthritis.  Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory arthritis that is seen in association with skin psoriasis. It causes joint pain and swelling that can lead to damage of the joint if the inflammation is not controlled.  Baricitinib has been shown to inhibit the JAK-STAT pathway in related conditions such as psoriasis in Phase II trials, and based on its activity profile, baricitinib also has the potential to demonstrate positive clinical outcomes in PsA. Lilly is planning a Phase III program to evaluate the safety and efficacy of baricitinib in patients with PsA.

We exercised our co-development options in rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, psoriatic arthritis, alopecia areata, systematic lupus erythematosus and axial spondyloarthritis to fund 30% of future global development costs through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority, in exchange for increased tiered royalties ranging up to the high twenties on potential future sales.

Capmatinib

Capmatinib is a potent and highly selective MET inhibitor. The investigational compound has demonstrated inhibitory activity in cell-based biochemical and functional assays that measure MET signaling and MET dependent cell proliferation, survival and migration. Under our agreement, Novartis received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to capmatinib and certain back‑up compounds in all indications. Capmatinib is being evaluated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, non‑small cell lung cancer and other solid tumors, and may have potential utility as a combination agent.

MET is a clinically validated receptor kinase cancer target. Abnormal MET activation in cancer correlates with poor prognosis. Dysregulation of the MET pathway triggers tumor growth, formation of new blood vessels that supply the

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tumor with nutrients, and causes cancer to spread to other organs. Dysregulation of the MET pathway is seen in many types of cancers, including lung, kidney, liver, stomach, breast and brain.

In October 2018, we and Novartis announced positive preliminary results of the GEOMETRY mono-1 trial of capmatinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring MET exon-14 skipping mutations. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer, impacting more than 2 million people per year. Approximately 3-4 percent of all patients with NSCLC have an identified MET mutation. Though rare, this mutation is an indicator of especially poor prognosis and there is currently no approved therapy designed to target this mutation.

	Indication	Status Update
Baricitinib (JAK1/JAK2)1	Atopic dermatitis	Phase III
Baricitinib (JAK1/JAK2)1	Systemic lupus erythematosus	Phase III
Baricitinib (JAK1/JAK2)1	Psoriatic arthritis	Lilly is planning a Phase III program
Baricitinib (JAK1/JAK2)1	Severe alopecia areata	Phase II/III
Capmatinib (MET)2	NSCLC, liver cancer	NDA (NSCLC patients with MET exon 14 skipping mutations) expected this year (by Novartis)

1. Baricitinib licensed to Lilly

2. Capmatinib licensed to Novartis

License Agreements and Business Relationships

We establish business relationships, including collaborative arrangements with other companies and medical research institutions to assist in the clinical development and/or commercialization of certain of our drugs and drug candidates and to provide support for our research programs. We also evaluate opportunities for acquiring products or rights to products and technologies that are complementary to our business from other companies and medical research institutions.

Below is a brief description of our significant business relationships and collaborations and related license agreements that expand our pipeline and provide us with certain rights to existing and potential new products and technologies.

Novartis

In November 2009, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Novartis. Under the terms of the agreement, Novartis received exclusive development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to ruxolitinib and certain back‑up compounds for hematologic and oncology indications, including all hematological malignancies, solid tumors and myeloproliferative diseases. We retained exclusive development and commercialization rights to JAKAFI (ruxolitinib) in the United States and in certain other indications. Novartis also received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to our MET inhibitor compound capmatinib and certain back‑up compounds in all indications. We retained options to co‑develop and to co‑promote capmatinib in the United States.

Under this agreement, we received an upfront payment and immediate milestone payment totaling $210.0 million and were initially eligible to receive additional payments of up to approximately $1.2 billion if defined development and commercialization milestones are achieved. We are also eligible to receive tiered, double‑digit royalties ranging from the upper‑teens to the mid‑twenties percent on future ruxolitinib net sales outside of the United States, and tiered, worldwide royalties on future capmatinib net sales that range from 12% to 14%. In addition, Novartis has received reimbursement and pricing approval for ruxolitinib in a specified number of countries, and we are now obligated to pay to Novartis tiered royalties in the low single-digits on future ruxolitinib net sales within the United States. Each company is responsible for costs relating to the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in its respective territories, with costs of collaborative studies shared equally. Novartis is also responsible for all costs relating to the development and commercialization of capmatinib.

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In April 2016, we amended this agreement to provide that Novartis has exclusive research, development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to ruxolitinib (excluding topical formulations) in the GVHD field. Under this amendment, we received a $5.0 million payment in exchange for the development and commercialization rights to ruxolitinib in GVHD outside of the United States and became eligible to receive up to $75.0 million of additional potential development and regulatory milestones relating to GVHD.  In March 2017, we recognized a $25.0 million milestone for the first patient first visit in a GVHD study and in December 2017, we recognized a $40.0 million milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $600.0 million. In December 2018, we recognized a $60.0 million milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $900.0 million.

The Novartis agreement will continue on a program‑by‑program basis until Novartis has no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Royalties are payable by Novartis on a product‑by‑product and country‑by‑country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Novartis or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program‑by‑program basis by Novartis for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

Lilly

In December 2009, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Lilly. Under the terms of the agreement, Lilly received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to baricitinib and certain back‑up compounds for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We received an initial payment of $90.0 million, and were initially eligible to receive additional payments of up to $665.0 million based on the achievement of defined development, regulatory and commercialization milestones.

We retained options to co-develop our JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors with Lilly on a compound-by-compound and indication-by-indication basis. Lilly is responsible for all costs relating to the development and commercialization of the compounds unless we elect to co-develop any compounds or indications. If we elect to co-develop any compounds and/or indications, we would be responsible for funding 30% of the associated future global development costs from the initiation of a Phase IIb trial through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority. We would receive an incremental royalty rate increase across all tiers resulting in effective royalty rates ranging up to the high twenties on potential future global net sales for compounds and/or indications that we elect to co-develop.  For indications that we elect not to co-develop, we would receive tiered, double-digit royalty payments on future global net sales with rates ranging up to 20% if the product is successfully commercialized. We previously had retained an option to co-promote products in the United States but, in March 2016, we waived our co-promotion option as part of an amendment to the agreement. 

In July 2010, we elected to co-develop baricitinib with Lilly in rheumatoid arthritis and we are responsible for funding 30% of the associated future global development costs for this indication from the initiation of the Phase IIb trial through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority. We subsequently elected to co-develop baricitinib with Lilly in psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus and axial spondyloarthritis.

In March 2016, we entered into an amendment to the agreement with Lilly that allows us to engage in the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in the GVHD field. We paid Lilly an upfront payment of $35.0 million and Lilly is eligible to receive up to $40.0 million in additional regulatory milestone payments relating to ruxolitinib in the GVHD field.

In February 2017, the European Commission announced the approval of baricitinib as OLUMIANT, triggering a $65.0 million milestone payment from Lilly.  In July 2017, Japan's MHLW granted marketing approval for OLUMIANT, triggering a $15.0 million milestone payment from Lilly.  In December 2017, we recognized a $30.0 million milestone payment for the first patient treated in the atopic dermatitis Phase III program for baricitinib. In June 2018, the FDA approved the 2mg dose of OLUMIANT, triggering a $100.0 million milestone payment from Lilly. In September 2018,

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we recognized a $20.0 million milestone payment for the first patient treated in the systemic lupus erythematosus Phase III program for baricitinib.

The Lilly agreement will continue until Lilly no longer has any royalty payment obligations or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms. Royalties are payable by Lilly on a product‑by‑product and country‑by‑country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Lilly or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated by Lilly for convenience, and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

Agenus

In January 2015, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Agenus Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, 4-Antibody AG (now known as Agenus Switzerland Inc.), which we collectively refer to as Agenus. Under this agreement, the parties have agreed to collaborate on the discovery of novel immuno-therapeutics using Agenus’ antibody discovery platforms. In February 2017, we and Agenus amended this agreement.

Under the terms of this agreement, as amended, we received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to four checkpoint modulators directed against GITR, OX40, LAG-3 and TIM-3. In addition to the initial four program targets, we and Agenus have the option to jointly nominate and pursue additional targets within the framework of the collaboration, and in November 2015, three more targets were added. Targets may be designated profit-share programs, where all costs and profits are shared equally by us and Agenus, or royalty-bearing programs, where we are responsible for all costs associated with discovery, preclinical, clinical development and commercialization activities. The programs relating to GITR and OX40 and two of the undisclosed targets were profit-share programs until February 2017, while the other targets currently under collaboration are royalty-bearing programs.  The February 2017 amendment converted the programs relating to GITR and OX40 to royalty-bearing programs and removed from the collaboration the profit-share programs relating to the two undisclosed targets, with one reverting to us and one reverting to Agenus.  Should any of those removed programs be successfully developed by a party, the other party will be eligible to receive the same milestone payments as the royalty-bearing programs and royalties at a 15% rate on global net sales.  There are currently no profit-share programs.  For each royalty-bearing product other than GITR and OX40, Agenus will be eligible to receive tiered royalties on global net sales ranging from 6% to 12%.  For GITR and OX40, Agenus will be eligible to receive 15% royalties on global net sales. Under the February 2017 amendment, we paid Agenus $20.0 million in accelerated milestones relating to the clinical development of the GITR and OX40 programs.  Agenus is eligible to receive up to an additional $510.0 million in future contingent development, regulatory and commercialization milestones across all programs in the collaboration.  The agreement may be terminated by us for convenience upon 12 months’ notice and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

Takeda (ARIAD)

In June 2016, we acquired from ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. all of the outstanding shares of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l., the parent company of ARIAD’s European subsidiaries responsible for the development and commercialization of ICLUSIG in the European Union and other countries.  We obtained an exclusive license to develop and commercialize ICLUSIG in Europe and other select countries. ARIAD was subsequently acquired by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited in 2017.  As such, Takeda will be eligible to receive from us tiered royalties on net sales of ICLUSIG in our territory and up to $135.0 million in potential future oncology development and regulatory approval milestone payments, together with additional milestone payments for non-oncology indications, if approved, in our territory.

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Merus

In December 2016, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Merus N.V. Under this agreement, which became effective in January 2017, the parties have agreed to collaborate with respect to the research, discovery and development of bispecific antibodies utilizing Merus’ technology platform.  The collaboration encompasses up to eleven independent programs. 

The most advanced collaboration program is MCLA-145, a bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and CD137, for which we received exclusive development and commercialization rights outside of the United States. Merus retained exclusive development and commercialization rights in the United States to MCLA-145.  Each party will share equally the costs of mutually agreed global development activities for MCLA-145, and fund itself any independent development activities in its territory.  Merus will be responsible for commercializing MCLA-145 in the United States and we will be responsible for commercializing it outside of the United States.   

In addition to receiving rights to MCLA-145 outside of the United States, we received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to up to ten additional programs.  Of these ten additional programs, Merus retained the option, subject to certain conditions, to co-fund development of up to two such programs.  If Merus exercises its co-funding option for a program, Merus would be responsible for funding 35% of the associated future global development costs and, for certain of such programs, would be responsible for reimbursing us for certain development costs incurred prior to the option exercise.  Merus will also have the right to participate in a specified proportion of detailing activities in the United States for one of those co-developed programs. All costs related to the co-funded collaboration programs are subject to joint research and development plans and overseen by a joint development committee, but we will have final determination as to such plans in cases of dispute.  We will be responsible for all research, development and commercialization costs relating to all other programs. 

In February 2017, we paid Merus an upfront non-refundable payment of $120.0 million. For each program as to which Merus does not have commercialization or development co-funding rights, Merus will be eligible to receive up to $100.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones, and up to $250.0 million in commercialization milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of global net sales.  For each program as to which Merus exercises its option to co-fund development, Merus will be eligible to receive a 50% share of profits (or sustain 50% of any losses) in the United States and be eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of net sales of products outside of the United States.  If Merus opts to cease co-funding a program as to which it exercised its co-development option, then Merus will no longer receive a share of profits in the United States but will be eligible to receive the same milestones from the co-funding termination date and the same tiered royalties described above with respect to programs where Merus does not have a right to co-fund development and, depending on the stage at which Merus chose to cease co-funding development costs, Merus will be eligible to receive additional royalties ranging up to 4% of net sales in the United States.  For MCLA-145, we and Merus will each be eligible to receive tiered royalties on net sales in the other party’s territory at rates ranging from 6% to 10%.  

The Merus agreement will continue on a program-by-program basis until we have no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement.  The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program-by-program basis by us for convenience.  The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement.  If the agreement is terminated with respect to one or more programs, all rights in the terminated programs revert to Merus, subject to payment to us of a reverse royalty of up to 4% on sales of future products, if Merus elects to pursue development and commercialization of products arising from the terminated programs. 

Calithera

In January 2017, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Calithera Biosciences, Inc. Under this agreement, we received an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize small molecule arginase inhibitors, including INCB01158 (CB-1158), which is currently in Phase I clinical trials, for hematology and oncology indications. We have agreed to co-fund 70% of the global development costs for the development of the licensed products for hematology and oncology indications. Calithera will have the right to conduct certain clinical development under the

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collaboration, including combination studies of a licensed product with a proprietary compound of Calithera. We will be entitled to 60% of the profits and losses from net sales of licensed product in the United States, and Calithera will have the right to co-detail licensed products in the United States, and we have agreed to pay Calithera tiered royalties ranging from the low to mid-double digits on net sales of licensed products outside the United States. Calithera may opt out of its co-funding obligation, in which case the U.S. profit sharing will no longer be in effect, and we have agreed to pay Calithera tiered royalties ranging from the low to mid-double digits on net sales of licensed products both in the United States and outside the United States, and additional royalties to reimburse Calithera for previously incurred development costs. Calithera retains rights to certain arginase inhibitors that are not part of the collaboration for specific orphan indications outside of hematology and oncology, subject to our rights to negotiate a license for any such programs under specified circumstances if Calithera elects to out-license them.

In January 2017, we paid Calithera an upfront license fee of $45.0 million and have agreed to pay potential development, regulatory and sales milestone payments of over $430.0 million if the profit share is in effect, or $750.0 million if the profit share terminates.

The Calithera agreement will continue on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis for so long as we are developing or commercializing products in the United States (if the parties are sharing profits in the United States) and until we have no further royalty payment obligations, unless earlier terminated according to the terms of the agreement. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a product-by-product and/or a country-by-country basis by us for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by us for Calithera’s uncured material breach, by Calithera for our uncured material breach and by either party for bankruptcy or patent challenge. If the agreement is terminated early with respect to one or more products or countries, all rights in the terminated products and countries revert to Calithera.

MacroGenics

In October 2017, we entered into a Global Collaboration and License Agreement with MacroGenics. Under this agreement, we received exclusive development and commercialization rights worldwide to MacroGenics’ INCMGA0012, an investigational monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD-1. Except as set forth in the succeeding sentence, we will have sole authority over and bear all costs and expenses in connection with the development and commercialization of INCMGA0012 in all indications, whether as a monotherapy or as part of a combination regimen.  MacroGenics has retained the right to develop and commercialize, at its cost and expense, its pipeline assets in combination with INCMGA0012.  In addition, MacroGenics has the right to manufacture a portion of both companies’ global clinical and commercial supply needs of INCMGA0012.  In December 2017, we paid MacroGenics an upfront payment of $150.0 million. MacroGenics will be eligible to receive up to $420.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones, and up to $330.0 million in commercial milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 15% to 24% of global net sales.

The MacroGenics agreement will continue until we are no longer commercializing, developing or manufacturing INCMGA0012 or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms.  The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a licensed product by licensed product basis by us for convenience.  The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement.

Syros

In January 2018, we entered into a target discovery, research collaboration and option agreement with Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Under this agreement, Syros will use its proprietary gene control platform to identify novel therapeutic targets with a focus in myeloproliferative neoplasms and we have received options to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to intellectual property resulting from the collaboration for up to seven validated targets.  We will have exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize any therapies under the collaboration that modulate those validated targets.  We paid Syros $2.5 million in cash for access to proprietary technology and $7.5 million in cash for research and development services. We have agreed to pay Syros up to $54.0 million in target selection and option exercise fees should we decide to exercise all of our options under the agreement. For products resulting from the collaboration against each of the seven selected and validated targets, we have agreed to pay up to $50.0 million in potential development and regulatory milestones and

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up to $65.0 million in potential commercial milestones. Syros is also eligible to receive low single-digit royalties on net sales of products resulting from the collaboration.

Innovent

In December 2018, we entered into a research collaboration and licensing agreement with Innovent Biologics, Inc. Under the terms of this agreement, Innovent received exclusive development and commercialization rights to our clinical-stage product candidates pemigatinib, itacitinib and parsaclisib in hematology and oncology in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. In January 2019, we received an upfront payment under this agreement of $40.0 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive $20.0 million in connection with the first related IND filing in China, up to $129.0 million in potential development and regulatory milestones, and up to $202.5 million in potential commercial milestones. We are also eligible to receive tiered royalties from the high-teens to the low-twenties on future sales of products resulting from the collaboration. We retain an option to assist in the promotion of the three product candidates in the Innovent territories.

Incyte’s Approach to Drug Discovery and Development

Our productivity in drug discovery is primarily a result of our core competency in medicinal chemistry which is tightly integrated with, and supported by, an experienced team of biologists and pharmaceutical scientists with expertise in multiple therapeutic areas. This discovery team operates in concert with an equally experienced drug development organization with expertise in clinical sciences, statistics, and regulatory affairs. Our drug development organization manages our clinical programs and utilizes clinical research organizations (CROs), expert scientific advisory boards, and leading consultants and suppliers as appropriate to ensure our clinical trials are conducted efficiently, effectively, and in accordance with regulatory and compliance guidelines. 

To succeed in our objective to discover and advance novel therapeutics that address serious unmet medical needs, we have established a broad range of discovery capabilities in‑house, including target validation, high‑throughput screening, medicinal chemistry, computational chemistry, and pharmacological and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) assessment. We augment these capabilities through collaborations with academic and contract laboratory resources with relevant expertise.

In addition to our small molecule expertise, we have added biotherapeutic antibody discovery capabilities. The collaboration with Agenus has provided us with access to their antibody discovery platform and provided us with both clinical antibodies and pre-clinical candidates. Recently, we have expanded our discovery reach to include bispecific antibodies through a collaboration with Merus. We are complementing these collaborations by building in-house antibody discovery, pharmacology, ADME and CMC capabilities and will partner these efforts with our small molecule portfolio.

Driven by a target- and pathway-centric discovery process, our pipeline has grown and is currently focused primarily in the area of oncology. We conduct a limited number of discovery programs in parallel at any one time. This focus allows us to allocate resources to our selected programs at a level that we believe is competitive with larger pharmaceutical companies. We continually modify the resourcing of our discovery efforts with the goals of maximizing  information content when and where we need it and ensuring that each program, regardless of stage, is executed in the most efficient and data-rich manner possible. We believe this approach has played a critical role in the development of our product portfolio.

Once our compounds reach clinical development, our objective is to rapidly progress the lead candidate into a proof‑of‑concept clinical trial to quickly assess the therapeutic potential of the clinical candidate itself as well as its underlying mechanism of action. This information is then used to evaluate the compound’s development opportunities, identify the most appropriate indication or indications to pursue, and develop a clinical and regulatory plan to advance the molecule forward.

Our development teams are responsible for ensuring that our clinical candidates are expeditiously progressed through clinical safety, proof-of-concept, and formal efficacy/pivotal trials. Our development teams include employees with expertise in drug development, including clinical trial design, statistics, regulatory affairs, medical affairs,

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pharmacovigilance and project management. We have also built internal process chemistry and formulation teams that work closely with external GMP contract manufacturers to support our drug development efforts.

Incyte’s Commercial Strategy

Our strategy is to develop and commercialize our compounds on our own in selected markets where we believe a company of our size can successfully compete, such as in myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and other oncology indications. In November 2011, we received regulatory approval of JAKAFI (ruxolitinib) in the United States for the treatment of intermediate or high‑risk myelofibrosis. Since that time, we have focused on increasing utilization of JAKAFI in this patient population. In December 2014, JAKAFI was approved for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea. JAKAFI is the only FDA‑approved product to treat these two diseases. We have expanded the marketing, medical, sales and operational infrastructure to support continued commercialization of JAKAFI in its two indications and to prepare for potential future indications of JAKAFI in the United States. We are expanding marketing, medical and operational infrastructure outside of the United States and within the United States to prepare for potential approval of other products.

For rights to ruxolitinib outside the United States as well as for pipeline compounds that are outside of our core expertise, would require expensive clinical studies, or could be used in combination with other compounds or biologics, we have established or may in the future establish collaborations or strategic relationships to support development and commercialization, such as our collaborations with Novartis and Lilly for our JAK inhibitors. We believe the key benefits to entering into strategic relationships include the potential to receive upfront payments and future milestones and royalties in exchange for certain rights to our compounds, as well as the potential to expedite the development and commercialization of certain of our compounds.

ICLUSIG is approved in the European Union for the treatment of adult patients with CML who are resistant to dasatinib or nilotinib; who are intolerant to dasatinib or nilotinib and for whom subsequent treatment with imatinib is not clinically appropriate, or who have the T315I mutation.  ICLUSIG is also indicated in adult patients with Philadelphia positive AML who are resistant to dasatinib; who are intolerant to dasatinib and for whom subsequent treatment with imatinib is not clinically appropriate, or who have the T315I mutation. We are focused on increasing the utilization of ICLUSIG in this patient population within our territory as appropriate. 

Please also see Note 18 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for financial information about geographic areas.

Patents and Other Intellectual Property

We regard the protection of patents and other enforceable intellectual property rights that we own or license as critical to our business and competitive position. Accordingly, we rely on patent, trade secret and copyright law, as well as nondisclosure and other contractual arrangements, to protect our intellectual property. We have established a patent portfolio of patents and patent applications owned or licensed by us that cover aspects of all our drug products and drug candidates. The patents and patent applications relating to our drug products and drug candidates generally include claims directed to the compounds, methods of using the compounds, formulations of the compounds, pharmaceutical salt forms of the compounds, and methods of manufacturing the compounds. Our policy is to pursue patent applications on inventions and discoveries that we believe are commercially important to the development and growth of our business. The following table sets forth the status of the patents and patent applications in the United States, the European Union, and Japan,

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covering our drug products and drug candidates in key programs that show at least proof of concept in their respective clinical development programs:

Drug/Drug Candidate (Target)	Status of United States Patent Estate (Earliest Anticipated Expirations, Subject to Potential Extensions and Payment of Maintenance Fees)	Status of European Union and Japan Patent Estate (Earliest Anticipated Expirations, Subject to Potential Extensions and Payment of Maintenance Fees)
ruxolitinib (JAK)	Granted and pending (2026)	Granted and pending (2026)
baricitinib (JAK)	Granted and pending (2029)	Granted and pending (2029)
epacadostat (IDO)	Granted and pending (2029)	Granted and pending (2029)
itacitinib (JAK)	Granted and pending (2031)	Granted and pending (2031)
capmatinib (cMET)	Granted and pending (2027)	Granted and pending (2027)
parsaclisib (PI3Kδ)	Granted and pending (2032)	Granted and pending (2032)
pemigatinib (FGFR)	Granted and pending (2033)	Granted and pending (2033)
ponatinib (BCR ABL)		Granted and pending (2026)
INCMGA0012 (PD-1)	Pending (2036)	Pending (2036)

Patents extend for varying periods according to the date of patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. The actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from country to country, depends on the type of patent, the scope of its coverage and the availability of legal remedies in the country.

We may seek to license rights relating to technologies, drug candidates or drug products in connection with our drug discovery and development programs and commercialization activities. Under these licenses, such as our licenses from Agenus, ARIAD, Calithera, MacroGenics and Merus we may be required to pay up‑front fees, license fees, milestone payments and royalties on sales of future products.

Although we believe our rights under patents and patent applications provide a competitive advantage, the patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. We may not be able to develop patentable products or processes, and may not be able to obtain patents in the United States or elsewhere from pending applications. Even if patent claims are allowed, the claims may not issue, or in the event of issuance, may not be valid or enforceable or may not be sufficient to protect the technology owned by or licensed to us or provide us with a competitive advantage. Any patent or other intellectual property rights that we own or obtain may be circumvented, challenged or invalidated by our competitors. Others may have patents that relate to our business or technology and that may prevent us from marketing our drug candidates unless we are able to obtain a license to those patents. In addition, litigation or other proceedings may be necessary to defend against claims of infringement, to enforce patents, to protect our other intellectual property rights, to determine the scope and validity of the proprietary rights of third parties or to defend ourselves in patent or other intellectual property right suits brought by third parties. We could incur substantial costs in such litigation or other proceedings. An adverse outcome in any such litigation or proceeding could subject us to significant liability.

With respect to proprietary information that is not patentable, and for inventions for which patents are difficult to enforce, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect our interests. While we require all employees, consultants and potential business partners to enter into confidentiality agreements, we may not be able to adequately protect our trade secrets or other proprietary information. Others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets.

Competition

Our drug discovery, development and commercialization activities face, and will continue to face, intense competition from organizations such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as academic and research institutions and government agencies. We face significant competition from organizations, particularly fully integrated pharmaceutical companies, that are pursuing pharmaceuticals that are competitive with JAKAFI, ICLUSIG and our drug candidates.

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Many companies and institutions, either alone or together with their collaborative partners, have substantially greater financial resources, larger drug discovery, development and commercial staffs and significantly greater experience than we do in:

· drug discovery;

· developing products;

· undertaking preclinical testing and clinical trials;

· obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of products; and

· manufacturing, marketing, distributing and selling products.

Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, receiving FDA and other regulatory approval or commercializing products that compete with JAKAFI, ICLUSIG or our drug candidates.

In addition, any drug candidate that we successfully develop may compete with existing therapies that have long histories of safe and effective use. Competition may also arise from:

· other drug development technologies and methods of preventing or reducing the incidence of disease;

· new compounds; or

· other classes of therapeutic agents.

We face and will continue to face intense competition from other companies for collaborative arrangements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, for establishing relationships with academic and research institutions and for licenses to drug candidates or proprietary technology. These competitors, either alone or with their collaborative partners, may succeed in developing products that are more effective or commercially successful than ours.

Our ability to compete successfully will depend, in part, on our ability to:

· develop proprietary products;

· develop and maintain products that reach the market first, are technologically superior to and/or are of lower cost than other products in the market;

· attract and retain scientific, product development and sales and marketing personnel;

· obtain patent or other proprietary protection for our products and technologies;

· obtain required regulatory approvals; and

· manufacture, market, distribute and sell any products that we develop.

In a number of countries, including in particular, developing countries, government officials and other groups have suggested that pharmaceutical companies should make drugs available at a low cost. In some cases, governmental authorities have indicated that where pharmaceutical companies do not do so, their patents might not be enforceable to prevent generic competition. Some major pharmaceutical companies have greatly reduced prices for their drugs in certain developing countries. If certain countries do not permit enforcement of any of our patents, sales of our products in those countries, and in other countries by importation from low‑price countries, could be reduced by generic competition or by parallel importation of our product. Alternatively, governments in those countries could require that we grant compulsory

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licenses to allow competitors to manufacture and sell their own versions of our products in those countries, thereby reducing our product sales, or we could respond to governmental concerns by reducing prices for our products. In all of these situations, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

Government Regulation

Our ongoing research and development activities and any manufacturing and marketing of our approved drug products and our drug candidates are subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. Before marketing in the United States, any drug developed by us must undergo rigorous preclinical testing, clinical trials, and an extensive regulatory clearance process implemented by the FDA under the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and its implementing regulations and, in the case of biologics, the Public Health Service Act. The FDA regulates, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, record‑keeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution and import and export, of these products. 

FDA Review and Approval Process

The regulatory review and approval process is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. The steps generally required before a drug may be marketed in the United States include:

· preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practice and Good Manufacturing Practice regulations;

· submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug application (IND) for human clinical testing, which must become effective before human clinical trials may commence;

· performance of adequate and well‑controlled clinical trials in three phases, as described below, to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug for each indication;

· submission of an NDA or Biologics License Application (BLA) to the FDA for review;

· random inspections of clinical sites to ensure validity of clinical safety and efficacy data;

· satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the drug is produced to assess compliance with current good manufacturing practices;

· FDA approval of the NDA or BLA; and

· payment of user and establishment fees, if applicable.

Similar requirements exist within foreign agencies as well. The time required to satisfy FDA requirements or similar requirements of foreign regulatory agencies may vary substantially based on the type, complexity and novelty of the product or the targeted disease.

Preclinical testing includes laboratory evaluation of product pharmacology, drug metabolism, and toxicity which includes animal studies, to assess potential safety and efficacy as well as product chemistry, stability, formulation, development, and testing. The results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND. An IND will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time, the FDA raises safety concerns or questions about the conduct of the clinical trial(s) included in the IND. In the latter case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding FDA concerns or questions before clinical trials can proceed. We cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.

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Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators and in accordance with good clinical practices regulations covering the protection of human subjects. These regulations require all research subjects to provide informed consent. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing the objectives of the study, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND and each trial must be reviewed and approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before it can begin.

Clinical trials typically are conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap or be combined. Phase I usually involves the initial introduction of the investigational drug into healthy volunteers to evaluate its safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. Phase II usually involves clinical trials in a limited patient population to evaluate dosage tolerance and optimal dosage, identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, and evaluate and gain preliminary evidence of the efficacy of the drug for specific indications. Phase III clinical trials usually further evaluate clinical efficacy and safety by testing the drug in its final form in an expanded patient population, providing statistical evidence of efficacy and safety, and providing an adequate basis for labeling. We cannot guarantee that Phase I, Phase II or Phase III testing will be completed successfully within any specified period of time, if at all. Furthermore, we, the IRB, or the FDA may suspend clinical trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

As a separate amendment to an IND, a clinical trial sponsor may submit to the FDA a request for a Special Protocol Assessment (SPA). Under the SPA procedure, a sponsor may seek the FDA’s agreement on the design and size of a clinical trial intended to form the primary basis of an effectiveness claim. If the FDA agrees in writing, its agreement may not be changed after the trial begins, except when agreed by FDA or in limited circumstances, such as when a substantial scientific issue essential to determining the safety and effectiveness of a drug candidate is identified after a Phase III clinical trial is commenced and agreement is obtained with the FDA. If the outcome of the trial is successful, the sponsor will ordinarily be able to rely on it as the primary basis for approval with respect to effectiveness. However, additional trials could also be requested by the FDA to support approval, and the FDA may make an approval decision based on a number of factors, including the degree of clinical benefit as well as safety. The FDA is not obligated to approve an NDA or BLA as a result of an SPA agreement, even if the clinical outcome is positive.

Even after initial FDA approval has been obtained, post‑approval trials, or Phase IV studies, may be required to provide additional data, and will be required to obtain approval for the sale of a product as a treatment for a clinical indication other than that for which the product was initially tested and approved. Also, the FDA will require post‑approval safety reporting to monitor the side effects of the drug. Results of post‑approval programs may limit or expand the indication or indications for which the drug product may be marketed. Further, if there are any requests for modifications to the initial FDA approval for the drug, including changes in indication, manufacturing process, manufacturing facilities, or labeling, a supplemental NDA or BLA may be required to be submitted to the FDA.

The length of time and related costs necessary to complete clinical trials varies significantly and may be difficult to predict. Clinical results are frequently susceptible to varying interpretations that may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approvals. Additional factors that can cause delay or termination of our clinical trials, or cause the costs of these clinical trials to increase, include:

· slow patient enrollment due to the nature of the protocol, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the study, competition with clinical trials for other drug candidates or other factors;

· inadequately trained or insufficient personnel at the study site to assist in overseeing and monitoring clinical trials;

· delays in approvals from a study site’s IRB;

· longer than anticipated treatment time required to demonstrate effectiveness or determine the appropriate product dose;

· lack of sufficient supplies of the drug candidate for use in clinical trials;

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· adverse medical events or side effects in treated patients; and

· lack of effectiveness of the drug candidate being tested.

Any drug is likely to produce some toxicities or undesirable side effects in animals and in humans when administered at sufficiently high doses and/or for sufficiently long periods of time. Unacceptable toxicities or side effects may occur at any dose level, and at any time in the course of animal studies designed to identify unacceptable effects of a drug candidate, known as toxicological studies, or in clinical trials of our drug candidates. The appearance of any unacceptable toxicity or side effect could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, limit, delay or abort the development of any of our drug candidates, and could ultimately prevent their marketing approval by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities for any or all targeted indications.

The FDA’s fast track, breakthrough therapy, accelerated approval, and priority review designation programs are intended to facilitate the development and expedite the review and approval of drug candidates intended for the treatment of serious or life‑threatening conditions and that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for these conditions. Under these programs, FDA can, for example, review portions of an NDA or BLA for a drug candidate before the entire application is complete, thus potentially beginning the review process at an earlier time.

We cannot guarantee that the FDA will grant any of our requests for any of these expedited program designations, that any such designations would affect the time of review or that the FDA will approve the NDA or BLA submitted for any of our drug candidates, whether or not these designations are granted. Additionally, FDA approval of a product can include restrictions on the product’s use or distribution (such as permitting use only for specified medical conditions or limiting distribution to physicians or facilities with special training or experience). Approval of such designated products can be conditioned on additional clinical trials after approval.

Sponsors submit the results of preclinical studies and clinical trials to the FDA as part of an NDA or BLA. NDAs and BLAs must also contain extensive product manufacturing information and proposed labeling. Upon receipt, the FDA initially reviews the NDA or BLA to determine whether it is sufficiently complete to initiate a substantive review. If the FDA identifies deficiencies that would preclude substantive review, the FDA will refuse to accept the NDA or BLA and will inform the sponsor of the deficiencies that must be corrected prior to resubmission. If the FDA accepts the submission for review (then deemed a “filing”), the FDA typically completes the NDA or BLA review within a pre‑determined time frame. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, the FDA agrees to review NDAs and BLAs under either a standard review or priority review. FDA procedures provide for priority review of NDAs and BLAs submitted for drugs that, compared to currently marketed products, if any, offer a significant improvement in the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a disease. The FDA seeks to review NDAs and BLAs that are granted priority status more quickly than NDAs and BLAs given standard review status. The FDA’s stated policy is to act on 90% of priority NDAs and BLAs within eight months of receipt (or six months after filing, which occurs within 60 days after NDA or BLA submission). Although the FDA historically has not met these goals, the agency has made significant improvements in the timeliness of the review process. NDA and BLA review often extends beyond anticipated completion dates due to FDA requests for additional data or clarification, the FDA’s decision to have an advisory committee review, and difficulties in scheduling an advisory committee meeting. The recommendations of an advisory committee are not binding on the FDA.

To obtain FDA approval to market a product, we must demonstrate that the product is safe and effective for the patient population that will be treated. If regulatory approval of a product is granted, the approval will be limited to those disease states and conditions for which the product is safe and effective, as demonstrated through clinical trials. Marketing or promoting a drug for an unapproved indication is prohibited. Furthermore, approval may entail requirements for post‑marketing studies or risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, including the need for patient and/or physician education, patient registries, medication or similar guides, or other restrictions on the distribution of the product. If an NDA or BLA does not satisfy applicable regulatory criteria, the FDA may deny approval of an NDA or BLA or may issue a complete response, and require, among other things, additional clinical data or analyses.

The Orphan Drug Act provides incentives to manufacturers to develop and market drugs for rare diseases and conditions affecting fewer than 200,000 persons in the United States at the time of application for orphan drug designation. The first developer to receive FDA marketing approval for an orphan drug is entitled to a seven year exclusive marketing

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period in the United States for the orphan drug indication. However, a drug that the FDA considers to be clinically superior to, or different from, another approved orphan drug, even though for the same indication, may also obtain approval in the United States during the seven year exclusive marketing period.

Regulation of Manufacturing Process

Even when NDA or BLA approval is obtained, a marketed product, such as JAKAFI, its manufacturer and its manufacturing facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA. The manufacturing process for pharmaceutical products is highly regulated and regulators may shut down manufacturing facilities that they believe do not comply with regulations. Discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, manufacturer or facility may result in restrictions on the product, manufacturer or facility, including costly recalls or withdrawal of the product from the market. Manufacturing facilities are always subject to inspection by the applicable regulatory authorities.

We and our third‑party manufacturers are subject to current Good Manufacturing Practices, which are extensive regulations governing manufacturing processes, including but not limited to stability testing, record keeping and quality standards as defined by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, or ICH, FDA and the European Medicines Agency. Similar regulations are in effect in other countries. Manufacturing facilities are subject to inspection by the applicable regulatory authorities and are subject to manufacturing licenses where applicable. These facilities, whether our own or our contract manufacturers, must be inspected before we can use them in commercial manufacturing of our related products. We or our contract manufacturers may not be able to comply with applicable Good Manufacturing Practices and FDA or other regulatory requirements. If we or our contract manufacturers fail to comply, we or our contract manufacturers may be subject to legal or regulatory action, such as suspension of manufacturing license, seizure of product, or voluntary recall of product. Furthermore, continued compliance with applicable Good Manufacturing Practices will require continual expenditure of time, money and effort on the part of us or our contract manufacturers in the areas of production and quality control and record keeping and reporting, in order to ensure full compliance.

Post‑Approval Regulation

Any products manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including record‑keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the drug and other reporting, advertising and promotion restrictions. The FDA’s rules for advertising and promotion require, among other things, that our promotion be fairly balanced and adequately substantiated by clinical studies, and that we not promote our products for unapproved uses. We must also submit appropriate new and supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. On its own initiative, the FDA may require changes to the labeling of an approved drug if it becomes aware of new safety information that the agency believes should be included in the approved drug’s labeling. The FDA also enforces the requirements of the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, which, among other things, imposes various requirements in connection with the distribution of product samples to physicians.

In addition to inspections related to manufacturing, we are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and other regulatory bodies related to the other regulatory requirements that apply to marketed drugs manufactured or distributed by us. The FDA also may conduct periodic inspections regarding our review and reporting of adverse events, or related to compliance with the requirements of the PDMA concerning the handling of drug samples. When the FDA conducts an inspection, the inspectors will identify any deficiencies they believe exist in the form of a notice of inspectional observations. The observations may be more or less significant. If we receive a notice of inspectional observations, we likely will be required to respond in writing, and may be required to undertake corrective and preventive actions in order to address the FDA’s concerns.

There are a variety of state laws and regulations that apply in the states or localities where JAKAFI and our drug candidates are or may be marketed. For example, we must comply with state laws that require the registration of manufacturers and wholesale distributors of pharmaceutical products in that state, including, in certain states, manufacturers and distributors who ship products into the state even if such manufacturers or distributors have no place of business within the state. Some states also impose requirements on manufacturers and distributors to establish the pedigree

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of product in the chain of distribution, including some states that require manufacturers and others to adopt new technology capable of tracking and tracing product as it moves through the distribution chain. Any applicable state or local regulations may hinder our ability to market, or increase the cost of marketing, our products in those states or localities.

The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted which could impose additional burdens or limitations on our ability to market products after approval. Moreover, increased attention to the containment of health care costs in the United States and in foreign markets could result in new government regulations which could have a material adverse effect on our business. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation which might arise from future legislative or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad.

Marketing Exclusivity

The FDA may grant five years of exclusivity in the United States for the approval of NDAs for new chemical entities, and three years of exclusivity for supplemental NDAs, for among other things, new indications, dosages or dosage forms of an existing drug if new clinical investigations that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are essential to the approval of the supplemental application. Additionally, six months of marketing exclusivity in the United States is available if, in response to a written request from the FDA, a sponsor submits and the agency accepts requested information relating to the use of the approved drug in the pediatric population. The six month pediatric exclusivity is added to any existing patent or non‑patent exclusivity period for which the drug is eligible. Orphan drug products are also eligible for pediatric exclusivity if the FDA requests and the company completes pediatric clinical trials. Under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act, the FDA may grant 12 years of data exclusivity for innovative biological products.

Foreign Regulation

Outside the United States, our ability to market a product is contingent upon receiving a marketing authorization from the appropriate regulatory authorities. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, marketing authorization, pricing and reimbursement vary widely from country to country. At present, foreign marketing authorizations are applied for at a national level, although within the European Union (EU) registration procedures are available to companies wishing to market a product in more than one EU member state. If the competent regulatory authority is satisfied that adequate evidence of safety, quality and efficacy has been presented, a marketing authorization may be granted. This foreign regulatory approval process involves all of the risks associated with FDA approval discussed above and may also include additional risks.

Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in non-US countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. Certain countries outside of the United States have a process that requires the submission of a clinical trial application, or CTA, much like an IND prior to the commencement of human clinical trials. In Europe, a CTA must be submitted to the competent national health authority and to independent ethics committees in each country in which a company plans to conduct clinical trials. Once the CTA is approved in accordance with a country’s requirements, clinical trial development may proceed in that country and are conducted in accordance with GCP and other applicable regulatory requirements.

To obtain regulatory approval of an investigational drug under EU regulatory systems, we must submit a marketing authorization application (MAA). This application is similar to the NDA in the United States, with the exception of, among other things, regional and/or country-specific document requirements. Drugs can be authorized in the EU by using (i) the centralized authorization procedure, (ii) the mutual recognition procedure, (iii) the decentralized procedure or (iv) national authorization procedures.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) implemented the centralized procedure for the approval of human drugs to facilitate marketing authorizations that are valid throughout the EU. This procedure results in a single marketing authorization granted by the European Commission that is valid across the EU. Under the centralized procedure, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a marketing authorization application by the EMA is 210 days (excluding clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP)). A positive opinion on the MAA by the CHMP then needs

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to be endorsed by the European Commission. Accelerated assessment might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, in which case the EMA ensures that the evaluation for the opinion of the CHMP is completed within 150 days (excluding clock stops) and the opinion issued thereafter.

The mutual recognition procedure (MRP) for the approval of human drugs is an alternative approach to facilitate individual national marketing authorizations within the EU. The MRP may be applied for all human drugs for which the centralized procedure is not obligatory. The MRP is based on the principle of the mutual recognition by EU member states of their respective national marketing authorizations. Based on a marketing authorization in the reference member state, the applicant may apply for marketing authorizations in other member states. In such case, the reference member state shall update its existing assessment report about the drug. After the assessment is completed, copies of the report are sent to all member states, together with the approved summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet. The concerned member states then recognize the decision of the reference member state and the summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet. National marketing authorizations shall be granted within 30 days after acknowledgement of the agreement.

Should any Member State refuse to recognize the marketing authorization by the reference member state, the member states shall make all efforts to reach a consensus. If this fails, the procedure is submitted to an EMA scientific committee for arbitration. The opinion of this EMA Committee is then forwarded to the Commission, for the start of the decision making process. As in the centralized procedure, this process entails consulting various European Commission Directorates General and the Standing Committee on Human Medicinal Products or Veterinary Medicinal Products, as appropriate.

Legislation similar to the Orphan Drug Act has been enacted in other countries outside of the United States, including the EU. The orphan legislation in the EU is available for therapies addressing conditions that affect five or fewer out of 10,000 persons, are life‑threatening or chronically debilitating conditions and for which no satisfactory treatment is authorized. The market exclusivity period is for ten years, although that period can be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, available evidence establishes that the product does not justify maintenance of market exclusivity.

For other countries outside of the EU, such as non-EU countries in Eastern Europe, Middle-East, Latin America, Japan or other countries in Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary. In all cases, again, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and the other applicable regulatory requirements.

If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension of clinical trials, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

Manufacturing

Our manufacturing strategy is to contract with third parties to manufacture the raw materials, our active pharmaceutical ingredients, or API, and finished dosage form for clinical and commercial uses. We currently do not operate manufacturing facilities for clinical or commercial production of JAKAFI, ICLUSIG, or our drug candidates. In addition, we expect for the foreseeable future to continue to rely on third parties for the manufacture of commercial supplies of the raw materials, API and finished drug product for any drugs that we successfully develop and are approved for commercial sale. In this manner, we continue to build and maintain our supply chain and quality assurance resources.

Manufacturing of our Products

Our supply chain for manufacturing raw materials, API and drug product ready for distribution and commercialization is a multi‑step international process. Establishing and managing the supply chain requires a significant financial commitment and the creation and maintenance of numerous third‑party contractual relationships.

We contract with third parties to manufacture JAKAFI, ICLUSIG, and our drug candidates for clinical and commercial purposes. Third-party manufacturers supply raw materials, and other third-party manufacturers convert these

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raw materials into API or convert the API into final dosage form. For most of our drug candidates, once our raw materials are produced, we rely on one third-party to manufacture the API, another to make finished drug product and a third to package and label the finished product. For ruxolitinib phosphate, the API for JAKAFI, we have two qualified third-party contract manufacturers from which we can source drug substance. The manufacturing of Ponatinib, the API for ICLUSIG, is the sole responsibility of Takeda, the intellectual property holder. We procure API from Takeda, which outsources the API manufacturing to a third party. 

We also rely on third-party contract manufacturers to tablet or capsulate all of our active pharmaceutical ingredients for clinical and commercial uses. For JAKAFI, we have two qualified third-party manufacturers from which we can source commercial drug product.  For ICLUSIG we have two qualified third-party manufacturers from which we can source commercial drug product. Secondary packaging of ICLUSIG is performed by a qualified third-party manufacturer. Primary packaged product for ICLUSIG can be used for clinical and commercial purposes.

We may not be able to obtain sufficient quantities of any of our raw materials, drug candidates, API, or finished goods if our designated manufacturers do not have the capacity or capability to manufacture our products according to our schedule and specifications. If any of these single source suppliers were to become unable or unwilling to supply us with API or finished product that complies with applicable regulatory requirements, we could incur significant delays in our clinical trials or interruption of commercial supply which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have established a quality assurance program intended to ensure that our third-party manufacturers and service providers produce materials and provide services, as applicable, in accordance with the FDA and EMA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices and other applicable regulations. Our quality assurance program extends to our licensed facilities that oversee the manufacturing and distribution activities.

For our future products, we intend to continue to establish third‑party suppliers to manufacture sufficient quantities of our drug candidates to undertake clinical trials and to manufacture sufficient quantities of any product that is approved for commercial sale. If we are unable to contract for large scale manufacturing with third parties on acceptable terms for our future products or develop manufacturing capabilities internally, our ability to conduct large scale clinical trials and meet customer demand for commercial products will be adversely affected.

Third‑party Manufacturers

Our third‑party manufacturers are independent entities, under contract with us, who are subject to their own unique operational and financial risks which are out of our control. If we or any of our third‑party manufacturers fail to perform as required, this could impair our ability to deliver our products on a timely basis or cause delays in our clinical trials and applications for regulatory approval. To the extent these risks materialize and affect their performance obligations to us, our financial results may be adversely affected.

We believe the technology used to manufacture our products is proprietary. For products manufactured by our third‑party manufacturers, we have licensed the necessary aspects of this manufacturing technology that we believe is proprietary to us to enable them to manufacture the products for us. We have agreements with these third‑party manufacturers that are intended to restrict these manufacturers from using or revealing our technology, but we cannot be certain that these third‑party manufacturers will comply with these restrictions.

While we believe there are multiple third parties capable of providing most of the materials and services we need in order to manufacture API and distribute finished goods, and that supply of materials that cannot be second sourced can be managed with inventory planning, there is always a risk that we may underestimate demand, and that our manufacturing capacity through third-party manufacturers may not be sufficient. In addition, because of the significant lead times involved in our supply chain for ruxolitinib phosphate, we may have less flexibility to adjust our supply in response to changes in demand than if we had shorter lead times.  Our strategy is to maintain 24 months of safety stock of API to be able to respond to changes in demand to provide on-time supply of drug product as well as at least 6 months of semi-finished goods inventory.

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Access to Supplies and Materials

Our third-party manufacturers need access to certain supplies and products to manufacture JAKAFI, ICLUSIG, and our drug candidates. If delivery of material from their suppliers were interrupted for any reason or if they are unable to purchase sufficient quantities of raw materials used to manufacture JAKAFI, ICLUSIG, and our drug candidates, they may be unable to ship JAKAFI and ICLUSIG for commercial supply or to supply our drug candidates in development for clinical trials. For example, currently raw materials used to manufacture ruxolitinib phosphate, the API in JAKAFI, are supplied by Chinese-based companies. As a result, an international trade dispute between China and the United States or any other actions by the Chinese government that would limit or prevent Chinese companies from supplying these materials would adversely affect our ability to manufacture and supply our products to meet market needs and have a material and adverse effect on our operating results.

Human Resources

As of December 31, 2018, we had 1,367 employees, including 748 in research and development, 129 in medical affairs, 289 in sales and marketing and 201 in operations support, finance and administrative positions. Geographically, 1,106 employees were based in the United States and 261 employees were based in Europe and Japan.  None of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements, and management considers relations with our employees to be good.

Available Information

We were incorporated in Delaware in 1991 and our website is located at www.incyte.com. We make available free of charge on our website our annual reports on Form 10‑K, quarterly reports on Form 10‑Q, current reports on Form 8‑K and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such materials to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10‑K.

Item 1A.  Risk Factors

RISKS RELATING TO COMMERCIALIZATION OF OUR PRODUCTS

We depend heavily on our lead product, JAKAFI (ruxolitinib), which is marketed as JAKAVI outside the United States. If we are unable to successfully commercialize JAKAFI in its approved indications or to successfully obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize ruxolitinib for the treatment of additional indications, or if we are significantly delayed or limited in doing so, our business may be materially harmed.

JAKAFI is our first and, currently, only product marketed by us that is approved for sale in the United States. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, in November 2011 for the treatment of patients with intermediate or high‑risk myelofibrosis and in December 2014 for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea, which we refer to as uncontrolled polycythemia vera. Although we have received regulatory approval for these indications, such approval does not guarantee future revenues. While in June 2016 we acquired exclusive rights to develop and commercialize ICLUSIG in the European Union, or EU, and other countries and in June 2018 the FDA approved for sale OLUMIANT (baricitinib), which we exclusively licensed to Eli Lilly and Company, for the treatment of specified rheumatoid arthritis indications, we anticipate that JAKAFI product sales will continue to contribute a significant percentage of our total revenues over the next several years.

The commercial success of JAKAFI and our ability to generate and maintain revenues from the sale of JAKAFI will depend on a number of factors, including:

· the number of patients with intermediate or high‑risk myelofibrosis or uncontrolled polycythemia vera who are diagnosed with the disease and the number of such patients that may be treated with JAKAFI;

· the acceptance of JAKAFI by patients and the healthcare community;

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· whether physicians, patients and healthcare payors view JAKAFI as therapeutically effective and safe relative to cost and any alternative therapies;

· the ability to obtain and maintain sufficient coverage or reimbursement by third‑party payors;

· the ability of our third‑party manufacturers to manufacture JAKAFI in sufficient quantities with acceptable quality;

· the ability of our company and our third‑party providers to provide marketing and distribution support for JAKAFI;

· the label and promotional claims allowed by the FDA;

· the maintenance of regulatory approval for the approved indications in the United States; and

· our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize ruxolitinib in the United States for additional indications.

If we are not successful in commercializing JAKAFI in the United States, or are significantly delayed or limited in doing so, our business may be materially harmed and we may need to delay other drug discovery and development initiatives or even significantly curtail operations.

In addition, our receipt of royalties under our collaboration agreements with Novartis for sales of JAKAVI outside the United States and with Lilly for worldwide sales of OLUMIANT will depend on factors similar to those listed above for jurisdictions outside the United States.

If we are unable to obtain, or maintain at anticipated levels, reimbursement for our products from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations, our pricing may be affected or our product sales, results of operations or financial condition could be harmed.

We may not be able to sell our products on a profitable basis or our profitability may be reduced if we are required to sell our products at lower than anticipated prices or reimbursement is unavailable or limited in scope or amount. JAKAFI and ICLUSIG are expensive and almost all patients will require some form of third-party coverage to afford their cost. Our future revenues and profitability will be adversely affected if we cannot depend on government and other third‑party payors to defray the cost of our products to the patient. Reimbursement systems in international markets vary significantly by country and by region, and reimbursement approvals must be obtained on a country-by-country basis. Reimbursement in the EU must be negotiated on a country-by-country basis and in many countries the product cannot be commercially launched until reimbursement is approved. The timing to complete the negotiation process in each country is highly uncertain, and in some countries, we expect that it may exceed 12 months.  Risks related to pricing and reimbursement are described below under “—Other Risks Relating to our Business— Health care reform measures could impact the pricing and profitability of pharmaceuticals, and adversely affect the commercial viability of our products and drug candidates. Our ability to generate revenues will be diminished if we are unable to obtain an adequate level of reimbursement from private insurers, government insurance programs or other third-party payors of health care costs, which could be affected by current and potential healthcare reform legislation.” If government and other third‑party payors refuse to provide coverage and reimbursement with respect to our products, determine to provide a lower level of coverage and reimbursement than anticipated, or reduce previously approved levels of coverage and reimbursement, then our pricing or reimbursement for our products may be affected and our product sales, results of operations or financial condition could be harmed.

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We depend upon a limited number of specialty pharmacies and wholesalers for a significant portion of any revenues from JAKAFI, and the loss of, or significant reduction in sales to, any one of these specialty pharmacies or wholesalers could adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

We sell JAKAFI primarily to specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. Specialty pharmacies dispense JAKAFI to patients in fulfillment of prescriptions and wholesalers sell JAKAFI to hospitals and physician offices. We do not promote JAKAFI to specialty pharmacies or wholesalers, and they do not set or determine demand for JAKAFI. Our ability to successfully commercialize JAKAFI will depend, in part, on the extent to which we are able to provide adequate distribution of JAKAFI to patients. Although we have contracted with a number of specialty pharmacies and wholesalers, they are expected generally to carry a very limited inventory and may be reluctant to be part of our distribution network in the future if demand for the product does not increase. Further, it is possible that these specialty pharmacies and wholesalers could decide to change their policies or fees, or both, at some time in the future. This could result in their refusal to carry smaller volume products such as JAKAFI, or lower margins or the need to find alternative methods of distributing our product. Although we believe we can find alternative channels to distribute JAKAFI on relatively short notice, our revenue during that period of time may suffer and we may incur additional costs to replace any such specialty pharmacy or wholesaler. The loss of any large specialty pharmacy or wholesaler as part of our distribution network, a significant reduction in sales we make to specialty pharmacies or wholesalers, or any failure to pay for the products we have shipped to them could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to establish and maintain effective sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, or to enter into agreements with third parties to do so, we will not be able to successfully commercialize our products.

Prior to our commercialization of JAKAFI, we had no experience selling and marketing drug products and with pricing and obtaining adequate third‑party reimbursement for drug products. Under our collaboration and license agreement with Novartis, we have retained commercialization rights to JAKAFI in the United States. We have established commercial capabilities in the United States, but cannot guarantee that we will be able to enter into and maintain any marketing, distribution or third‑party logistics agreements with third‑party providers on acceptable terms, if at all. In connection with our June 2016 acquisition from ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. we licensed rights to develop and commercialize ICLUSIG in certain countries and we acquired the European sales, marketing and distribution operations of ARIAD.  We may not be able to maintain those operations or retain their personnel or distribution arrangements. We may not be able to correctly judge the size and experience of the sales and marketing force and the scale of distribution capabilities necessary to successfully market and sell our products. Establishing and maintaining sales, marketing and distribution capabilities are expensive and time‑consuming. Competition for personnel with experience in sales and marketing can be high. Our expenses associated with building and maintaining the sales force and distribution capabilities may be disproportional compared to the revenues we may be able to generate on sales of our products.

If we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could lose our approval to market our products or be subject to other governmental enforcement activity.

We cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain regulatory approval to market our products in the jurisdictions in which they are currently marketed. If we do not maintain our regulatory approval to market our products, in particular JAKAFI, our results of operations will be materially harmed. We and our collaborators, third‑party manufacturers and suppliers are subject to rigorous and extensive regulation by the FDA and other federal and state agencies as well as foreign governmental agencies. These regulations continue to apply after product marketing approval, and cover, among other things, testing, manufacturing, quality control, labeling, advertising, promotion, risk mitigation, and adverse event reporting requirements.

The commercialization of our products is subject to post‑regulatory approval product surveillance, and our products may have to be withdrawn from the market or subject to restrictions if previously unknown problems occur. Regulatory agencies may also require additional clinical trials or testing for our products, and our products may be recalled or may be subject to reformulation, additional studies, changes in labeling, warnings to the public and negative publicity.  For example, from late 2013 through 2014, ICLUSIG was subject to review by the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, of the benefits and risks of ICLUSIG to better understand the nature, frequency and severity of events obstructing the arteries or veins, the potential mechanism that leads to these side effects and whether there needed to be a revision in the

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dosing recommendation, patient monitoring and a risk management plan for ICLUSIG. This review was completed in January 2015, with additional warnings in the product information but without any change in the approved indications.  The EMA could take additional actions in the future that reduce the commercial potential of ICLUSIG.

Failure to comply with the laws and regulations administered by the FDA or other agencies could result in:

· administrative and judicial sanctions, including warning letters;

· fines and other civil penalties;

· suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approval to market our products;

· interruption of production;

· operating restrictions;

· product recall or seizure;

· injunctions; and

· criminal prosecution.

The occurrence of any such event may have a material adverse effect on our business.

If the use of our products harms patients, or is perceived to harm patients even when such harm is unrelated to our products, our regulatory approvals could be revoked or otherwise negatively impacted or we could be subject to costly and damaging product liability claims.

The testing of JAKAFI and ICLUSIG, the manufacturing, marketing and sale of JAKAFI and the marketing and sale of ICLUSIG expose us to product liability and other risks. Side effects and other problems experienced by patients from the use of our productscould:

· lessen the frequency with which physicians decide to prescribe our products;

· encourage physicians to stop prescribing our products to their patients who previously had been prescribed our products;

· cause serious harm to patients that may give rise to product liability claims against us; and

· result in our need to withdraw or recall our products from the marketplace.

If our products are used by a wide patient population, new risks and side effects may be discovered, the rate of known risks or side effects may increase, and risks previously viewed as less significant could be determined to be significant.

Previously unknown risks and adverse effects of our products may also be discovered in connection with unapproved, or off‑label, uses of our products. We are prohibited by law from promoting or in any way supporting or encouraging the promotion of our products for off‑label uses, but physicians are permitted to use products for off‑label purposes. In addition, we are studying and expect to continue to study JAKAFI in diseases for potential additional indications in controlled clinical settings, and independent investigators are doing so as well. In the event of any new risks or adverse effects discovered as new patients are treated for intermediate or high‑risk myelofibrosis or uncontrolled polycythemia vera and as JAKAFI is studied in or used by patients for off‑label indications, regulatory authorities may delay or revoke their approvals, we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials, make changes in labeling of

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JAKAFI, reformulate JAKAFI or make changes and obtain new approvals. We may also experience a significant drop in the sales of JAKAFI, experience harm to our reputation and the reputation of JAKAFI in the marketplace or become subject to lawsuits, including class actions. Any of these results could decrease or prevent sales of JAKAFI or substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing JAKAFI. Similar results could occur with respect to our commercialization of ICLUSIG.

Patients who have been enrolled in our clinical trials or who may use our products in the future often have severe and advanced stages of disease and known as well as unknown significant pre‑existing and potentially life‑threatening health risks. During the course of treatment, patients may suffer adverse events, including death, for reasons that may or may not be related to our products. Such events could subject us to costly litigation, require us to pay substantial amounts of money to injured patients, delay, negatively impact or end our opportunity to receive or maintain regulatory approval to market our products, or require us to suspend or abandon our commercialization efforts. Even in a circumstance in which we do not believe that an adverse event is related to our products, the investigation into the circumstance may be time consuming or inconclusive. These investigations may interrupt our sales efforts, impact and limit the type of regulatory approvals our products receive or maintain, or delay the regulatory approval process in other countries.

Factors similar to those listed above also apply to our collaboration partner Novartis and to ICLUSIG for jurisdictions outside the United States.

If we market our products in a manner that violates various laws and regulations, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties.

In addition to FDA and related regulatory requirements, we are subject to health care “fraud and abuse” laws, such as the federal False Claims Act, the anti‑kickback provisions of the federal Social Security Act, and other state and federal laws and regulations. Federal and state anti‑kickback laws prohibit, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce, or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any health care item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or other federally‑ or state‑financed health care programs. Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid. Pharmaceutical companies have been prosecuted under these laws for a variety of alleged promotional and marketing activities.

Although physicians are permitted, based on their medical judgment, to prescribe products for indications other than those approved by the FDA, manufacturers are prohibited from promoting their products for such off‑label uses. We market JAKAFI for intermediate or high‑risk myelofibrosis and uncontrolled polycythemia vera and provide promotional materials to physicians regarding the use of JAKAFI for these indications. Although we believe that our promotional materials for physicians do not constitute off‑label promotion of JAKAFI, the FDA or other agencies may disagree. If the FDA or another agency determines that our promotional materials or other activities constitute off‑label promotion of JAKAFI, it could request that we modify our promotional materials or other activities or subject us to regulatory enforcement actions, including the issuance of a warning letter, injunction, seizure, civil fine and criminal penalties. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they believe that the alleged improper promotion led to the submission and payment of claims for an unapproved use, which could result in significant fines or penalties under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement. Even if it is later determined we are not in violation of these laws, we may be faced with negative publicity, incur significant expenses defending our position and have to divert significant management resources from other matters.

The European Union and member countries impose similar strict restrictions on the promotion and marketing of drug products.  The off-label promotion of medicinal products is prohibited in the EU and in other territories. The promotion of medicinal products that are not subject to a marketing authorization is also prohibited in the EU. Violations of the rules governing the promotion of medicinal products in the EU and in other territories could be penalized by administrative measures, fines and imprisonment.

The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti‑kickback law and false claims laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply

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regardless of the payor. In recent years, several states and localities, including California, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Vermont, and West Virginia, have enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical companies to establish marketing compliance programs, file periodic reports with the state or make periodic public disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials, and other activities. Similar legislation is being considered in other states. Additionally, as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the federal government has enacted the Physician Payment Sunshine provisions. The Sunshine provisions require manufacturers to publicly report certain payments or other transfers of value made to physicians and teaching hospitals. Many of these requirements are new and uncertain, and the penalties for failure to comply with these requirements are unclear. Nonetheless, if we are found not to be in full compliance with these laws, we could face enforcement action and fines and other penalties, and could receive adverse publicity. See also “—Other Risks Relating to our Business—If we fail to comply with the extensive legal and regulatory requirements affecting the health care industry, we could face increased costs, penalties and a loss of business” below.

Competition for our products could harm our business and result in a decrease in our revenue.

Present and potential competitors for JAKAFI could include major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as specialty pharmaceutical firms.  For example, in January 2019, Celgene Corporation announced that it had submitted an NDA for fedratinib, a drug candidate for the treatment of myelofibrosis, and expected FDA approval by year-end 2019. See “—Other Risks Relating to our Business— We face significant competition for our drug discovery and development efforts, and if we do not compete effectively, our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated” for a description of risks relating to this type of competition.  In addition, JAKAFI could face competition from generic products.  As a result of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, in the United States, generic manufacturers may seek approval of a generic version of an innovative pharmaceutical by filing with the FDA an Abbreviated New Drug Application, or ANDA. The Hatch-Waxman Act provides significant incentives to generic manufacturers to challenge U.S. patents on successful innovative pharmaceutical products.  In February 2016, we received a notice letter regarding an ANDA that requested approval to market a generic version of JAKAFI and purported to challenge patents covering ruxolitinib phosphate and its use that expire in 2028. The notice letter does not challenge the ruxolitinib composition of matter patent, which expires in December 2027.  To date, to our knowledge, the FDA has taken no action with respect to this ANDA. Separately, in January 2018 the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of United States Patent and Trademark Office denied a petition challenging our patent covering deuterated ruxolitinib analogs, although the challenging party retains the right to challenge the validity of the patent in federal court. There can be no assurance that our patents will be upheld or that any litigation in which we might engage with any such generic manufacturer would be successful in protecting JAKAFI’s exclusivity.  The entry of a generic version of JAKAFI could result in a decrease in JAKAFI sales and materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

ICLUSIG currently competes with existing therapies that are approved for the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, or CML, who are resistant or intolerant to prior tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or TKI, therapies, on the basis of, among other things, efficacy, cost, breadth of approved use and the safety and side-effect profile. In addition, a generic version of imatinib was launched in the United States in February 2016, and generic versions are expected to be launched in other markets. Although we currently believe that generic versions of imatinib will not materially impact our commercialization of ICLUSIG, given ICLUSIG’s various indication statements globally that are currently focused on resistant or intolerant CML, we cannot be certain how physicians, payors, patients, regulatory authorities and other market participants will respond to the availability of generic versions of imatinib. 

OTHER RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS

We may be unsuccessful in our efforts to discover and develop drug candidates and commercialize drug products.

None of our drug candidates, other than JAKAFI/JAKAVI, has received regulatory approval. Our ability to discover and develop drug candidates and to commercialize additional drug products will depend on our ability to:

· hire and retain key employees;

· identify high quality therapeutic targets;

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· identify potential drug candidates;

· develop products internally or license drug candidates from others;

· identify and enroll suitable human subjects, either in the United States or abroad, for our clinical trials;

· complete laboratory testing;

· commence, conduct and complete safe and effective clinical trials on humans;

· obtain and maintain necessary intellectual property rights to our products;

· obtain and maintain necessary regulatory approvals for our products, both in the United States and abroad;

· enter into arrangements with third parties to provide services or to manufacture our products on our behalf;

· deploy sales and marketing resources effectively or enter into arrangements with third parties to provide these functions in compliance with all applicable laws;

· obtain appropriate coverage and reimbursement levels for the cost of our products from governmental authorities, private health insurers and other third‑party payors;

· lease facilities at reasonable rates to support our growth; and

· enter into arrangements with third parties to license and commercialize our products.

We have limited experience with many of the activities listed above and may not be successful in discovering, developing, or commercializing additional drug products. Discovery and development of drug candidates are expensive, uncertain and time‑consuming, and we do not know if our efforts will lead to discovery of any drug candidates that can be successfully developed and marketed. Of the compounds or biologics that we identify as potential drug products or that we may in‑license from other companies, including potential products for which we are conducting clinical trials, only a few, if any, are likely to lead to successful drug development programs and commercialized drug products.

We depend heavily on the success of our most advanced drug candidates. We might not be able to commercialize any of our drug candidates successfully, and we may spend significant time and money attempting to do so.

We have invested significant resources in the development of our most advanced drug candidates. Ruxolitinib is in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of patients with steroid-refractory graft-versus-host disease and is in other clinical trials. Itacitinib is in a Phase III clinical trial for the treatment of patients with acute graft-versus-host disease.  Further, we have a number of drug candidates in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials. Our ability to generate product revenues will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our most advanced drug candidates. We, or our collaborators or licensees, may decide to discontinue development of any or all of our drug candidates at any time for commercial, scientific or other reasons.  For example: in early 2016, we decided to discontinue the clinical trials of ruxolitinib in pancreatic cancer and solid tumors and itacitinib in pancreatic cancer; and, in April 2018, we along with Merck stopped the ECHO-301 study with epacadostat, and we also significantly downsized the epacadostat development

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program. If a product is developed but not approved or marketed, we may have spent significant amounts of time and money on it, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition as well as our business plans.

If we or our collaborators are unable to obtain regulatory approval for our drug candidates in the United States and foreign jurisdictions, we or our collaborators will not be permitted to commercialize products resulting from our research.

In order to commercialize drug products in the United States, drug candidates will have to obtain regulatory approval from the FDA. Satisfaction of regulatory requirements typically takes many years. To obtain regulatory approval, we or our collaborators, as the case may be, must first show that our drug candidates are safe and effective for target indications through preclinical testing (animal testing) and clinical trials (human testing). Preclinical testing and clinical development are long, expensive and uncertain processes, and we do not know whether the FDA will allow us or our collaborators to undertake clinical trials of any drug candidates in addition to our compounds currently in clinical trials. If regulatory approval of a product is granted, this approval will be limited to those disease states and conditions for which the product is demonstrated through clinical trials to be safe and effective.

Completion of clinical trials may take several years and failure may occur at any stage of testing. The length of time required varies substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use of the drug candidate. Interim results of a preclinical test or clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results, and acceptable results in early clinical trials may not be repeated in later clinical trials. For example, a drug candidate that is successful at the preclinical level may cause harmful or dangerous side effects when tested at the clinical level. Our rate of commencement and completion of clinical trials may be delayed, and existing clinical trials with our drug candidates may be stopped, due to many potential factors, including:

· the high degree of risk and uncertainty associated with drug development;

· our inability to formulate or manufacture sufficient quantities of materials for use in clinical trials;

· variability in the number and types of patients available for each study;

· difficulty in maintaining contact with patients after treatment, resulting in incomplete data;

· unforeseen safety issues or side effects;

· poor or unanticipated effectiveness of drug candidates during the clinical trials; or

· government or regulatory delays.

Data obtained from clinical trials are susceptible to varying interpretation, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry, including our company, have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after achieving promising results in earlier clinical trials. In addition, regulatory authorities may refuse or delay approval as a result of other factors, such as changes in regulatory policy during the period of product development and regulatory agency review. For example, the FDA has in the past required, and could in the future require, that we or our collaborators conduct additional trials of any of our drug candidates, which would result in delays. In April 2017, we and our collaborator Lilly announced that the FDA had issued a complete response letter for the New Drug Application, or NDA, of OLUMIANT as a once-daily oral medication for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis. The letter indicated that additional clinical data were needed to determine the most appropriate doses and to further characterize safety concerns across treatment arms. In June 2018, after a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA approved the 2mg dose of OLUMIANT for the treatment of adults with moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to one or more tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapies.  The FDA did not at that time approve any higher dose of OLUMIANT and required a warning label in connection with its approval.

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Compounds or biologics developed by us or with or by our collaborators and licensees may not prove to be safe and effective in clinical trials and may not meet all of the applicable regulatory requirements needed to receive marketing approval. For example, in January 2016, a Phase II trial that was evaluating ruxolitinib in combination with regorafenib in patients with relapsed or refractory metastatic colorectal cancer and high C-reactive protein was stopped early after a planned analysis of interim efficacy data determined that the likelihood of the trial meeting its efficacy endpoint was insufficient.  In addition, in February 2016, we made a decision to discontinue our JANUS 1 study, our JANUS 2 study, our other studies of ruxolitinib in colorectal, breast and lung cancer, and our study of INCB39110 in pancreatic cancer after a planned analysis of interim efficacy data of JANUS 1 demonstrated that ruxolitinib plus capecitabine did not show a sufficient level of efficacy to warrant continuation. Also, in April 2018, we along with Merck announced that the ECHO-301 study had been stopped and we also significantly downsized the epacadostat development program. If clinical trials of any of our compounds or biologics are stopped for safety, efficacy or other reasons or fail to meet their respective endpoints, our overall development plans, business, prospects, expected operating results and financial condition could be materially harmed and the value of our company could be negatively affected. 

Outside the United States, our and our collaborators’ ability to market a product is contingent upon receiving a marketing authorization from the appropriate regulatory authorities. This foreign regulatory approval process typically includes all of the risks associated with the FDA approval process described above and may also include additional risks. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country and may require us to perform additional testing and expend additional resources. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or by the FDA.

Health care reform measures could impact the pricing and profitability of pharmaceuticals, and adversely affect the commercial viability of our products and drug candidates. Our ability to generate revenues will be diminished if we are unable to obtain an adequate level of reimbursement from private insurers, government insurance programs or other third‑party payors of health care costs, which could be affected by current and potential healthcare reform legislation.

Our ability to commercialize our current and any future approved products successfully will depend in part on the extent to which adequate reimbursement levels for the cost of our products and related treatment are obtained from third‑party payors, such as private insurers, government insurance programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and other health care related organizations.

In recent years, through legislative and regulatory actions, the federal government has made substantial changes to various payment systems under the Medicare and other federal health care programs. Comprehensive reforms to the U.S. healthcare system were enacted, including changes to the methods for, and amounts of, Medicare reimbursement. While there is currently significant uncertainty regarding the implementation of some of these reforms or the scope of amended or additional reforms, the implementation of reforms could significantly reduce payments from Medicare and Medicaid. Reforms or other changes to these payment systems, may change the availability, methods and rates of reimbursements from Medicare, private insurers and other third-party payors for our current and any future approved products. Some of these changes and proposed changes could result in reduced reimbursement rates or in eliminating dual sources of payment, which could reduce the price that we or any of our collaborators or licensees receive for any products in the future, and which would adversely affect our business strategy, operations and financial results. Further federal and state proposals to regulate prices of pharmaceutical products and other health care reforms are possible, which could limit the prices that can be charged for any of our products and may further limit the commercial viability of our products and drug candidates. In certain foreign markets, pricing or profitability of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to government control. If reimbursement for our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be materially harmed. There may be future changes that result in reductions in current coverage and reimbursement levels for our current or any future approved products, and we cannot predict the scope of any future changes or the impact that those changes would have on our operations.

Third‑party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services. Also, the trend toward managed health care in the United States, the organizations for which could control or significantly influence the purchase of health care services and products, as well as legislative and regulatory proposals to reform health care or reduce government insurance programs, may all result in lower prices for or rejection of our products. Adoption of our

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products by the medical community may be limited without adequate reimbursement for those products. Cost control initiatives may decrease coverage and payment levels for our products and, in turn, the price that we will be able to charge for any product. Our products may not be considered cost‑effective, and coverage and reimbursement may not be available or sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a profitable basis. We are unable to predict all changes to the coverage or reimbursement methodologies that will be applied by private or government payors to our current and any future approved products.

The continuing efforts of legislatures, health agencies and third‑party payors to contain or reduce the costs of health care, any denial of private or government payor coverage or inadequate reimbursement for our drug candidates could materially and adversely affect our business strategy, operations, future revenues and profitability, and the future revenues and profitability of our potential customers, suppliers, collaborators and licensees and the availability of capital.  The same risks apply to our compounds developed and marketed by our collaborators, and our future potential milestone and royalty revenues could be affected in a similar manner.

We depend on our collaborators and licensees for the future development and commercialization of some of our drug candidates. Conflicts may arise between our collaborators and licensees and us, or our collaborators and licensees may choose to terminate their agreements with us, which may adversely affect our business.

We have licensed to Novartis rights to ruxolitinib outside of the United States and worldwide rights to our MET inhibitor compounds and licensed to Lilly worldwide rights to baricitinib. In addition, we have licensed to Innovent certain Asian rights to three of our clinical stage compounds.  Under the terms of our agreements with these collaborators, we have no or limited control over the further clinical development of these drug candidates in the relevant territories and any revenues we may receive if these drug candidates receive regulatory approval and are commercialized in the relevant territories will depend primarily on the development and commercialization efforts of others. While OLUMIANT was approved by the European Commission in February 2017 for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients and by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in July 2017 for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with inadequate response to standard-of-care therapies, the NDA for OLUMIANT for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis was approved in June 2018, and only in the lower dosage tablet and with a warning label.  Delays in any marketing approval by the FDA, European or other regulatory authorities, or any label modifications or restrictions in connection with any such approval, or the existence of other risks relating to approved drug products, including those described under “Risks Relating to Commercialization of Our Products,” could delay the receipt of and reduce resulting potential royalty and milestone revenue from baricitinib or any of our other out-licensed drug candidates.  

Conflicts may arise with our collaborators and licensees if they pursue alternative technologies or develop alternative products either on their own or in collaboration with others as a means for developing treatments for the diseases that we have targeted. Competing products and product opportunities may lead our collaborators and licensees to withdraw their support for our drug candidates. Any failure of our collaborators and licensees to perform their obligations under our agreements with them or otherwise to support our drug candidates could negatively impact the development of our drug candidates, lead to our loss of potential revenues from product sales and milestones and delay our achievement, if any, of profitability. Additionally, conflicts may arise if, among other things, there is a dispute about the achievement and payment of a milestone amount or the ownership of intellectual property that is developed during the course of a collaborative relationship.

Our existing collaborative and license agreements can be terminated by our collaborators and licensees for convenience, among other circumstances. If any of our collaborators or licensees terminates its agreement with us, or terminates its rights with respect to certain indications or drug candidates, we may not be able to find a new collaborator for them, and our business could be adversely affected. Should an agreement be terminated before we have realized the benefits of the collaboration or license, our reputation could be harmed, we may not obtain revenues that we anticipated receiving, and our business could be adversely affected.

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The success of our drug discovery and development efforts may depend on our ability to find suitable collaborators to fully exploit our capabilities. If we are unable to establish collaborations or if these future collaborations are unsuccessful in the development and commercialization of our drug candidates, our research, development and commercialization efforts may be unsuccessful, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

An element of our business strategy is to enter into collaborative or license arrangements with other parties, under which we license our drug candidates to those parties for development and commercialization or under which we study our drug candidates in combination with other parties’ compounds or biologics. For example, in addition to our Novartis, Lilly and Innovent collaborations, we have entered into clinical study relationships with respect to several of our programs, including epacadostat, and are evaluating strategic relationships with respect to several of our other programs. However, because collaboration and license arrangements are complex to negotiate, we may not be successful in our attempts to establish these arrangements. Also, we may not have drug candidates that are desirable to other parties, or we may be unwilling to license a drug candidate to a particular party because such party interested in it is a competitor or for other reasons. The terms of any such arrangements that we establish may not be favorable to us. Alternatively, potential collaborators may decide against entering into an agreement with us because of our financial, regulatory or intellectual property position or for scientific, commercial or other reasons. If we are not able to establish collaboration or license arrangements, we may not be able to develop and commercialize a drug product, which could adversely affect our business and our revenues.

We will likely not be able to control the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators or licensees devote to our programs or drug candidates. If our collaborators or licensees prove difficult to work with, are less skilled than we originally expected, do not devote adequate resources to the program, are unable to obtain regulatory approval of our drug candidates, pursue alternative technologies or develop alternative products, or do not agree with our approach to development or manufacturing of the drug candidate, the relationship could be unsuccessful. Our collaborations with respect to epacadostat involved the study of our collaborators’ drugs used in combination with epacadostat on a number of indications or tumor types, many of which were the same across multiple collaborations. We cannot assure you that potential conflicts will not arise or be alleged among these collaborations. If a business combination involving a collaborator or licensee and a third-party were to occur, the effect could be to terminate or cause delays in development of a drug candidate.

If we fail to enter into additional licensing agreements or if these arrangements are unsuccessful, our business and operations might be adversely affected.

In addition to establishing collaborative or license arrangements under which other parties license our drug candidates for development and commercialization or under which we study our drug candidates in combination with such parties’ compounds or biologics, we may explore opportunities to develop our clinical pipeline by in-licensing drug candidates or therapeutics targets that fit within our focus on oncology, such as our collaborations with Agenus Inc., Calithera Biosciences, Inc., Innovent Biologics, Inc., MacroGenics, Inc., Merus N.V., and Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or explore additional opportunities to further develop and commercialize existing drug candidates in specific jurisdictions, such as our June 2016 acquisition of the development and commercialization rights to ICLUSIG in certain countries. We may be unable to enter into any additional in-licensing agreements because suitable drug candidates that are within our expertise may not be available to us on terms that are acceptable to us or because competitors with greater resources seek to in-license the same drug candidates. Drug candidates that we would like to develop or commercialize may not be available to us because they are controlled by competitors who are unwilling to license the rights to the drug candidate to us. In addition, we may enter into license agreements that are unsuccessful and our business and operations might be adversely affected if we are unable to realize the expected economic benefits of a collaboration or other licensing arrangement, by the termination of a drug candidate and termination and winding down of the related license agreement, or due to other business or regulatory issues, including financial difficulties, that may adversely affect a licensor’s ability to continue to perform its obligations under an in-license agreement. As discussed above under “We depend on our collaborators and licensees for the future development and commercialization of some of our drug candidates. Conflicts may arise between our collaborators and licensees and us, or our collaborators and licensees may choose to terminate their agreements with us, which may adversely affect our business,” conflicts or other issues may arise with our licensors. Those conflicts could result in delays in our plans to develop drug candidates or result in the expenditure of additional funds to

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resolve those conflicts that could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. We may also need to license drug delivery or other technology in order to continue to develop our drug candidates. If we are unable to enter into additional agreements to license drug candidates, drug delivery technology or other technology or if these arrangements are unsuccessful, our research and development efforts could be adversely affected.

Even if a drug candidate that we develop receives regulatory approval, we may decide not to commercialize it if we determine that commercialization of that product would require more money and time than we are willing to invest.

Even if any of our drug candidates receives regulatory approval, it could be subject to post‑regulatory surveillance, and may have to be withdrawn from the market or subject to restrictions if previously unknown problems occur. Regulatory agencies may also require additional clinical trials or testing, and the drug product may be recalled or may be subject to reformulation, additional studies, changes in labeling, warnings to the public and negative publicity. As a result, we may not continue to commercialize a product even though it has obtained regulatory approval. Further, we may decide not to continue to commercialize a product if the market does not accept the product because it is too expensive or because third parties such as insurance companies or Medicare, have not approved it for substantial reimbursement. In addition, we may decide not to continue to commercialize a product if competitors develop and commercialize similar or superior products or have proprietary rights that preclude us from ultimately marketing our products.

Any approved drug product that we bring to the market may not gain market acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community.

Even if we are successful in gaining regulatory approval of any of our drug candidates in addition to JAKAFI or acquire rights to approved drug products in addition to ICLUSIG, we may not generate significant product revenues and we may not become profitable if these drug products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance. Physicians may not recommend our drug products until longer‑term clinical data or other factors demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our drug products as compared to other alternative treatments. Even if the clinical safety and efficacy of our drug products is established, physicians may elect not to prescribe these drug products for a variety of reasons, including the reimbursement policies of government and other third‑party payors and the effectiveness of our competitors in marketing their products.

Market acceptance of our drug products, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

· the willingness and ability of patients and the healthcare community to use our drug products;

· the ability to manufacture our drug products in sufficient quantities with acceptable quality and to offer our drug products for sale at competitive prices;

· the perception of patients and the healthcare community, including third‑party payors, regarding the safety, efficacy and benefits of our drug products compared to those of competing products or therapies;

· the label and promotional claims allowed by the FDA;

· the pricing and reimbursement of our drug products relative to existing treatments; and

· marketing and distribution support for our drug products.

We have limited capacity to conduct preclinical testing and clinical trials, and our resulting dependence on other parties could result in delays in and additional costs for our drug development efforts.

We have limited internal resources and capacity to perform preclinical testing and clinical trials. As part of our development strategy, we often hire clinical research organizations, or CROs, to perform preclinical testing and clinical trials for drug candidates. If the CROs that we hire to perform our preclinical testing and clinical trials do not meet deadlines, do not follow proper procedures, or a conflict arises between us and our CROs, our preclinical testing and

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clinical trials may take longer than expected, may cost more, may be delayed or may be terminated. If we were forced to find a replacement entity to perform any of our preclinical testing or clinical trials, we may not be able to find a suitable entity on favorable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to find another company to perform a preclinical test or clinical trial, the delay in the test or trial may result in significant additional expenditures. Events such as these may result in delays in our obtaining regulatory approval for our drug candidates or our ability to commercialize our products and could result in increased expenditures that would adversely affect our operating results.

We face significant competition for our drug discovery and development efforts, and if we do not compete effectively, our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. Our drug discovery and development efforts may target diseases and conditions that are already subject to existing therapies or that are being developed by our competitors, many of which have substantially greater resources, larger research and development staffs and facilities, more experience in completing preclinical testing and clinical trials, and formulation, marketing and manufacturing capabilities. As a result of these resources, our competitors may develop drug products that render our products obsolete or noncompetitive by developing more effective drugs, developing their products more efficiently or pricing their products more competitively. Our ability to develop competitive products would be limited if our competitors succeeded in obtaining regulatory approvals for drug candidates more rapidly than we were able to or in obtaining patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limited our drug development efforts. Any drug products resulting from our research and development efforts, or from our joint efforts with collaborators or licensees, might not be able to compete successfully with our competitors’ existing and future products, or obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere. The development of products or processes by our competitors with significant advantages over those that we are developing could harm our future revenues and profitability.

Our reliance on other parties to manufacture our drug products and drug candidates could result in a short supply of the drugs, delays in clinical trials or drug development, increased costs, and withdrawal or denial of a regulatory authority’s approval.

We do not currently operate manufacturing facilities for clinical or commercial production of JAKAFI and our other drug candidates or for ICLUSIG. We currently hire third parties to manufacture the raw materials, active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, and finished drug product of JAKAFI, ICLUSIG and our other drug candidates for clinical trials.  In addition, we expect to continue to rely on third parties for the manufacture of commercial supplies of raw materials, API and finished drug product for any drugs that we successfully develop. We also hire third parties to package and label the finished product. The FDA requires that the raw materials, API and finished product for JAKAFI and our other drug candidates be manufactured according to its current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations and regulatory authorities in other countries have similar requirements. There are only a limited number of manufacturers that comply with these requirements. Failure to comply with current Good Manufacturing Practices and the applicable regulatory requirements of other countries in the manufacture of our drug candidates and products could result in the FDA or a foreign regulatory authority halting our clinical trials, withdrawing or denying regulatory approval of our drug product, enforcing product recalls or other enforcement actions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to obtain sufficient quantities of our drug candidates or any drug products we may develop if our designated manufacturers do not have the capacity or capability to manufacture them according to our schedule and specifications. Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products often encounter difficulties in production, especially in scaling up initial production. These problems include difficulties with production costs and yields, quality control and assurance and shortages of qualified personnel.  In addition, we may not be able to arrange for our drug candidates or any drug products that we may develop to be manufactured by one of these parties on reasonable terms, if at all.  We generally have a single source or a limited number of suppliers that are qualified to supply each of the API and finished product of JAKAFI, ICLUSIG and our other drug candidates and, in the case of JAKAFI, we only have a single source for its raw materials. If any of these suppliers were to become unable or unwilling to supply us with raw materials, API or finished product that complies with applicable regulatory requirements, we could incur significant delays in our clinical trials or interruption of commercial supply that could have a material adverse effect on our business. If we have promised delivery of a drug candidate or drug product and are unable to meet the delivery requirement due to manufacturing difficulties, our development programs could be delayed, we may have to expend additional sums in order to ensure that manufacturing

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capacity is available when we need it even if we do not use all of the manufacturing capacity, and our business and operating results could be harmed.

We may not be able to adequately manage and oversee the manufacturers we choose, they may not perform as agreed or they may terminate their agreements with us. Foreign manufacturing approval processes typically include all of the risks associated with the FDA approval process for manufacturing and may also include additional risks.

A number of our collaborations involve the manufacture of antibodies. Either we or our collaborators have primary responsibility for manufacturing activities, and we are currently using third-party contract manufacturing organizations. Manufacturing antibodies and products containing antibodies is a more complex process than manufacturing small molecule drugs and subject to additional risks. The process of manufacturing antibodies and products containing antibodies is highly susceptible to product loss due to contamination, equipment failure or improper installation or operation of equipment, vendor or operator error, inconsistency in yields, variability in product characteristics, and difficulties in scaling the production process. Even minor deviations from normal manufacturing processes could result in reduced production yields, product defects and other supply disruptions. If microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered in our product candidates or in the manufacturing facilities in which our product candidates are made, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination.

If we fail to comply with the extensive legal and regulatory requirements affecting the health care industry, we could face increased costs, penalties and a loss of business.

Our activities, and the activities of our collaborators, partners and third‑party providers, are subject to extensive government regulation and oversight both in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions. The FDA and comparable agencies in other jurisdictions directly regulate many of our most critical business activities, including the conduct of preclinical and clinical studies, product manufacturing, advertising and promotion, product distribution, adverse event reporting and product risk management. States increasingly have been placing greater restrictions on the marketing practices of healthcare companies. In addition, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have been the target of lawsuits and investigations alleging violations of government regulations, including claims asserting submission of incorrect pricing information, impermissible off‑label promotion of pharmaceutical products, payments intended to influence the referral of federal or state healthcare business, submission of false claims for government reimbursement, antitrust violations, violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar anti‑bribery or anti‑corruption laws, or violations related to environmental matters. There is also enhanced scrutiny of company-sponsored patient assistance programs, including insurance premium and co-pay assistance programs and donations to third-party charities that provide such assistance. In December 2018, we received a civil investigative demand from the U.S. Department of Justice for documents and information relating to our speaker programs and patient assistance programs, including our support of non-profit organizations that provide financial assistance to eligible patients. Violations of governmental regulation by us, our vendors or donation recipients may be punishable by criminal and civil sanctions, including damages, fines and penalties and exclusion from participation in government programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. In addition to damages, fines and penalties for violation of laws and regulations, we could be required to repay amounts we received from government payors, or pay additional rebates and interest if we are found to have miscalculated the pricing information we have submitted to the government. Actions taken by federal or local governments, legislative bodies and enforcement agencies with respect to these legal and regulatory compliance matters could also result in reduced demand for our products, reduced coverage of our products by health care payors, or both. We cannot ensure that our compliance controls, policies, and procedures will in every instance protect us from acts committed by our employees, collaborators, partners or third‑party providers that would violate the laws or regulations of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Whether or not we have complied with the law, an investigation into alleged unlawful conduct could increase our expenses, damage our reputation, divert management time and attention and adversely affect our business. Risks relating to compliance with laws and regulations may be heightened as we continue to expand our global operations and enter new therapeutic areas with different patient populations, which due to different product distribution methods, marketing programs or patient assistance programs may result in additional regulatory burdens and obligations.

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As our drug discovery and development operations are conducted at our headquarters in Wilmington, Delaware, the loss of access to this facility would negatively impact our business.

Our facility in Wilmington, Delaware is our headquarters and is also where we conduct all of our drug discovery, research, development and marketing activities. In addition, natural disasters or actions of activists opposed to aspects of pharmaceutical research may disrupt our experiments or our ability to access or use our facility. The loss of access to or use of our Wilmington, Delaware facility, either on a temporary or permanent basis would result in an interruption of our business and, consequently, would adversely affect our overall business.

We depend on key employees in a competitive market for skilled personnel, and the loss of the services of any of our key employees or our inability to attract and retain additional personnel would affect our ability to expand our drug discovery and development programs and achieve our objectives.

We are highly dependent on the members of our executive management team and principal members of our commercial, development, medical, operations and scientific staff. We experience intense competition for qualified personnel. Our future success also depends in part on the continued service of our executive management team and key personnel and our ability to recruit, train and retain essential personnel for our drug discovery and development programs, and for our medical affairs and commercialization activities. If we lose the services of any of these people or if we are unable to recruit sufficient qualified personnel, our research and product development goals, and our commercialization efforts could be delayed or curtailed. We do not maintain “key person” insurance on any of our employees.

If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our ability to develop and commercialize products could suffer.

We expect that if our drug discovery efforts continue to generate drug candidates, our clinical drug candidates continue to progress in development, and we continue to build our development, medical and commercial organizations, we will require significant additional investment in personnel, management and resources. Our ability to achieve our research, development and commercialization objectives depends on our ability to respond effectively to these demands and expand our internal organization, systems, controls and facilities to accommodate additional anticipated growth. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our business could be harmed and our ability to execute our business strategy could suffer.

We may acquire businesses or assets, form joint ventures or make investments in other companies that may be unsuccessful, divert our management’s attention and harm our operating results and prospects.

As part of our business strategy, we may pursue additional acquisitions of what we believe to be complementary businesses or assets or seek to enter into joint ventures. We also may pursue strategic alliances in an effort to leverage our existing infrastructure and industry experience to expand our product offerings or distribution, or make investments in other companies. For example, in June 2016, we completed the acquisition of the European operations of ARIAD and obtained the exclusive license to develop and commercialize ICLUSIG in Europe and other countries. The success of our acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic alliances and investments will depend on our ability to identify, negotiate, complete and, in the case of acquisitions, integrate those transactions and, if necessary, obtain satisfactory debt or equity financing to fund those transactions.  We may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, joint venture, strategic alliance or investment. We may not be able to integrate acquisitions successfully into our existing business, maintain the key business relationships of businesses we acquire, or retain key personnel of an acquired business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities or incur unanticipated expenses. Integration of acquired companies or businesses also may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business.  Any acquisitions or investments made by us also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. For example, in the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded unrealized losses related to our investments in Agenus Inc., Calithera Biosciences, Inc., Merus N.V. and Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and we may in the future experience additional losses related to our investments.  In addition, if we choose to issue shares of our stock as consideration for any acquisition, dilution to our stockholders could result.

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Risks associated with the expansion of our operations outside of the United States could adversely affect our business.

Our acquisition of ARIAD’s European operations significantly expanded our operations in Europe, and we plan to continue to expand our operations and conduct certain development activities outside of the United States, including our recent expansion in Japan. We have limited experience with conducting activities outside of the United States. International operations and business expansion plans are subject to numerous additional risks, including:

· multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as tax laws, privacy regulations, tariffs, export and import restrictions, employment, immigration and labor laws, regulatory requirements, and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;

· difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations and difficulties in connection with assimilating and integrating any operations and personnel we might acquire  into our company;

· risks associated with obtaining and maintaining, or the failure to obtain or maintain, regulatory approvals for the sale or use of our products in various countries;

· complexities associated with managing government payor systems, multiple payor‑reimbursement regimes or patient self‑pay systems;

· financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty obtaining financing in foreign markets, difficulty enforcing contracts and intellectual property rights, difficulty collecting accounts receivable and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;

· general political and economic conditions in the countries in operate, including terrorism and political unrest, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions, and uncertainties associated with the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union; and

· regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate information and control over activities that may fall within the purview of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, its books and records provisions or its anti‑bribery provisions, or similar anti‑bribery or anti‑corruption laws and regulations, such as the U.K. Anti-Bribery Act and the U.K. Criminal Finances Act.

Any of the risks described above, if encountered, could significantly increase our costs of operating internationally, prevent us from operating in certain jurisdictions, or otherwise significantly harm our future international expansion and operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we could face substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our products and our results of operations could be harmed.

In addition to the risks described above under “—Risks Relating to Commercialization of Our Products—If the use of our products harms patients, or is perceived to harm patients even when such harm is unrelated to our products, our regulatory approvals could be revoked or otherwise negatively impacted or we could be subject to costly and damaging product liability claims,” the conduct of clinical trials of medical products that are intended for human use entails an inherent risk of product liability. If any product that we or any of our collaborators or licensees develops causes or is alleged to cause injury during clinical trials or commercialization, we may be held liable. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities, including substantial damages to be paid to the plaintiffs and legal costs, or we may be required to limit further development and commercialization of our products. Additionally, any product liability lawsuit could cause injury to our reputation, participants and investigators to withdraw from clinical trials, and potential collaborators or licensees to seek other partners, any of which could impact our results of operations.

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Our product liability insurance policy may not fully cover our potential liabilities. In addition, we may determine that we should increase our coverage, and this insurance may be prohibitively expensive to us or our collaborators or licensees and may not fully cover our potential liabilities. Since December 30, 2017, we elected to self-insure a portion of our exposure to product liability risks through our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary, in tandem with third-party insurance policies. Our inability to obtain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the development or commercialization of our drug candidates and products, and if our liabilities from any such claims exceed our third-party insurance limits and self-insurance reserves, our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

Because our activities involve the use of hazardous materials, we may be subject to claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials that could be time consuming and costly.

We are subject to various environmental, health and safety laws and regulations governing, among other things, the use, handling, storage and disposal of regulated substances and the health and safety of our employees. Our research and development processes involve the controlled use of hazardous and radioactive materials and biological waste resulting in the production of hazardous waste products. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any resultant injury from these materials. If any injury or contamination results from our use or the use by our collaborators or licensees of these materials, we may be sued and our liability may exceed our insurance coverage and our total assets. Further, we may be required to indemnify our collaborators or licensees against all damages and other liabilities arising out of our development activities or products produced in connection with these collaborations or licenses. Compliance with the applicable environmental and workplace laws and regulations is expensive. Future changes to environmental, health, workplace and safety laws could cause us to incur additional expense or may restrict our operations or impair our research, development and production efforts.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR FINANCIAL RESULTS

We may incur losses in the future, and we expect to continue to incur significant expenses to discover and develop drugs, which may make it difficult for us to achieve sustained profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future.

Due to historical net losses, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2018. We intend to continue to spend significant amounts on our efforts to discover and develop drugs. As a result, we may incur losses in future periods as well.  Our revenues, expenses and net income (loss) may fluctuate, even significantly, due to the risks described in these “Risk Factors” and factors discussed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” as well as the timing of charges and expenses that we may take, including those relating to transactions such as acquisitions and the entry into collaborative agreements.

We anticipate that our drug discovery and development efforts and related expenditures will increase as we focus on the studies, including preclinical tests and clinical trials prior to seeking regulatory approval, that are required before we can sell a drug product.

The development of drug products will require us to spend significant funds on research, development, testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, manufacturing and marketing. To date, we do not have any drug products that have generated significant revenues other than from sales of JAKAFI and we cannot assure you that we will generate significant revenues from the drug candidates that we license or develop, including ICLUSIG, for several years, if ever.

We cannot be certain whether or when we will achieve sustained or increased profitability on a quarterly or annual basis because of the factors discussed above and the significant uncertainties relating to our ability to generate commercially successful drug products. Even if we are successful in obtaining regulatory approvals for manufacturing and commercializing drug products in addition to JAKAFI and ICLUSIG, we may incur losses if our drug products do not generate significant revenues.

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We may need additional capital in the future. If we are unable to generate sufficient funds from operations, the capital markets may not permit us to raise additional capital at the time that we require it, which could result in limitations on our research and development or commercialization efforts or the loss of certain of our rights in our technologies or drug candidates.

Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors and we anticipate that we may need to raise additional capital to fund our business plan and research and development efforts going‑forward.

Additional factors that may affect our future funding requirements include:

· the amount of revenues generated from our business activities;

· any changes in the breadth of our research and development programs;

· the results of research and development, preclinical testing and clinical trials conducted by us or our current or future collaborators or licensees, if any;

· our exercise of any co‑development options with collaborators that may require us to fund future development;

· the acquisition of businesses, technologies, or drug candidates, or the licensing of technologies or drug candidates, if any;

· costs for future facility requirements;

· our ability to maintain and establish new corporate relationships and research collaborations;

· competing technological and market developments;

· the time and costs involved in filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patent and intellectual property claims;

· the receipt of contingent licensing or milestone fees or royalties on product sales from our current or future collaborative and license arrangements, if established; and

· the timing of regulatory approvals, if any.

If we require additional capital at a time when investment in companies such as ours, or in the marketplace generally, is limited due to the then prevailing market or other conditions, we may have to scale back our operations, eliminate one or more of our research or development programs, or attempt to obtain funds by entering into an agreement with a collaborator or licensee that would result in terms that are not favorable to us or relinquishing our rights in certain of our proprietary technologies or drug candidates. If we are unable to raise funds at the time that we desire or at any time thereafter on acceptable terms, we may not be able to continue to develop our drug candidates. The sale of equity or additional convertible debt securities in the future may be dilutive to our stockholders and may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our holders of common stock, and debt financing arrangements may require us to pledge certain assets or enter into covenants that could restrict our operations or our ability to incur further indebtedness.

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Our marketable securities and long term investments are subject to risks that could adversely affect our overall financial position.

We invest our cash in accordance with an established internal policy and customarily in instruments, corporate bonds and money market funds which historically have been highly liquid and carried relatively low risk. In recent periods, similar types of investments and money market funds have experienced losses in value or liquidity issues that differ from their historical pattern.

Should a portion of our cash or marketable securities lose value or have their liquidity impaired, it could adversely affect our overall financial position by imperiling our ability to fund our operations and forcing us to seek additional financing sooner than we would otherwise. Such financing, if available, may not be available on commercially attractive terms.

As discussed under “Other Risks Relating to Our Business— We may acquire businesses or assets, form joint ventures or make investments in other companies that may be unsuccessful, divert our management’s attention and harm our operating results and prospects,” any investments that we may make in companies with which we have strategic alliances, such as Agenus and Merus, could result in our recognition of losses on those investments. In addition, to the extent we may seek to sell or otherwise monetize those investments, we may not be able to do so at our desired price or valuation levels, or at all, due to the limited liquidity of some or all of those investments.

Any loss in value of our long term investments could adversely affect our financial position on the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations.

Our current revenues are derived from JAKAFI and ICLUSIG product sales, JAKAVI and OLUMIANT product royalties, collaborations and from licensing our intellectual property. If we are unable to achieve milestones, develop products or renew or enter into new collaborations, our revenues may decrease, and future milestone and royalty payments may not contribute significantly to revenues for several years, and may never result in revenues.

We derived substantially all of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 from JAKAFI and ICLUSIGproduct revenues, JAKAVI and OLUMIANT product royalties and our collaborations and licensing our intellectual property to others. Future revenues from research and development collaborations depend upon continuation of the collaborations, the achievement of milestones and royalties we earn from any future products developed from our research. If we are unable to successfully achieve milestones or our collaborators fail to develop successful products, we will not earn the future revenues contemplated under our collaborative agreements.  For example, delays in or other limitations with respect to the approval of baricitinib in the United States for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis, or the failure to obtain such approval, as discussed under “—We depend on our collaborators and licensees for the future development and commercialization of some of our drug candidates. Conflicts may arise between our collaborators and licensees and us, or our collaborators and licensees may choose to terminate their agreements with us, which may adversely affect our business.” would affect potential future royalty and milestone revenue. In addition, our revenues are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations due to the global nature of our operations. To the extent that our non-U.S. source revenues represent a more significant portion of our total revenues, these fluctuations could materially affect our operating results.

RISKS RELATING TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND LEGAL MATTERS

If we are subject to arbitration, litigation and infringement claims, they could be costly and disrupt our drug discovery and development efforts.

The technology that we use to make and develop our drug products, the technology that we incorporate in our products, and the products we are developing may be subject to claims that they infringe the patents or proprietary rights of others. The success of our drug discovery and development efforts will also depend on our ability to develop new compounds, drugs and technologies without infringing or misappropriating the proprietary rights of others. We are aware of patents and patent applications filed in certain countries claiming intellectual property relating to some of our drug discovery targets and drug candidates. While the validity of issued patents, patentability of pending patent applications

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and applicability of any of them to our programs are uncertain, if any of these patents are asserted against us or if we choose to license any of these patents, our ability to commercialize our products could be harmed or the potential return to us from any product that may be successfully commercialized could be diminished.

From time to time we have received, and we may in the future receive, notices from third parties offering licenses to technology or alleging patent, trademark, or copyright infringement, claims regarding trade secrets or other contract claims. Receipt of these notices could result in significant costs as a result of the diversion of the attention of management from our drug discovery and development efforts. Parties sending these notices may have brought and in the future may bring litigation against us or seek arbitration relating to contract claims.

We may be involved in future lawsuits or other legal proceedings alleging patent infringement or other intellectual property rights or contract violations. In addition, litigation or other legal proceedings may be necessary to:

· assert claims of infringement;

· enforce our patents or trademarks;

· protect our trade secrets or know‑how; or

· determine the enforceability, scope and validity of the proprietary rights of others.

We may be unsuccessful in defending or pursuing these lawsuits, claims or other legal proceedings. Regardless of the outcome, litigation or other legal proceedings can be very costly and can divert management’s efforts. An adverse determination may subject us to significant liabilities or require us or our collaborators or licensees to seek licenses to other parties’ patents or proprietary rights. We or our collaborators or licensees may also be restricted or prevented from manufacturing or selling a drug or other product that we or they develop. Further, we or our future collaborators or licensees may not be able to obtain any necessary licenses on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to develop non‑infringing technology or license technology on a timely basis or on reasonable terms, our business could be harmed.

We may be unable to adequately protect or enforce our proprietary information, which may result in its unauthorized use, a loss of revenue under a collaboration agreement or loss of sales to generic versions of our products or otherwise reduce our ability to compete in developing and commercializing products.

Our business and competitive position depends in significant part upon our ability to protect our proprietary technology, including any drug products that we create. Despite our efforts to protect this information, unauthorized parties may attempt to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. For example, one of our collaborators may disclose proprietary information pertaining to our drug discovery efforts. In addition, while we have filed numerous patent applications with respect to ruxolitinib and our drug candidates in the United States and in foreign countries, our patent applications may fail to result in issued patents. In addition, because patent applications can take several years to issue as patents, there may be pending patent applications of others that may later issue as patents that cover some aspect of ruxolitinib and our drug candidates. Our existing patents and any future patents we may obtain may not be broad enough to protect our products or all of the potential uses of our products, or otherwise prevent others from developing competing products or technologies. In addition, our patents may be challenged and invalidated or may fail to provide us with any competitive advantages if, for example, others were first to invent or first to file a patent application for the technologies and products covered by our patents.  As noted above under “—Risks Relating to Commercialization of Our Products—Competition for our products could potentially harm our business and result in a decrease in our revenue,” a potential generic drug company competitor has challenged certain patents relating to JAKAFI.

Additionally, when we do not control the prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of certain important intellectual property, such as a drug candidate in‑licensed to us or subject to a collaboration with a third-party, the protection of the intellectual property rights may not be in our hands. If we do not control the intellectual property rights in‑licensed to us with respect to a drug candidate and the entity that controls the intellectual property rights does not adequately protect those rights, our rights may be impaired, which may impact our ability to develop, market and commercialize the in‑licensed drug candidate.

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Our means of protecting our proprietary rights may not be adequate, and our competitors may:

· independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information, products and techniques;

· otherwise gain access to our proprietary information; or

· design around patents issued to us or our other intellectual property.

We pursue a policy of having our employees, consultants and advisors execute proprietary information and invention agreements when they begin working for us. However, these agreements may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure. If we fail to maintain trade secret and patent protection, our potential future revenues may be decreased.

If the effective term of our patents is decreased due to changes in the United States patent laws or if we need to refile some of our patent applications, the value of our patent portfolio and the revenues we derive from it may be decreased.

The value of our patents depends, in part, on their duration. A shorter period of patent protection could lessen the value of our rights under any patents that we obtain and may decrease the revenues we derive from our patents. The United States patent laws were amended in 1995 to change the term of patent protection from 17 years from patent issuance to 20 years from the earliest effective filing date of the application. Because the time from filing to issuance of biotechnology applications may be more than three years depending on the subject matter, a 20‑year patent term from the filing date may result in substantially shorter patent protection.

Additionally, United States patent laws were amended in 2011 with the enactment of the America Invents Act and third parties are now able to challenge the validity of issued U.S. patents through various review proceedings; thus rendering the validity of U.S. patents more uncertain. We may be obligated to participate in review proceedings to determine the validity of our U.S. patents. We cannot predict the ultimate outcome of these proceedings, the conduct of which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our efforts and resources. If we are unsuccessful in these proceedings some or all of our claims in the patents may be narrowed or invalidated and the patent protection for our products and drug candidates in the United States could be substantially shortened. Further, if all of the patents covering one of our products are invalidated, the FDA could approve requests to manufacture a generic version of that product prior to the expiration date of those patents.

Other changes in the United States patent laws or changes in the interpretation of patent laws could diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection. For example, the Supreme Court of the United States recently ruled that isolated DNA sequences cannot be patented. Although we no longer receive significant revenues generated from our former information products business, the majority of our gene patent portfolio from that business consists of patents on isolated DNA sequences, and this ruling limits our ability to derive additional revenues from our gene patent portfolio. Additionally, the Supreme Court resolved a split among the circuit courts of appeals regarding antitrust challenges to settlements of patent infringement lawsuits under the Hatch‑Waxman Act between brand‑name drug companies and generic drug companies. The Court rejected the “scope of the patent” test and ruled that settlements involving “reverse payments” from brand‑name drug companies to generic drug companies should be analyzed under the rule of reason. This ruling may create uncertainty and make it more difficult to settle patent litigation if a company seeking to manufacture a generic version of one of our products challenges the patents covering that product prior to the expiration date of those patents.

International patent protection is particularly uncertain and costly, and our involvement in opposition proceedings in foreign countries may result in the expenditure of substantial sums and management resources.

Biotechnology and pharmaceutical patent law outside the United States is even more uncertain and costly than in the United States and is currently undergoing review and revision in many countries. Further, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as United States laws. For example, certain countries do not grant patent claims that are directed to the treatment of humans. We have participated, and may in the future participate, in opposition proceedings to determine the validity of our foreign patents or our competitors’ foreign

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patents, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our efforts. For example, there is a patent opposition proceeding in India against our Indian patent that covers the composition of matter and use of certain Janus Kinase inhibitors, including ruxolitinib phosphate, for the treatment of myeloid proliferative disorders, cancer, immune‑related diseases, skin disorders, and other diseases. Successful challenges to our patent or other intellectual property rights through these proceedings could result in a loss of rights in the relevant jurisdiction and allow third parties to use our proprietary technologies without a license from us or our collaborators, which may also result in loss of future royalty payments. In addition, successful challenges may jeopardize or delay our ability to enter into new collaborations or commercialize potential products, which could harm our business and results of operations.

RISKS RELATING TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND DATA PRIVACY

Significant disruptions of information technology systems, breaches of data security, or unauthorized disclosures of sensitive data or personally identifiable information or individually identifiable health information could adversely affect our business,and couldsubject us to liability or reputational damage.

Our business is increasingly dependent on critical, complex, and interdependent information technology (IT) systems, including Internet-based systems, some of which are managed or hosted by third parties, to support business processes as well as internal and external communications. The size and complexity of our IT systems make us potentially vulnerable to IT system breakdowns, malicious intrusion, and computer viruses, which may result in the impairment of our ability to operate our business effectively.

We are continuously evaluating and, where appropriate, enhancing our IT systems to address our planned growth, including to support our planned manufacturing operations. There are inherent costs and risks associated with implementing the enhancements to our IT systems, including potential delays in access to, or errors in, critical business and financial information, substantial capital expenditures, additional administrative time and operating expenses, retention of sufficiently skilled personnel to implement and operate the enhanced systems, demands on management time, and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to the enhanced systems, any of which could harm our business and results of operations. In addition, the implementation of enhancements to our IT systems may not result in productivity improvements at a level that outweighs the costs of implementation, or at all.  In addition, our systems and the systems of our third-party providers and collaborators are potentially vulnerable to data security breaches which may expose sensitive data to unauthorized persons or to the public. Such data security breaches could lead to the loss of confidential information, trade secrets or other intellectual property, could lead to the public exposure of personal information (including personally identifiable information or individually identifiable health information) of our employees, clinical trial patients, customers, business partners, and others, could lead to potential identity theft, or could lead to reputational harm.  Data security breaches could also result in loss of clinical trial data or damage to the integrity of that data. In addition, the increased use of social media by our employees and contractors could result in inadvertent disclosure of sensitive data or personal information, including but not limited to, confidential information, trade secrets and other intellectual property.

Any such disruption or security breach, as well as any action by us or our employees or contractors that might be inconsistent with the rapidly evolving data privacy and security laws and regulations applicable within the United States and elsewhere where we conduct business, could result in enforcement actions by U.S. states, the U.S. Federal government or foreign governments, liability or sanctions under data privacy laws that protect personally identifiable information, regulatory penalties, other legal proceedings such as but not limited to private litigation, the incurrence of significant remediation costs, disruptions to our development programs, business operations and collaborations, diversion of management efforts and damage to our reputation, which could harm our business and operations. Because of the rapidly moving nature of technology and the increasing sophistication of cybersecurity threats, our measures to prevent, respond to and minimize such risks may be unsuccessful. 

In addition, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted a comprehensive general data privacy regulation, known as the GDPR, which took effect in May 2018 and governs the collection and use of personal data in the European Union. The GDPR, which is wide-ranging in scope, imposes several requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals, the security and confidentiality of the personal data, data breach notification and the use of third party processors in connection with the processing of the personal data. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the European

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Union to the United States, provides an enforcement authority and imposes large penalties for noncompliance, including the potential for fines of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global revenues of the infringer, whichever is greater.

Increasing use of social media could give rise to liability, breaches of data security, or reputational damage.

We and our employees are increasingly utilizing social media tools as a means of communication both internally and externally. Despite our efforts to monitor evolving social media communication guidelines and comply with applicable rules, there is risk that the use of social media by us or our employees to communicate about our products or business may cause us to be found in violation of applicable requirements. In addition, our employees may knowingly or inadvertently make use of social media in ways that may not comply with our social media policy or other legal or contractual requirements, which may give rise to liability, lead to the loss of trade secrets or other intellectual property, or result in public exposure of personal information of our employees, clinical trial patients, customers, and others. Furthermore, negative posts or comments about us or our products in social media could seriously damage our reputation, brand image, and goodwill.

Item 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2.  Properties

Our global headquarters is in Wilmington, Delaware, which is where our principal drug discovery and development operations are also located. We own two buildings comprising approximately 344,000 square feet of laboratory and office space at this site.  In March 2017, we acquired additional adjacent buildings, currently occupied by tenants, with a view toward further expanding our headquarters facilities.

We lease approximately 112,000 square feet of office space in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania and approximately 100,000 square feet of additional laboratory and office space in Wilmington, Delaware. 

We conduct our European clinical development operations from our offices in Geneva, Switzerland and Lausanne, Switzerland and our Japanese office is in Tokyo. In February 2018, we signed an agreement to rent a building in Morges, Switzerland for an initial term of 15 years, with multiple options to extend for an additional 20 years. The building will undergo extensive renovations prior to our occupation and, when completed, will serve as our new European headquarters.  In July 2018, we purchased a parcel of land in Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland upon which we are building a large molecule production facility. Construction commenced in July 2018, with expected completion in the second half of 2020.

Item 3.  Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are party to legal proceedings in the course of our business.  The outcome of any such proceedings, regardless of the merits, is inherently uncertain. Legal proceedings, including litigation, government investigations and enforcement actions, can result in significant costs and occupy significant management resources.  We do not expect any such current legal proceedings to have a material adverse impact on our business or financial condition.

In December 2018, we received a civil investigative demand from the U.S. Department of Justice for documents and information relating to our speaker programs and patient assistance programs, including our support of non-profit organizations that provide financial assistance to eligible patients. We are cooperating with this inquiry. We have not yet been made aware of the substance of any civil claims.

Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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Executive Officers of the Registrant

Our executive officers are as follows:

Hervé Hoppenot, age 59, joined Incyte as President and Chief Executive Officer and a Director, in January 2014 and was appointed Chairman of the Board in May 2015. Mr. Hoppenot served as the President of Novartis Oncology, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, the U.S. subsidiary of Novartis AG, a pharmaceutical company, from January 2010 to January 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Hoppenot served in other executive positions at Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, serving from September 2006 to January 2010 as Executive Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer of Novartis Oncology and Head of Global Product Strategy & Scientific Development of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation and from 2003 to September 2006 as Senior Vice President, Head of Global Marketing of Novartis Oncology. Prior to joining Novartis, Mr. Hoppenot served in various increasingly senior roles at Aventis S.A. (formerly Rhône‑Poulenc S.A.), a pharmaceutical company, including as Vice President Oncology US of Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from 2000 to 2003 and Vice President US Oncology Operations of Rhone‑Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from 1998 to 2000. Mr. Hoppenot holds a Diploma from ESSEC International Business School. Mr. Hoppenot is also a director of Cellectis S.A.

Dashyant Dhanak, age 58, joined Incyte in December 2018 as Executive Vice President, Chief Scientific Officer.  Prior to joining Incyte, Dr. Dhanak served as Vice President and Head of Discovery Sciences of Janssen Research & Development, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, a pharmaceutical company, from 2013 until November 2018.  Prior to his tenure at Janssen, Dr. Dhanak spent 25 years at GlaxoSmithKline, a pharmaceutical company, in positions of increased responsibility across multiple disease areas, including his last position as Vice President and Head of the Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit.  Dr. Dhanak received a B.S. in Chemistry from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and his Ph.D. from the University of London.  He completed his postdoctoral research in natural product synthesis at Northwestern University.

Barry P. Flannelly, age 61, has served as Executive Vice President and General Manager US since June 2015 and joined Incyte as Executive Vice President, Business Development and Strategic Planning in August 2014. Prior to joining Incyte, he served as Chief Executive Officer of OSS Healthcare Inc., a biotechnology start‑up company, from August 2013 to July 2014. He served as Vice President, Global Product Strategy and Commercial Planning of Nektar Therapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company, from April 2011 until April 2013, and as Senior Vice President, Commercial, of Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from August 2008 until January 2011. Prior thereto, Dr. Flannelly held key positions at biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical companies such as Abraxis BioScience, Inc. and Novartis. Dr. Flannelly earned his doctorate in pharmacy from the University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, his master’s degree in business administration from the University of Baltimore, and his B.S. degree in Pharmacy from Massachusetts College of Pharmacy.

Vijay Iyengar, age 46, joined Incyte in May 2016 as Executive Vice President, Global Strategy and Corporate Development.  Prior to joining Incyte, from April 2014 to April 2016, he was the President of Genoptix Corporation, a Novartis Company.  From December 2011 to March 2014, he was the Vice President and Rare Diseases Franchise Head at Novartis Oncology and from July 2009 to December 2011, he was the Vice President and Oncology General Manager of Novartis Greece. From October 2007 to June 2009, he was the Global Brand Executive Director at Novartis Pharmaceuticals, and from January 2006 to October 2007, he was the Global Brand Director, Oncology at Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Iyengar received his B.S. degree in Biology from Stanford University and earned his M.D. from Harvard Medical School.

Maria E. Pasquale, age 53, joined Incyte in April 2018 as Executive Vice President and General Counsel.  Prior to joining Incyte, Ms. Pasquale joined Incyte from Celgene Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company, where for 17 years she held positions of increasing levels of responsibility, including Chief Counsel; Senior Vice President, Legal and Deputy General Counsel and Assistant Corporate Secretary, and, most recently, Executive Vice President and Global Chief Compliance Officer.  Prior to her tenure at Celgene, Ms. Pasquale spent a decade supporting pharmaceutical clients as a global patent and litigation attorney at Pennie & Edmonds LLP in New York (now part of Jones Day).  Before her career in law, Ms. Pasquale was an Assistant Research Scientist at the Institute for Basic Research and the Cold Spring Harbor

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Laboratory.  Ms. Pasquale holds a J.D. from Brooklyn Law School and a B.S. in biochemistry from the State University of New York at Stony Brook.

Christiana Stamoulis, age 48, joined Incyte in February 2019 as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.  Prior to joining Incyte, she served as President from February 2018 until January 2019 and Chief Financial Officer from January 2015 to January 2019 of Unum Therapeutics Inc., a biopharmaceutical company.  From January 2014 until she joined Unum, Ms. Stamoulis was an independent advisor to biopharmaceutical companies. From 2009 until December 2013, Ms. Stamoulis was a Senior Vice President of Corporate Strategy and Business Development at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. Prior to joining Vertex, Ms. Stamoulis spent nearly 15 years in the investment banking and management consulting industries.  She was a Managing Director in the Investment Banking division of Citigroup and, prior to that, she was a senior investment banker in the Healthcare Investment Banking Group of Goldman, Sachs & Co., where she spent the majority of her investment banking career. Ms. Stamoulis started her career as a strategy consultant at The Boston Consulting Group. Ms. Stamoulis holds two undergraduate degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and an M.B.A. from the MIT Sloan School of Management.

Steven Stein, age 52, has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer since May 2016 and joined Incyte as Senior Vice President and Chief Medical Officer in March 2015. Prior to joining Incyte, from May 2011 to February 2015, he was the Senior Vice President, US Clinical Development & Medical Affairs at Novartis Pharmaceuticals.  From February 2004 to April 2011, Dr. Stein was the Vice President, Global Oncology, Clinical Development and the Head of Medicines Development for Hematology and Supportive Care for GlaxoSmithKline.  Dr. Stein held a post-doctoral fellowship in hematology/oncology at the University of Pennsylvania from 1998 to 2001, and earned his M.D. from the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1990.

Paula J. Swain, age 61, has served as Executive Vice President, Human Resources since August 2002 and joined Incyte as Senior Vice President of Human Resources in January 2002. Ms. Swain served as Senior Vice President of Human Resources at Bristol‑Myers Squibb Company from October 2001 to January 2002, after it acquired DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company. From July 1998 to October 2001, Ms. Swain was Senior Vice President of Human Resources at DuPont Pharmaceuticals. From October 1992 to July 1998, Ms. Swain held a variety of human resources positions of increasing responsibility at DuPont Pharmaceuticals. Ms. Swain received her B.A. in Psychology and Industrial Relations from Rockhurst University.

Wenqing Yao, age 56, has served as Executive Vice President, Head of Discovery Chemistry since October 2014.  Dr. Yao joined Incyte as Director, Chemistry in February 2002 and held roles of increasing responsibility at Incyte. Prior to joining Incyte, Dr. Yao held scientific research positions with DuPont Pharmaceuticals and Bristol‑Myers Squibb Company from 1996 to 2002. Dr. Yao received his B.S. in chemistry from Xuzhou Normal University, his M.S. in organic chemistry from NanKai University and his Ph.D. in organic/medicinal chemistry from the University of Pennsylvania.

PART II

Item 5.  Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock, $.001 par value per share, is traded on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “INCY.” As of December 31, 2018, our common stock was held by 139 stockholders of record. We have never declared or paid dividends on our capital stock and do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future.

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Item 6.  Selected Financial Data

Selected Consolidated Financial Data

(in thousands, except per share data)

The data set forth below should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Item 7 and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included in Item 8 of this Report.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
Revenues:
Product revenues, net(1)	$	1,466,900	$	1,200,312	$	882,404	$	601,015	$	357,562
Product royalty revenues(2)		234,780		160,791		110,711		74,821		48,966
Milestone and contract revenues(3)		180,000		175,000		112,512		77,857		104,857
Other revenues		203		113		92		58		110
Total revenues		1,881,883		1,536,216		1,105,719		753,751		511,495
Costs and expenses:
Cost of product revenues (including definite-lived intangible amortization)		94,123		79,479		58,187		26,972		3,004
Research and development(4)		1,197,957		1,326,134		581,861		479,514		347,523
Selling, general and administrative(4)		434,407		366,286		303,251		196,614		165,772
Change in fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration		26,173		7,704		17,422		—		—
Total costs and expenses		1,752,660		1,779,603		960,721		703,100		516,299
Income (loss) from operations		129,223		(243,387)		144,998		50,651		(4,804)
Other income (expense), net(4)		31,760		17,153		4,412		7,089		3,350
Interest expense		(1,543)		(6,900)		(38,745)		(45,603)		(46,828)
Unrealized loss on long term investment		(44,093)		(24,275)		(3,261)		(4,581)		—
Expense related to senior note conversions		—		(54,881)		—		—		(265)
Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes		115,347		(312,290)		107,404		7,556		(48,547)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		5,854		852		3,182		1,025		(66)
Net income (loss)	$	109,493	$	(313,142)	$	104,222	$	6,531	$	(48,481)
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.52	$	(1.53)	$	0.55	$	0.04	$	(0.29)
Diluted	$	0.51	$	(1.53)	$	0.54	$	0.03	$	(0.29)
Shares used in computing net income (loss) per share:
Basic		212,383		204,580		187,873		179,601		167,947
Diluted		215,635		204,580		194,125		187,302		167,947

(1) 2018, 2017 and 2016 product revenues, net, relate to our product sales of JAKAFI and product sales of ICLUSIG from the date of acquisition on June 1, 2016.  2015 and 2014 product revenues, net, relate to our product sales of JAKAFI.

(2) 2018 and 2017 product royalty revenues relate to Novartis net sales of JAKAVI outside of the United States and Lilly net sales of OLUMIANT outside of the United States.  2016, 2015 and 2014 product royalty revenues relate to Novartis net sales of JAKAVI outside the United States.

(3) Milestone and contract revenues relate to our collaborative research and license agreements with Novartis and Lilly.

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(4) Upon the retrospective adoption of ASU No. 2017-07 on January 1, 2018, the presentation of other components of net periodic benefit cost were reclassed out of operating income and into other income (expense), net for the periods presented, as applicable. See Note 1 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the adoption of ASU No. 2017-07.

	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
Consolidated Balance Sheets Data:
Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities	$	1,438,323	$	1,169,645	$	808,546	$	707,783	$	600,263
Working capital		1,406,977		1,129,458		720,677		674,368		458,512
Total assets		2,645,762		2,302,582		1,638,597		1,007,440		796,477
Convertible senior notes		17,434		24,001		651,481		619,893		675,167
Stockholders’ equity (deficit)		1,925,967		1,630,629		419,467		171,155		(81,628)

Item 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included elsewhere in this Report.

Overview

Incyte is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of proprietary therapeutics. Our global headquarters is located in Wilmington, Delaware. We conduct our European clinical development operations from our offices in Geneva, Switzerland and Lausanne, Switzerland, and have recently opened our Japanese office in Tokyo.

JAKAFI (ruxolitinib) is our first product to be approved for sale in the United States. It is an oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2011 for the treatment of patients with intermediate or high‑risk myelofibrosis and in December 2014 for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea. Myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera are both rare blood cancers.

In June 2016, we acquired from ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ARIAD) all of the outstanding shares of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l., the parent company of ARIAD’s European subsidiaries responsible for the development and commercialization of ICLUSIG in the European Union and other countries, including Switzerland, Norway, Turkey, Israel and Russia. We obtained an exclusive license to develop and commercialize ICLUSIG in those countries. ICLUSIG is approved in the European Union for the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who are resistant to or intolerant of certain second-generation BCR-ABL inhibitors and all patients who have the T3151 mutation. 

Under our collaboration agreement with Novartis International Pharmaceutical Ltd., Novartis received exclusive development and commercialization rights to ruxolitinib outside of the United States for all hematologic and oncologic indications and sells ruxolitinib outside of the United States under the name JAKAVI. In April 2016, we amended this agreement to provide that Novartis has exclusive research, development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to ruxolitinib (excluding topical formulations) in the graft-versus-host-disease field.

Under our collaboration agreement with Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to our second oral JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, baricitinib, for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In January 2016, Lilly submitted a New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA and a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) to the European Medicines Agency for baricitinib as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. In February 2017, we and Lilly announced that the European Commission approved baricitinib as OLUMIANT for the treatment of

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moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to, or who are intolerant to, one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. In July 2017, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare granted marketing approval for OLUMIANTfor the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with inadequate response to standard-of-care therapies.  In June 2018, the FDA approved the 2mg dose of OLUMIANT for the treatment of adults with moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to one or more tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapies.

Since we began our drug-discovery and development activities in early 2002, we have filed Investigational New Drug (IND) applications and progressed multiple internally developed proprietary compounds into clinical development.

License Agreements and Business Relationships

We establish business relationships, including collaborative arrangements with other companies and medical research institutions to assist in the clinical development and/or commercialization of certain of our drugs and drug candidates and to provide support for our research programs. We also evaluate opportunities for acquiring products or rights to products and technologies that are complementary to our business from other companies and medical research institutions.

Below is a brief description of our significant business relationships and collaborations and related license agreements that expand our pipeline and provide us with certain rights to existing and potential new products and technologies.

Novartis

In November 2009, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Novartis. Under the terms of the agreement, Novartis received exclusive development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to ruxolitinib and certain back‑up compounds for hematologic and oncology indications, including all hematological malignancies, solid tumors and myeloproliferative diseases. We retained exclusive development and commercialization rights to JAKAFI (ruxolitinib) in the United States and in certain other indications. Novartis also received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to our MET inhibitor compound capmatinib and certain back‑up compounds in all indications. We retained options to co‑develop and to co‑promote capmatinib in the United States.

Under this agreement, we received an upfront payment and immediate milestone payment totaling $210.0 million and were initially eligible to receive additional payments of up to approximately $1.2 billion if defined development and commercialization milestones are achieved. We are also eligible to receive tiered, double‑digit royalties ranging from the upper‑teens to the mid‑twenties percent on future ruxolitinib net sales outside of the United States, and tiered, worldwide royalties on future capmatinib net sales that range from 12% to 14%. In addition, Novartis has received reimbursement and pricing approval for ruxolitinib in a specified number of countries, and we are now obligated to pay to Novartis tiered royalties in the low single-digits on future ruxolitinib net sales within the United States. Each company is responsible for costs relating to the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in its respective territories, with costs of collaborative studies shared equally. Novartis is also responsible for all costs relating to the development and commercialization of capmatinib.

In April 2016, we amended this agreement to provide that Novartis has exclusive research, development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to ruxolitinib (excluding topical formulations) in the GVHD field. Under this amendment, we received a $5.0 million payment in exchange for the development and commercialization rights to ruxolitinib in GVHD outside of the United States and became eligible to receive up to $75.0 million of additional potential development and regulatory milestones relating to GVHD.  In March 2017, we recognized a $25.0 million milestone for the first patient first visit in a GVHD study and in December 2017, we recognized a $40.0 million milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $600.0 million. In December 2018, we recognized a $60.0 million milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $900.0 million.

The Novartis agreement will continue on a program‑by‑program basis until Novartis has no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with

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the terms of the agreement. Royalties are payable by Novartis on a product‑by‑product and country‑by‑country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Novartis or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program‑by‑program basis by Novartis for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

Lilly

In December 2009, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Lilly. Under the terms of the agreement, Lilly received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to baricitinib and certain back‑up compounds for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We received an initial payment of $90.0 million, and were initially eligible to receive additional payments of up to $665.0 million based on the achievement of defined development, regulatory and commercialization milestones.

We retained options to co-develop our JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors with Lilly on a compound-by-compound and indication-by-indication basis. Lilly is responsible for all costs relating to the development and commercialization of the compounds unless we elect to co-develop any compounds or indications. If we elect to co-develop any compounds and/or indications, we would be responsible for funding 30% of the associated future global development costs from the initiation of a Phase IIb trial through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority. We would receive an incremental royalty rate increase across all tiers resulting in effective royalty rates ranging up to the high twenties on potential future global net sales for compounds and/or indications that we elect to co-develop.  For indications that we elect not to co-develop, we would receive tiered, double-digit royalty payments on future global net sales with rates ranging up to 20% if the product is successfully commercialized. We previously had retained an option to co-promote products in the United States but, in March 2016, we waived our co-promotion option as part of an amendment to the agreement. 

In July 2010, we elected to co-develop baricitinib with Lilly in rheumatoid arthritis and we are responsible for funding 30% of the associated future global development costs for this indication from the initiation of the Phase IIb trial through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority. We subsequently elected to co-develop baricitinib with Lilly in psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus and axial spondyloarthritis.

In March 2016, we entered into an amendment to the agreement with Lilly that allows us to engage in the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in the GVHD field. We paid Lilly an upfront payment of $35.0 million and Lilly is eligible to receive up to $40.0 million in additional regulatory milestone payments relating to ruxolitinib in the GVHD field.

In February 2017, the European Commission announced the approval of baricitinib as OLUMIANT, triggering a $65.0 million milestone payment from Lilly.  In July 2017, Japan's MHLW granted marketing approval for OLUMIANT, triggering a $15.0 million milestone payment from Lilly.  In December 2017, we recognized a $30.0 million milestone payment for the first patient treated in the atopic dermatitis Phase III program for baricitinib. In June 2018, the FDA approved the 2mg dose of OLUMIANT, triggering a $100.0 million milestone payment from Lilly. In September 2018, we recognized a $20.0 million milestone payment for the first patient treated in systemic lupus erythematosus Phase III program for baricitinib.

The Lilly agreement will continue until Lilly no longer has any royalty payment obligations or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms. Royalties are payable by Lilly on a product‑by‑product and country‑by‑country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Lilly or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated by Lilly for convenience, and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

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Agenus

In January 2015, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Agenus Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, 4-Antibody AG (now known as Agenus Switzerland Inc.), which we collectively refer to as Agenus. Under this agreement, the parties have agreed to collaborate on the discovery of novel immuno-therapeutics using Agenus’ antibody discovery platforms. In February 2017, we and Agenus amended this agreement.

Under the terms of this agreement, as amended, we received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to four checkpoint modulators directed against GITR, OX40, LAG-3 and TIM-3. In addition to the initial four program targets, we and Agenus have the option to jointly nominate and pursue additional targets within the framework of the collaboration, and in November 2015, three more targets were added. Targets may be designated profit-share programs, where all costs and profits are shared equally by us and Agenus, or royalty-bearing programs, where we are responsible for all costs associated with discovery, preclinical, clinical development and commercialization activities. The programs relating to GITR and OX40 and two of the undisclosed targets were profit-share programs until February 2017, while the other targets currently under collaboration are royalty-bearing programs.  The February 2017 amendment converted the programs relating to GITR and OX40 to royalty-bearing programs and removed from the collaboration the profit-share programs relating to the two undisclosed targets, with one reverting to us and one reverting to Agenus.  Should any of those removed programs be successfully developed by a party, the other party will be eligible to receive the same milestone payments as the royalty-bearing programs and royalties at a 15% rate on global net sales.  There are currently no profit-share programs.  For each royalty-bearing product other than GITR and OX40, Agenus will be eligible to receive tiered royalties on global net sales ranging from 6% to 12%.  For GITR and OX40, Agenus will be eligible to receive 15% royalties on global net sales. Under the February 2017 amendment, we paid Agenus $20.0 million in accelerated milestones relating to the clinical development of the GITR and OX40 programs.  Agenus is eligible to receive up to an additional $510.0 million in future contingent development, regulatory and commercialization milestones across all programs in the collaboration.  The agreement may be terminated by us for convenience upon 12 months’ notice and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

Takeda (ARIAD)

In June 2016, we acquired from ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. all of the outstanding shares of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l., the parent company of ARIAD’s European subsidiaries responsible for the development and commercialization of ICLUSIG in the European Union and other countries.  We obtained an exclusive license to develop and commercialize ICLUSIG in Europe and other select countries. ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was subsequently acquired by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited in 2017.  As such, Takeda will be eligible to receive from us tiered royalties on net sales of ICLUSIG in our territory and up to $135.0 million in potential future oncology development and regulatory approval milestone payments, together with additional milestone payments for non-oncology indications, if approved, in our territory.

Merus

In December 2016, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Merus N.V. Under this agreement, which became effective in January 2017, the parties have agreed to collaborate with respect to the research, discovery and development of bispecific antibodies utilizing Merus’ technology platform.  The collaboration encompasses up to eleven independent programs. 

The most advanced collaboration program is MCLA-145, a bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and CD137, for which we received exclusive development and commercialization rights outside of the United States. Merus retained exclusive development and commercialization rights in the United States to MCLA-145.  Each party will share equally the costs of mutually agreed global development activities for MCLA-145, and fund itself any independent development activities in its territory.  Merus will be responsible for commercializing MCLA-145 in the United States and we will be responsible for commercializing it outside of the United States.   

In addition to receiving rights to MCLA-145 outside of the United States, we received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to up to ten additional programs.  Of these ten additional programs, Merus

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retained the option, subject to certain conditions, to co-fund development of up to two such programs.  If Merus exercises its co-funding option for a program, Merus would be responsible for funding 35% of the associated future global development costs and, for certain of such programs, would be responsible for reimbursing us for certain development costs incurred prior to the option exercise.  Merus will also have the right to participate in a specified proportion of detailing activities in the United States for one of those co-developed programs. All costs related to the co-funded collaboration programs are subject to joint research and development plans and overseen by a joint development committee, but we will have final determination as to such plans in cases of dispute.  We will be responsible for all research, development and commercialization costs relating to all other programs. 

In February 2017, we paid Merus an upfront non-refundable payment of $120.0 million. For each program as to which Merus does not have commercialization or development co-funding rights, Merus will be eligible to receive up to $100.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones, and up to $250.0 million in commercialization milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of global net sales.  For each program as to which Merus exercises its option to co-fund development, Merus will be eligible to receive a 50% share of profits (or sustain 50% of any losses) in the United States and be eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of net sales of products outside of the United States.  If Merus opts to cease co-funding a program as to which it exercised its co-development option, then Merus will no longer receive a share of profits in the United States but will be eligible to receive the same milestones from the co-funding termination date and the same tiered royalties described above with respect to programs where Merus does not have a right to co-fund development and, depending on the stage at which Merus chose to cease co-funding development costs, Merus will be eligible to receive additional royalties ranging up to 4% of net sales in the United States.  For MCLA-145, we and Merus will each be eligible to receive tiered royalties on net sales in the other party’s territory at rates ranging from 6% to 10%.  

The Merus agreement will continue on a program-by-program basis until we have no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement.  The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program-by-program basis by us for convenience.  The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement.  If the agreement is terminated with respect to one or more programs, all rights in the terminated programs revert to Merus, subject to payment to us of a reverse royalty of up to 4% on sales of future products, if Merus elects to pursue development and commercialization of products arising from the terminated programs. 

Calithera

In January 2017, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Calithera Biosciences, Inc. Under this agreement, we received an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize small molecule arginase inhibitors, including INCB01158 (CB-1158), which is currently in Phase I clinical trials, for hematology and oncology indications. We have agreed to co-fund 70% of the global development costs for the development of the licensed products for hematology and oncology indications. Calithera will have the right to conduct certain clinical development under the collaboration, including combination studies of a licensed product with a proprietary compound of Calithera. We will be entitled to 60% of the profits and losses from net sales of licensed product in the United States, and Calithera will have the right to co-detail licensed products in the United States, and we have agreed to pay Calithera tiered royalties ranging from the low to mid-double digits on net sales of licensed products outside the United States. Calithera may opt out of its co-funding obligation, in which case the U.S. profit sharing will no longer be in effect, and we have agreed to pay Calithera tiered royalties ranging from the low to mid-double digits on net sales of licensed products both in the United States and outside the United States, and additional royalties to reimburse Calithera for previously incurred development costs. Calithera retains rights to certain arginase inhibitors that are not part of the collaboration for specific orphan indications outside of hematology and oncology, subject to our rights to negotiate a license for any such programs under specified circumstances if Calithera elects to out-license them.

In January 2017, we paid Calithera an upfront license fee of $45.0 million and have agreed to pay potential development, regulatory and sales milestone payments of over $430.0 million if the profit share is in effect, or $750.0 million if the profit share terminates.

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The Calithera agreement will continue on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis for so long as we are developing or commercializing products in the United States (if the parties are sharing profits in the United States) and until we have no further royalty payment obligations, unless earlier terminated according to the terms of the agreement. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a product-by-product and/or a country-by-country basis by us for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by us for Calithera’s uncured material breach, by Calithera for our uncured material breach and by either party for bankruptcy or patent challenge. If the agreement is terminated early with respect to one or more products or countries, all rights in the terminated products and countries revert to Calithera.

MacroGenics

In October 2017, we entered into a Global Collaboration and License Agreement with MacroGenics. Under this agreement, we received exclusive development and commercialization rights worldwide to MacroGenics’ INCMGA0012, an investigational monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD-1. Except as set forth in the succeeding sentence, we will have sole authority over and bear all costs and expenses in connection with the development and commercialization of INCMGA0012 in all indications, whether as a monotherapy or as part of a combination regimen.  MacroGenics has retained the right to develop and commercialize, at its cost and expense, its pipeline assets in combination with INCMGA0012.  In addition, MacroGenics has the right to manufacture a portion of both companies’ global clinical and commercial supply needs of INCMGA0012.  In December 2017, we paid MacroGenics an upfront payment of $150.0 million. MacroGenics will be eligible to receive up to $420.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones, and up to $330.0 million in commercial milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 15% to 24% of global net sales.

The MacroGenics agreement will continue until we are no longer commercializing, developing or manufacturing INCMGA0012 or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms.  The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a licensed product by licensed product basis by us for convenience.  The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement.

Syros

In January 2018, we entered into a target discovery, research collaboration and option agreement with Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Under this agreement, Syros will use its proprietary gene control platform to identify novel therapeutic targets with a focus in myeloproliferative neoplasms and we have received options to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to intellectual property resulting from the collaboration for up to seven validated targets.  We will have exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize any therapies under the collaboration that modulate those validated targets.  We paid Syros $2.5 million in cash for access to proprietary technology and $7.5 million in cash for research and development services. We have agreed to pay Syros up to $54.0 million in target selection and option exercise fees should we decide to exercise all of our options under the agreement. For products resulting from the collaboration against each of the seven selected and validated targets, we have agreed to pay up to $50.0 million in potential development and regulatory milestones and up to $65.0 million in potential commercial milestones. Syros is also eligible to receive low single-digit royalties on net sales of products resulting from the collaboration.

Innovent

In December 2018, we entered into a research collaboration and licensing agreement with Innovent Biologics, Inc. Under the terms of this agreement, Innovent received exclusive development and commercialization rights to our clinical-stage product candidates pemigatinib, itacitinib and parsaclisib in hematology and oncology in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. In January 2019, we received an upfront payment under this agreement of $40.0 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive $20.0 million in connection with the first related IND filing in China, up to $129.0 million in potential development and regulatory milestones, and up to $202.5 million in potential commercial milestones. We are also eligible to receive tiered royalties from the high-teens to the low-twenties on future sales of products resulting from the collaboration. We retain an option to assist in the promotion of the three product candidates in the Innovent territories.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form our basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe the following critical accounting policies reflect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. See Note 1 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a complete list of our significant accounting policies.

Revenue Recognition. We adopted the new accounting standard for the recognition of revenue under ASC 606 for the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2018. Under this standard, we recognize revenue only when we have satisfied a performance obligation through transferring control of the promised good or service to a customer. Control, in this instance, may mean the ability to prevent other entities from directing the use of, and receiving benefit from, a good or service. The standard indicates that an entity must determine at contract inception whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time through analysis of the following criteria: (i) the entity has a present right to payment, (ii) the customer has legal title, (iii) the customer has physical possession, (iv) the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership and (v) the customer has accepted the asset. We assess collectability based primarily on the customer’s payment history and on the creditworthiness of the customer. For additional information on the new accounting standard for the recognition of revenue see Note 1 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Product Revenues

Our product revenues consist of U.S. sales of JAKAFI and European sales of ICLUSIG.  Product revenues are recognized once we satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time under the revenue recognition criteria as described above. We recognize revenues for product received by our customers net of allowances for customer credits, including estimated rebates, chargebacks, discounts, returns, distribution service fees, patient assistance programs, and government rebates, such as Medicare Part D coverage gap reimbursements in the U.S. These sales allowances and accruals are recorded based on estimates which are described in detail below.  Estimates are assessed as of the end of each reporting period and are updated to reflect current information.  We believe that our sales allowances and accruals are reasonable and appropriate based on current facts and circumstances.

Customer Credits: Our customers are offered various forms of consideration, including allowances, service fees and prompt payment discounts. We expect our customers will earn prompt payment discounts and, therefore, we deduct the full amount of these discounts from total product sales when revenues are recognized. Service fees are also deducted from total product sales as they are earned.

Rebates and Discounts:  We accrue rebates for mandated discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program in the U.S. and mandated discounts in Europe in markets where government-sponsored healthcare systems are the primary payers for healthcare. These accruals are based on statutory discount rates and expected utilization as well as historical data we have accumulated since product launch. Our estimates for expected utilization of rebates are based on data received from our customers. Rebates are generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarters’ unpaid rebates. If actual future rebates vary from estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Chargebacks: Chargebacks are discounts that occur when certain contracted customers purchase directly from our wholesalers at a discounted price. The wholesalers, in turn, charges back to us the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesalers and the discounted price paid by the contracted customers. In addition to actual chargebacks received, we maintain an accrual for chargebacks based on the estimated contractual discounts on the inventory levels on

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hand in our distribution channel.  If actual future chargebacks vary from these estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Medicare Part D Coverage Gap:  Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit mandates manufacturers to fund 50% of the Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap for prescription drugs sold to eligible patients. Our estimates for the expected Medicare Part D coverage gap are based on historical invoices received and in part from data received from our customers. Funding of the coverage gap is generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarters. If actual future funding varies from estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Co-payment Assistance:  Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co-payment assistance. We accrue a liability for co-payment assistance based on actual program participation and estimates of program redemption using data provided by third-party administrators.

Product Royalty Revenues

Royalty revenues on commercial sales for JAKAVI by Novartis are estimated based on information provided by Novartis. Royalty revenues on commercial sales for OLUMIANT by Lilly are estimated based on information provided by Lilly. We exercise judgment in determining whether the information provided is sufficiently reliable for us to base our royalty revenue recognition thereon. If actual royalties vary from estimates, we may need to adjust the prior period, which would affect royalty revenue and receivable in the period of adjustment.

Milestone and Contract Revenues

Our license agreements often include contractual milestones, which typically relate to the achievement of pre-specified development, regulatory and commercialization events outside of our control, such as regulatory approval of a compound, first patient dosing or achievement of sales-based thresholds. For such cases, we believe that revenue related to these events should not be recognized until the milestone has been achieved.

Stock Compensation.    Share-based payment transactions with employees, which include stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance shares (PSUs), are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period based on their estimated fair values at the date of grant as well as expected forfeiture rates based on actual experience. The stock compensation process requires significant judgment and the use of estimates, particularly surrounding Black-Scholes assumptions such as stock price volatility over the option term and expected option lives, as well as expected forfeiture rates and the probability of PSUs vesting. The fair value of stock options, which are subject to graded vesting, are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.  The fair value of RSUs that are subject to cliff vesting are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the straight-line attribution method, and the fair value of RSUs that are subject to graded vesting are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.  The fair value of PSUs are recognized as compensation expense beginning at the time in which the performance conditions are deemed probable of achievement. We assess the probably of achievement of performance conditions, including projected product revenues and clinical development milestones, as of the end of each reporting period. Once a performance condition is considered probable, we record compensation expense based on the portion of the service period elapsed to date with respect to that award, with a cumulative catch-up, net of estimated forfeitures, and recognize any remaining compensation expense, if any, over the remaining requisite service period using the straight-line attribution method for PSUs that are subject to cliff vesting and using the accelerated attribution method for PSUs that are subject to graded vesting.

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes using an asset and liability approach to financial accounting for income taxes.  Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for years in which the basis differences are expected to reverse. We periodically assess the likelihood of the realization of deferred tax assets, and reduce the carrying amount of these deferred tax assets to an amount that is considered to be more-likely-than-

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not to be realizable. Our assessment considers recent cumulative earnings experience, projections of future taxable income (losses) and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.  When performing our assessment on projections of future taxable income (losses), we consider factors such as the likelihood of regulatory approval and commercial success of products currently under development, among other factors.   Significant judgment is required in making this assessment and, to the extent that a reversal of any portion of our valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets is deemed appropriate, a tax benefit will be recognized against our income tax provision in the period of such reversal.

We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit that is recorded for these positions is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We adjust the level of the liability to reflect any subsequent changes in the relevant facts surrounding the uncertain positions. Any interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions are included within the tax provision.

We record estimates and prepare and file tax returns in various jurisdictions across the U.S., Europe, and Asia based upon our interpretation of local tax laws and regulations.  While we exercise significant judgment when applying complex tax laws and regulations in these various taxing jurisdictions, many of our tax returns are open to audit, and may be subject to future tax, interest, and penalty assessments.

We believe our estimates for the valuation allowances against certain deferred tax assets and the amount of benefits associated with uncertain tax positions recognized in our financial statements are appropriate based upon our assessment of the factors mentioned above.   

Acquisition-related contingent consideration.  Acquisition-related contingent consideration, which consists of our future royalty and certain potential milestone obligations to ARIAD/Takeda, was recorded on the acquisition date at the estimated fair value of the obligation, in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting. The fair value of the contingent consideration was determined using an income approach based on estimated ICLUSIG revenues in the European Union and other countries. As the fair value measurement is based on significant inputs that are unobservable in the market, this represents a Level 3 measurement.

The fair value of the acquisition-related contingent consideration is remeasured each reporting period, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. The assumptions used to determine the fair value of the acquisition-related contingent consideration include projected ICLUSIG revenues and discount rates which, require significant judgement and are analyzed on a quarterly basis. While we use the best available information to prepare our projected ICLUSIG revenues and discount rate assumptions, actual ICLUSIG revenues and/or market conditions could differ significantly.  Changes to one or multiple inputs could have a material impact on the amount of acquisition-related contingent consideration expense recorded during the reporting period.

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Results of Operations

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

We recorded net income for the year ended December 31, 2018 of $109.5 million and net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $313.1 million. On a per share basis, basic net income was $0.52 and diluted net income was $0.51 for the year ended December 31, 2018.  On a per share basis, basic and diluted net loss was $1.53 for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Revenues

	For the Year Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017
	(in millions)
JAKAFI revenues, net	$	1,387.0	$	1,133.4
ICLUSIG revenues, net		79.9		66.9
Total product revenues, net		1,466.9		1,200.3
JAKAVI product royalty revenues		194.7		151.7
OLUMIANT product royalty revenues		40.1		9.1
Total product royalty revenues		234.8		160.8
Milestone and contract revenues		180.0		175.0
Other revenues		0.2		0.1
Total revenues	$	1,881.9	$	1,536.2

Our product revenues, net for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, were $1.5 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively. The increase in JAKAFI product revenues was comprised of a volume increase of $166.1 million and a price increase of $87.5 million. Our product revenues may fluctuate from period to period due to our customers’ purchasing patterns over the course of a year, including as a result of increased inventory building by customers in advance of expected or announced price increases. Product revenues are recorded net of estimated product returns, pricing discounts including rebates offered pursuant to mandatory federal and state government programs and chargebacks, prompt pay discounts and distribution fees and co-pay assistance. Our revenue recognition policies require estimates of the aforementioned sales allowances each period.

The following table provides a summary of activity with respect to our sales allowances and accruals:

					Co-Pay
	Discounts and		Government		Assistance
	Distribution		Rebates and		and Other		Product
Year Ended  December 31, 2018	Fees		Chargebacks		Discounts		Returns		Total
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	4,080	$	30,938	$	338	$	1,692	$	37,048
Allowances for current period sales		41,299		193,246		6,501		1,361		242,407
Allowances for prior period sales		40		1,153		6		76		1,275
Credits/payments for current period sales		(36,602)		(162,840)		(6,205)		(68)		(205,715)
Credits/payments for prior period sales		(3,692)		(22,760)		(93)		(791)		(27,336)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	5,125	$	39,737	$	547	$	2,270	$	47,679

Government rebates and chargebacks are the most significant component of our sales allowances. Increases in certain government reimbursement rates are limited to a measure of inflation, and when the price of a drug increases faster than this measure of inflation it will result in a penalty adjustment factor that causes a larger sales allowance to those government related entities. We expect government rebates and chargebacks as a percentage of our gross product sales will continue to increase in connection with any future JAKAFI price increases greater than the rate of inflation, and any such increase in these government rebates and chargebacks will have a negative impact on our reported product revenues, net. We adjust our estimates for government rebates and chargebacks based on new information regarding actual rebates as it becomes available.  Claims by third-party payors for rebates and chargebacks are frequently submitted after the period

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in which the related sales occurred, which may result in adjustments to prior period accrual balances in the period in which the new information becomes available.  We also adjust our allowance for product returns based on new information regarding actual returns as it becomes available. 

We expect our sales allowances to fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of the Medicare Part D Coverage Gap, the volume of purchases eligible for government mandated discounts and rebates as well as changes in discount percentages which are impacted by potential future price increases, rate of inflation, and other factors.

Product royalty revenues on commercial sales of JAKAVI by Novartis are based on net sales of licensed products in licensed territories as provided by Novartis. Product royalty revenues on commercial sales of OLUMIANT by Lilly are based on net sales of licensed products in licensed territories as provided by Lilly.

Our milestone and contract revenues were $180.0 million and $175.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and were derived from milestone payments from Lilly and Novartis earned during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2018, under the Lilly agreement, we recognized a $20.0 million development milestone for the first patient treated in systemic lupus erythematosus Phase III program for baricitinib and a $100.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of the 2mg dose of OLUMIANT for the treatment of moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients by the FDA and under the Novartis agreement, we recognized a $60.0 million milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $900.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, under the Lilly agreement, we recognized a $30.0 million development milestone for the first patient treated in the atopic dermatitis Phase III program for baricitinib, $15.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare and a $65.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of baricitinib for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients by the European Commission and under the Novartis agreement, we recognized a $40.0 million sales milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $600.0 million and a $25.0 million development milestone based on the formal initiation by Novartis of a Phase III clinical trial evaluating ruxolitinib in GVHD. 

Cost of Product Revenues

	For the Year Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017
	(in millions)
Product costs	$	9.6	$	7.5
Royalty expense		63.0		50.5
Amortization of definite-lived intangible assets		21.5		21.5
Total cost of product revenues	$	94.1	$	79.5

Cost of product revenues includes all JAKAFI related product costs, all ICLUSIG related product costs, low single-digit royalties to Novartis on all sales of JAKAFI in the United States and amortization of our licensed intellectual property for ICLUSIG using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 12.5 years. Cost of product revenues increased from 2017 to 2018 due primarily to increased royalties to Novartis on all JAKAFI sales in the United States.

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Operating Expenses

Research and development expenses 

	For the Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017
	(in millions)
Salary and benefits related	$	216.1	$	198.1
Stock compensation		101.1		90.4
Clinical research and outside services		779.0		956.8
Occupancy and all other costs		101.8		80.8
Total research and development expenses	$	1,198.0	$	1,326.1

We account for research and development costs by natural expense line and not costs by project. Salary and benefits related expense increased from 2017 to 2018 due primarily to increased development headcount to sustain our development pipeline. Stock compensation expense may fluctuate from period to period based on the number of awards granted, stock price volatility and expected award lives, as well as expected award forfeiture rates which are used to value equity‑based compensation.

The decrease in clinical research and outside services expense from 2017 to 2018 was primarily due to upfront and milestone expenses related to our collaborative agreements. Specifically, we recorded $359.1 million related to our collaborative agreements with Agenus, Calithera, MacroGenics and Merus during 2017 and $52.4 million related mainly to our collaborative agreements with Agenus, MacroGenics and Syros during 2018.  Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were net of $10.5 million and $18.6 million, respectively, of costs reimbursed by our collaborative partners. In addition to one-time expenses resulting from upfront fees in connection with the entry into any new or amended collaboration agreements, research and development expenses may fluctuate from period to period depending upon the stage of certain projects and the level of pre‑clinical and clinical trial related activities. Many factors can affect the cost and timing of our clinical trials, including requests by regulatory agencies for more information, inconclusive results requiring additional clinical trials, slow patient enrollment, adverse side effects among patients, insufficient supplies for our clinical trials and real or perceived lack of effectiveness or safety of our investigational drugs in our clinical trials. In addition, the development of all of our products will be subject to extensive governmental regulation. These factors make it difficult for us to predict the timing and costs of the further development and approval of our products.

In July 2010, we elected to co‑develop baricitinib with Lilly in rheumatoid arthritis and we are responsible for funding 30% of the associated future global development costs for this indication from the initiation of the Phase IIb trial through regulatory approval. We subsequently elected to co-develop baricitinib with Lilly in psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus and axial spondyloarthritis and are responsible for funding 30% of future global development costs for those indications through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority. Research and development expenses recorded under the Lilly agreement representing 30% of the global development costs for baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, systematic lupus erythematosus and axial spondyloarthritis were $68.6 million and $40.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We have retained certain mechanisms to give us cost protection as baricitinib advances in clinical development. We can defer our portion of co-development study costs by indication if they exceed a predetermined level. This deferment would be credited against future milestones or royalties and we would still be eligible for the full incremental royalties related to the co-development option. In addition, even if we have started co-development funding for any indication, we can at any time opt out, which will stop future co-development cost sharing. If we elect to do this we would still be eligible for our base royalties plus an incremental pro-rated royalty commensurate with our contribution to the total co-development cost for those indications for which we contributed funding.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we wrote-off the acquired IPR&D asset of $12.0 million due to the discontinuation of the OPTIC-2L study, which was recorded in research and development expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses

	For the Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017
	(in millions)
Salary and benefits related	$	114.3	$	105.6
Stock compensation		47.1		42.7
Other contract services and outside costs		273.0		218.0
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	434.4	$	366.3

Salary and benefits related expense increased from 2017 to 2018 due to increased headcount. This increased headcount was due primarily to the ongoing commercialization efforts related to JAKAFI for intermediate or high‑risk myelofibrosis and uncontrolled polycythemia vera, as well as increased headcount related to our European operations.    Stock compensation expense may fluctuate from period to period based on the number of awards granted, stock price volatility and expected award lives, as well as expected award forfeiture rates which are used to value equity‑based compensation. The increase in other contract services and outside costs was primarily the result of an increase in donations to independent non-profit patient assistance organizations in the United States and additional costs related to the commercialization of JAKAFI.

Change in fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration

Acquisition-related contingent consideration, which consists of our future royalty and certain potential milestone obligations to Takeda, was recorded on the acquisition date, June 1, 2016, at the estimated fair value of the obligation, in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting. The fair value of the acquisition-related contingent consideration is remeasured quarterly.  The change in fair value of the acquisition-related contingent consideration for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $26.2 million and $7.7 million, respectively. The change in fair value of the contingent consideration for the year ended December 31, 2018 was due primarily to the passage of time as there were no other significant changes in the key assumptions during the periods. The change in fair value of the contingent consideration for the year ended December 31, 2017 was due to the passage of time and a benefit of $24.0 million recorded during the third quarter of 2017 related to the lack of expected future sales royalties payable due to the discontinued OPTIC-2L clinical trial.

Other income (expense)

Other income (expense), net.  Other income (expense), net, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $31.8 million and $17.2 million, respectively. The increase in other income (expense), net primarily relates to interest income and refundable research and development credits from the state of Delaware. 

Interest expense.  Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, was $1.5 million and $6.9 million, respectively. Included in interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $1.2 million and $6.1 million, respectively, of non‑cash charges to amortize the discounts on our convertible senior notes due November 2018 and November 2020.

Unrealized loss on long term investments. Unrealized gains and losses on long term investments will fluctuate from period to period, based on the change in fair value of the securities we hold in our publicly held collaboration partners. With respect to our long term investment in Agenus, the unrealized loss on investment for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, was $15.6 million and $13.6 million, respectively. With respect to our long term investment in Merus, the unrealized loss on investment for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, was $17.3 million and $10.7 million, respectively. With respect to our long term investment in Calithera, the unrealized loss for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $7.5 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the unrealized gain on investment in Calithera of $2.8 million was recorded within other comprehensive income, prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, as described in Note 1 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. With respect to our long term investment in Syros, the unrealized loss for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $3.7 million.

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Expense related to senior note conversions. Expense related to senior note conversions for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $54.9 million on the conversions of our 2018 Notes and 2020 Notes.

Provision for income taxes. The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, was $5.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively.  The increase in provision for income taxes primarily related to an increase in state taxes due to higher taxable income in 2018 sourced to certain states.

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

We recorded a net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $313.1 million and net income for the year ended December 31, 2016 of $104.2 million. On a per share basis, basic and diluted net loss was $1.53 for the year ended December 31, 2017.  On a per share basis, basic net income was $0.55 and diluted net income was $0.54 for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Revenues

	For the Year Ended,
	December 31,
	2017		2016
	(in millions)
JAKAFI revenues, net	$	1,133.4	$	852.8
ICLUSIG revenues, net		66.9		29.6
Total product revenues, net		1,200.3		882.4
JAKAVI product royalty revenues		151.7		110.7
OLUMIANT product royalty revenues		9.1		—
Total product royalty revenues		160.8		110.7
Milestone and contract revenues		175.0		112.5
Other revenues		0.1		0.1
Total revenues	$	1,536.2	$	1,105.7

Our product revenues, net for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, were $1.2 billion and $882.4 million, respectively. The increase in JAKAFI product revenues was comprised of a volume increase of $204.6 million and a price increase of $76.0 million. ICLUSIG product revenues commenced in June 2016 following the Acquisition.

The following table provides a summary of activity with respect to our sales allowances and accruals for the year ended December 31, 2017:

					Co-Pay
	Discounts and		Government		Assistance
	Distribution		Rebates and		and Other		Product
Year Ended  December 31, 2017	Fees		Chargebacks		Discounts		Returns		Total
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	2,818	$	22,412	$	199	$	1,211	$	26,640
Allowances for current period sales		32,822		141,884		4,051		1,861		180,618
Allowances for prior period sales		(59)		(1,883)		(10)		(353)		(2,305)
Credits/payments for current period sales		(30,701)		(114,312)		(3,885)		(91)		(148,989)
Credits/payments for prior period sales		(800)		(17,163)		(17)		(936)		(18,916)
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	4,080	$	30,938	$	338	$	1,692	$	37,048

Government rebates and chargebacks are the most significant component of our sales allowances. Increases in certain government reimbursement rates are limited to a measure of inflation, and when the price of a drug increases faster than this measure of inflation it will result in a penalty adjustment factor that causes a larger sales allowance to those government related entities.

Our milestone and contract revenues were $175.0 million and $112.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2017, milestone and contract revenues were derived from

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milestone payments from Lilly and Novartis earned during the period. For the year ended December 31, 2016, milestone and contract revenues were derived from the straight-line recognition of revenue associated with the Lilly upfront fees over the estimated performance period as well as milestone payments from Lilly and Novartis earned during the period. The upfront fees related to the Lilly agreement consisted of a $90.0 million upfront payment received in 2010. The increase in milestone and contract revenues from 2016 to 2017 primarily relates to the recognition of $45.0 million in milestone payments from Novartis, $55.0 million in milestone payments from Lilly and $12.5 million in revenue from the Lilly upfront fees in 2016 compared to the recognition of $65.0 million in milestone payments from Novartis and $110.0 million in milestone payments from Lilly in 2017.

Cost of Product Revenues

	For the Year Ended,
	December 31,
	2017		2016
	(in millions)
Product costs	$	7.5	$	8.8
Royalty expense		50.5		36.8
Amortization of definite-lived intangible assets		21.5		12.6
Total cost of product revenues	$	79.5	$	58.2

Cost of product revenues includes all JAKAFI related product costs, all ICLUSIG related product costs and low single-digit royalties to Novartis on all sales of JAKAFI in the United States. The ICLUSIG inventories were recorded at fair value less costs to sell in connection with the Acquisition, which resulted in a higher cost of ICLUSIG product revenues over a one year period from the acquisition date.  Subsequent to the Acquisition on June 1, 2016, cost of product revenues also included the amortization of our licensed intellectual property for ICLUSIG using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 12.5 years.

Cost of product revenues was $79.5 million and $58.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Cost of product revenues increased from 2016 to 2017 due primarily to an increase of $13.7 million in royalties to Novartis on all JAKAFI sales in the United States and amortization of $8.9 million of our licensed intellectual property acquired on June 1, 2016.

Operating Expenses

Research and development expenses 

	For the Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2017		2016
	(in millions)
Salary and benefits related	$	198.4	$	138.1
Stock compensation		90.4		59.6
Clinical research and outside services		956.8		328.0
Occupancy and all other costs		80.8		56.2
Total research and development expenses	$	1,326.4	$	581.9

The increase in clinical research and outside services expense from 2016 to 2017 was primarily due to upfront and milestone expenses related to our collaborative agreements, as well as an overall increase in development costs to advance our clinical pipeline.  Specifically, we recorded $359.1 million in charges for the new Calithera, MacroGenics and Merus agreements, and the amended Agenus agreement, during the year ended December 31, 2017.  Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were net of $18.6 million and $13.4 million, respectively, of costs reimbursed by our collaborative partners.

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Research and development expenses recorded under the Lilly agreement representing 30% of the global development costs for baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis were $40.8 million and $27.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we wrote-off the acquired IPR&D asset of $12.0 million due to the discontinuation of the OPTIC-2L study, which was recorded in research and development expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

	For the Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2017		2016
	(in millions)
Salary and benefits related	$	105.7	$	80.8
Stock compensation		42.7		36.6
Other contract services and outside costs		218.0		185.9
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	366.4	$	303.3

Salary and benefits related expense increased from 2016 to 2017 due to increased headcount. This increased headcount was due primarily to the ongoing commercialization efforts related to JAKAFI for intermediate or high‑risk myelofibrosis and uncontrolled polycythemia vera, as well as increased headcount related to the Acquisition on June 1, 2016 and subsequent expansion of our European commercial and development operations. Stock compensation expense may fluctuate from period to period based on the number of awards granted, stock price volatility and expected award lives, as well as expected award forfeiture rates which are used to value equity‑based compensation. The increase in other contract services and outside costs was primarily the result of marketing activities for JAKAFI for intermediate or high‑risk myelofibrosis and uncontrolled polycythemia vera in addition to an increase in donations to independent non-profit patient assistance organizations in the United States. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 included expenses related to the Acquisition on June 1, 2016.

Change in fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration

Acquisition-related contingent consideration, which consists of our future royalty and certain potential milestone obligations to ARIAD/Takeda, was recorded on the acquisition date, June 1, 2016, at the estimated fair value of the obligation, in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting. The fair value of the acquisition-related contingent consideration was remeasured as of December 31, 2017, resulting in expense of $7.7 million which is recorded in change in fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration on the consolidated statements of operations.  The change in fair value of the contingent consideration for the year ended December 31, 2017 was due to the passage of time and a benefit of $24.0 million recorded during the third quarter of 2017 related to the lack of expected future sales royalties payable due to the discontinued OPTIC-2L clinical trial. The change in fair value of the acquisition-related contingent consideration for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $17.4 million. The change in fair value of the contingent consideration as of December 31, 2016 was primarily due to the time value of money as there were no other significant changes in the key assumptions used in the fair value calculation at the date of acquisition, including the discount rate utilized and the estimated future projections of ICLUSIG revenues.

Other income (expense)

Other income (expense), net.  Other income (expense), net, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $17.5 million and $4.4 million, respectively. The increase in other income (expense), net primarily related to refundable research and development credits from the state of Delaware. 

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Interest expense.  Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, was $6.9 million and $38.7 million, respectively. Included in interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $6.1 million and $31.6 million, respectively, of non‑cash charges to amortize the discounts on our convertible senior notes due November 2018 and November 2020.

Unrealized loss on long term investments. The unrealized loss on our long term investment in Agenus for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, was $13.6 million and $3.3 million, respectively. The unrealized loss on our long term investment in Merus for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $10.7 million.

Expense related to senior note conversions. Expense related to senior note conversions for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $54.9 million on the conversions of our convertible senior notes due November 2018 and November 2020.

Provision for income taxes. The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, was $0.9 million and $3.2 million, respectively. The decrease in provision for income taxes primarily related to a decrease in state taxes due to lower taxable income in 2017 sourced to certain states partially offset by increased foreign tax expense on our first full year of ICLUSIG product revenues.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

	2018		2017		2016
	(in millions)
December 31:
Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities	$	1,438.3	$	1,169.6	$	808.5
Working capital	$	1,407.0	$	1,129.5	$	720.7
Year ended December 31:
Cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	336.2	$	(93.0)	$	304.8
Investing activities	$	(86.4)	$	(350.0)	$	(232.5)
Financing activities	$	14.7	$	690.2	$	44.6
Capital expenditures (included in investing activities above)	$	(73.5)	$	(111.0)	$	(120.3)

Sources and Uses of Cash.

Due to historical net losses, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2018. We have funded our research and development operations through sales of equity securities, the issuance of convertible notes, cash received from customers, and collaborative arrangements. At December 31, 2018, we had available cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $1.4 billion. Our cash and marketable securities balances are held in a variety of interest-bearing instruments, including money market accounts, corporate debt securities and U.S. government securities. Available cash is invested in accordance with our investment policy’s primary objectives of liquidity, safety of principal and diversity of investments.

Cash provided by (used in) operating activities.  The $429.2 million increase in cash provided by operating activities from 2017 to 2018 was due primarily to our increased product revenues, decreases in payments made to our collaborative partners for new or amended arrangements and changes in working capital. The $397.8 million decrease in cash provided by operating activities from 2016 to 2017 was due primarily to the payments made to our collaborative partners in 2017 and changes in working capital.

Cash used in investing activities.  Our investing activities, other than purchases, sales and maturities of marketable securities, have consisted predominantly of capital expenditures and purchases of long term investments. During 2018, net cash used in investing activities was $86.4 million, which represents purchases of marketable securities of $159.9 million, capital expenditures of $73.5 million, and purchases of long term investments of $8.9 million, offset in part by the sale and maturity of marketable securities of $155.9 million. During 2017, net cash used in investing activities was $350.0 million, which represents purchases of marketable securities of $260.8 million, capital expenditures

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of $111.0 million, and purchases of long term investments of $123.9 million, offset in part by the sale and maturity of marketable securities of $145.7 million.  During 2016, net cash used in investing activities was $232.5 million, which represents purchases of marketable securities of $57.4 million, capital expenditures of $120.3 million, and acquisition of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. for net cash of $142.9 million, offset in part by the sale and maturity of marketable securities of $88.0 million. In the future, net cash used by investing activities may fluctuate significantly from period to period due to the timing of strategic equity investments, acquisitions, capital expenditures and maturities/sales and purchases of marketable securities.

Cash provided by financing activities.  During 2018, net cash provided by financing activities was $14.7 million, consisting primarily of proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our stock plans, offset in part by cash paid to ARIAD/Takeda for contingent consideration. During 2017, net cash provided by financing activities was $690.2 million, consisting primarily of proceeds from issuance of common stock in our September 2017 public offering and, to a lesser extent, proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our stock plans, offset in part by cash paid to ARIAD/Takeda for contingent consideration and cash paid in connection with senior note conversions. During 2016, net cash provided by financing activities was $44.6 million, consisting primarily of proceeds from issuance of common stock under our stock plans, offset in part by cash paid to ARIAD/Takeda for contingent consideration.

The following summarizes our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 and the effect those obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods (in millions):

			Less Than		Years		Years		Over
	Total		1 Year		2 - 3		4 - 5		5 Years
Contractual Obligations:
Principal on convertible senior debt	$	19.1	$	—	$	19.1	$	—	$	—
Interest on convertible senior debt		0.4		0.2		0.2		—		—
Non-cancelable lease obligations		71.7		13.6		13.4		8.8		35.9
Total contractual obligations	$	91.2	$	13.8	$	32.7	$	8.8	$	35.9

We have entered into and may in the future seek to license additional rights relating to technologies or drug development candidates in connection with our drug discovery and development programs. Under these licenses, we may be required to pay upfront fees, milestone payments, and royalties on sales of future products, which are not reflected in the table above.

In February 2018, we signed an agreement to rent a building in Morges, Switzerland for an initial term of 15 years, with multiple options to extend for an additional 20 years. The building will undergo extensive renovations prior to our occupation and, when completed, will serve as our new European headquarters. Once construction is complete, our future rental payments over the 15 year term are approximately $41.9 million, which excludes the remaining build-out costs to be paid by us.

We believe that our cash flow from operations, together with our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be adequate to satisfy our capital needs for the foreseeable future. Our cash requirements depend on numerous factors, including our expenditures in connection with our drug discovery and development programs and commercialization operations; expenditures in connection with litigation or other legal proceedings; costs for future facility requirements; our receipt of any milestone or other payments under any collaborative agreements we may enter into, including the agreements with Novartis, Lilly and Innovent; and expenditures in connection with strategic relationships and license agreements, including our agreements with Agenus, ARIAD/Takeda, Calithera, Lilly, MacroGenics, Merus and Syros, strategic equity investments or potential acquisitions. To the extent we seek to augment our existing cash resources and cash flow from operations to satisfy our cash requirements for future acquisitions or other strategic purposes, we expect that additional funding can be obtained through equity or debt financings or from other sources. The sale of equity or additional convertible debt securities in the future may be dilutive to our stockholders, and may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our holders of common stock. Debt financing arrangements may require us to pledge certain assets or enter into covenants that could restrict our operations or our ability to incur further indebtedness.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off‑balance sheet arrangements other than those that are discussed above.

Item 7A.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our investments in marketable securities, which are composed primarily of corporate debt securities and U.S. government securities, are subject to default, changes in credit rating and changes in market value. These investments are also subject to interest rate risk and will decrease in value if market interest rates increase. As of December 31, 2018, marketable securities were $274.3 million. Due to the nature of these investments, if market interest rates were to increase immediately and uniformly by 10% from levels as of December 31, 2018, the decline in fair value would not be material.

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Item 8.  Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

INDEX

	Page
Consolidated Financial Statements of Incyte Corporation
Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	74
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017	75
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	76
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	77
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	78
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	79
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	80
Interim Consolidated Financial Information (unaudited)	120

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Incyte Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Incyte Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).  In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 14, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits.  We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/  Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1991.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

February 14, 2019

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INCYTE CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except number of shares and par value)

	December 31,
	2018		2017
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,163,980	$	899,509
Marketable securities—available-for-sale		274,343		270,136
Accounts receivable		307,598		266,299
Inventory		6,967		6,482
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		79,366		62,428
Total current assets		1,832,254		1,504,854
Restricted cash and investments		1,006		925
Long term investments		99,199		134,356
Inventory		3,438		7,966
Property and equipment, net		319,751		259,763
Other intangible assets, net		215,364		236,901
Goodwill		155,593		155,593
Other assets, net		19,157		2,224
Total assets	$	2,645,762	$	2,302,582
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	103,827	$	67,671
Accrued compensation		60,176		74,550
Interest payable		29		33
Accrued and other current liabilities		229,401		198,901
Convertible senior notes		—		7,393
Acquisition-related contingent consideration		31,844		26,848
Total current liabilities		425,277		375,396
Convertible senior notes		17,434		16,608
Acquisition-related contingent consideration		255,157		260,152
Other liabilities		21,927		19,797
Total liabilities		719,795		671,953
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017		—		—
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 400,000,000 shares authorized; 213,274,660 and 211,262,906 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		213		211
Additional paid-in capital		3,813,678		3,627,433
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(10,165)		(7,010)
Accumulated deficit		(1,877,759)		(1,990,005)
Total stockholders’ equity		1,925,967		1,630,629
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,645,762	$	2,302,582

See accompanying notes.

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INCYTE CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Revenues:
Product revenues, net	$	1,466,900	$	1,200,312	$	882,404
Product royalty revenues		234,780		160,791		110,711
Milestone and contract revenues		180,000		175,000		112,512
Other revenues		203		113		92
Total revenues		1,881,883		1,536,216		1,105,719
Costs and expenses:
Cost of product revenues (including definite-lived intangible amortization)		94,123		79,479		58,187
Research and development		1,197,957		1,326,134		581,861
Selling, general and administrative		434,407		366,286		303,251
Change in fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration		26,173		7,704		17,422
Total costs and expenses		1,752,660		1,779,603		960,721
Income (loss) from operations		129,223		(243,387)		144,998
Other income (expense), net		31,760		17,153		4,412
Interest expense		(1,543)		(6,900)		(38,745)
Unrealized loss on long term investments		(44,093)		(24,275)		(3,261)
Expense related to senior note conversions		—		(54,881)		—
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes		115,347		(312,290)		107,404
Provision for income taxes		5,854		852		3,182
Net income (loss)	$	109,493	$	(313,142)	$	104,222
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic		0.52		(1.53)		0.55
Diluted		0.51		(1.53)		0.54
Shares used in computing net income (loss) per share:
Basic		212,383		204,580		187,873
Diluted		215,635		204,580		194,125

See accompanying notes.

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INCYTE CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Net income (loss)	$	109,493	$	(313,142)	$	104,222
Other comprehensive loss:
Foreign currency translation		91		(39)		(9)
Unrealized gain on marketable securities, net of tax		203		1,615		504
Reclassification adjustment for realized loss on marketable securities		—		—		178
Defined benefit pension obligations, net of tax		(696)		(5,700)		(2,750)
Other comprehensive loss		(402)		(4,124)		(2,077)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	109,091	$	(317,266)	$	102,145

See accompanying notes.

77

INCYTE CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, except number of shares)

					Accumulated
			Additional		Other				Total
	Common		Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Stock		Capital		Loss		Deficit		Equity
Balances at December 31, 2015	$	187	$	1,950,764	$	(809)	$	(1,778,987)	$	171,155
Issuance of 2,068,226 shares of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options and settlement of employee restricted stock units and 126,648 shares of Common Stock under the ESPP		2		49,661		—		—		49,663
Issuance of 77 shares of Common Stock upon conversion of Convertible Senior Notes due 2020		—		4		—		—		4
Issuance of 114 shares of Common Stock upon conversion of Convertible Senior Notes due 2018		—		5		—		—		5
Issuance of 3,438 shares of Common Stock for services rendered		—		294		—		—		294
Stock compensation		—		96,201		—		—		96,201
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		(2,077)		—		(2,077)
Net income		—		—		—		104,222		104,222
Balances at December 31, 2016	$	189	$	2,096,929	$	(2,886)	$	(1,674,765)	$	419,467
Issuance of 3,012,937 shares of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options and settlement of employee restricted stock units and performance shares and 157,277 shares of Common Stock under the ESPP		3		66,732		—		—		66,735
Issuance of 7,095,350 shares of Common Stock upon conversion of Convertible Senior Notes due 2020		7		330,004		—		—		330,011
Issuance of 7,201,058 shares of Common Stock upon conversion of Convertible Senior Notes due 2018		7		351,037		—		—		351,044
Issuance of 2,532 shares of Common Stock for services rendered		—		294		—		—		294
Issuance of 4,945,000 shares of Common Stock		5		649,382		—		—		649,387
Stock compensation		—		133,055		—		—		133,055
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		(4,124)		—		(4,124)
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-16		—		—		—		(2,098)		(2,098)
Net loss		—		—		—		(313,142)		(313,142)
Balances at December 31, 2017	$	211	$	3,627,433	$	(7,010)	$	(1,990,005)	$	1,630,629
Issuance of 1,624,376 shares of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options and settlement of employee restricted stock units and 233,712 shares of Common Stock under the ESPP		2		29,940		—		—		29,942
Issuance of 148,761 shares of Common Stock upon conversion of Convertible Senior Notes due 2018		—		7,695		—		—		7,695
Issuance of 4,905 shares of Common Stock for services rendered		—		344		—		—		344
Stock compensation		—		148,266		—		—		148,266
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		(402)		—		(402)
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (Note 1)		—		—		(2,753)		2,753		—
Net income		—		—		—		109,493		109,493
Balances at December 31, 2018	$	213	$	3,813,678	$	(10,165)	$	(1,877,759)	$	1,925,967

See accompanying notes.

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INCYTE CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	109,493	$	(313,142)	$	104,222
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		54,969		52,178		58,425
In-process research and development impairment		—		12,000		—
Stock-based compensation		148,153		133,055		96,201
Expense related to senior note conversions		—		54,881		—
Deferred income taxes		(459)		—		—
Other, net		344		290		472
Unrealized loss on long term investments		44,093		24,275		3,261
Change in fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration		26,173		7,704		17,422
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(41,299)		(117,541)		(23,947)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(33,412)		(31,367)		(13,069)
Inventory		4,043		4,851		4,047
Accounts payable		36,156		(7,928)		43,758
Accrued and other liabilities		(12,027)		87,756		26,476
Deferred revenue—collaborative agreements		—		—		(12,512)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		336,227		(92,988)		304,756
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired		—		—		(142,856)
Purchase of long term investments		(8,936)		(123,891)		—
Capital expenditures		(73,483)		(111,021)		(120,277)
Purchases of marketable securities		(159,932)		(260,780)		(57,372)
Sale and maturities of marketable securities		155,928		145,714		88,017
Net cash used in investing activities		(86,423)		(349,978)		(232,488)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under stock plans		29,942		66,764		49,973
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net		—		649,387		—
Cash paid in connection with senior note conversions		—		(8,934)		—
Direct financing arrangements repayments		—		—		(445)
Payment of contingent consideration		(15,285)		(17,007)		(4,906)
Net cash provided by financing activities		14,657		690,210		44,622
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments		91		(39)		(9)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments		264,552		247,205		116,881
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments at beginning of period		900,434		653,229		536,348
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments at end of period	$	1,164,986	$	900,434	$	653,229
Supplemental Schedule of Cash Flow Information
Interest paid	$	268	$	314	$	7,218
Income taxes paid	$	5,417	$	6,305	$	927
Reclassification to common stock and additional paid in capital in connection with conversions of 0.375% convertible senior notes due 2018	$	7,695	$	351,044	$	5
Reclassification to common stock and additional paid in capital in connection with conversions of 1.25% convertible senior notes due 2020	$	—	$	330,011	$	4
Unpaid purchases of property and equipment	$	7,673	$	5,643	$	10,989

See accompanying notes.

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INCYTE CORPORATION

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Business.  Incyte Corporation (including its subsidiaries, “Incyte,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing proprietary therapeutics. Our portfolio includes compounds in various stages, ranging from preclinical to late stage development, and commercialized products JAKAFI® (ruxolitinib) and ICLUSIG® (ponatinib). Our operations are treated as one operating segment.

On June 1, 2016, we acquired (the “Acquisition”), pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement dated as of May 9, 2016 (the “Share Purchase Agreement”), all of the outstanding shares of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l., since renamed Incyte Biosciences Luxembourg S.à.r.l., the parent company of certain European subsidiaries of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“ARIAD”).  Refer to Note 3 for further information regarding the Acquisition.

Principles of Consolidation.  The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Incyte Corporation and our wholly owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts, transactions, and profits have been eliminated in consolidation.

Acquisitions.  Acquired businesses are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at fair value, with limited exceptions.  Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.  Transaction costs are expensed as incurred.  The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in our consolidated financial statements after the date of acquisition. Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) is recognized at fair value and initially characterized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset, irrespective of whether the acquired IPR&D has an alternative future use.

Foreign Currency Translation. Operations in non-U.S. entities are recorded in the functional currency of each entity. For financial reporting purposes, the functional currency of an entity is determined by a review of the source of an entity's most predominant cash flows. The results of operations for any non-U.S. dollar functional currency entities are translated from functional currencies into U.S. dollars using the average currency rate during each month. Assets and liabilities are translated using currency rates at the end of the period. Adjustments resulting from translating the financial statements of our foreign entities that use their local currency as the functional currency into U.S. dollars are reflected as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains and losses are recorded in other income (expense), net, in the consolidated statements of operations.

Use of Estimates.  The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentrations of Credit Risk.  Cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and trade receivables are financial instruments which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk. The estimated fair value of financial instruments approximates the carrying value based on available market information. We primarily invest our excess available funds in debt securities and, by policy, limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer and to any one type of investment, other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government and money market funds that meet certain guidelines. Our receivables mainly relate to our product sales of JAKAFI, ICLUSIG and collaborative agreements with pharmaceutical companies. We have not experienced any significant credit losses on cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, or trade receivables to date and do not require collateral on receivables.

Cash and Cash Equivalents.  Cash and cash equivalents are held in banks or in custodial accounts with banks. Cash equivalents are defined as all liquid investments and money market funds with maturity from date of purchase of 90 days or less that are readily convertible into cash.

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Marketable Securities—Available‑for‑Sale.  Our marketable securities consist of investments in corporate debt securities and U.S. government securities that are classified as available-for-sale. Available‑for‑sale securities are carried at fair value, based on quoted market prices and observable inputs, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. We classify marketable securities that are available for use in current operations as current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other than temporary for available‑for‑sale securities are included in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.

Accounts Receivable.  As of December 31, 2018, we had a de minimus allowance for doubtful accounts and no allowance for the period ended December 31, 2017. We provide an allowance for doubtful accounts based on experience and specifically identified risks. Accounts receivable are carried at fair value and charged off against the allowance for doubtful accounts when we determine that recovery is unlikely and we cease collection efforts.

Inventory.  Inventories are determined at the lower of cost and net realizable value with cost determined under the specific identification method and may consist of raw materials, work in process and finished goods.

JAKAFI raw materials and work‑in‑process inventory is not subject to expiration and the shelf life of finished goods inventory is 36 months from the start of manufacturing of the finished goods. ICLUSIG raw materials and work-in-process inventory is not subject to expiration and finished goods inventory has a shelf life of 24 months from the start of manufacturing of the finished goods. We evaluate for potential excess inventory by analyzing current and future product demand relative to the remaining product shelf life. We build demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance and patient usage. We classify inventory as current on the consolidated balance sheets when we expect inventory to be consumed for commercial use within the next twelve months. 

The ICLUSIG inventories were recorded at fair value less costs to sell in connection with the Acquisition, which resulted in a higher cost of ICLUSIG product revenues over a one year period from the acquisition date.

Variable Interest Entities. We perform an initial and ongoing evaluation of the entities with which we have variable interests, such as equity ownership, in order toidentify entities (i) that do not have sufficient equity investment at risk to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or (ii) in which the equity investors lack an essential characteristic of a controlling financial interest as variable interest entities (“VIE” or “VIEs”). If an entity is identified as a VIE, we perform an assessment to determine whether we have both (i) the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) have the obligation to absorb losses from or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. If both of these criteria are satisfied, we are identified as the primary beneficiary of the VIE.  As of December 31, 2018, there were no entities in which we held a variable interest which we determined to be VIEs.

Long Term Investments. Our long term investments consist of equity investments in common stock of publicly held companies with whom we have entered into collaboration and license agreements. We classify all of our equity investments in common stock of publicly held companies as long term investments on our consolidated balance sheets. Our equity investments are accounted for at fair value using readily determinable pricing available on a securities exchange on our consolidated balance sheets. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the change in fair value of our equity investment in Calithera Biosciences, Inc. was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, which is further described below under “Recent Accounting Pronouncements”. For the year ended December 31, 2018, all changes in fair value are reported in our consolidated statements of operations as an unrealized loss on long term investments. 

In assessing whether we exercise significant influence over any of the companies in which we hold equity investments, we consider the nature and magnitude of our investment, any voting and protective rights we hold, any participation in the governance of the other company, and other relevant factors such as the presence of a collaboration or other business relationship. Currently, none of our equity investments in publicly-held companies are considered relationships in which we are able to assert control.

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Property and Equipment.  Property and equipment is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is recorded using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the assets or lease term.

Lease Accounting.  We account for operating leases by recording rent expense on a straight‑line basis over the expected life of the lease, commencing on the date we gain possession of leased property. We include tenant improvement allowances and rent holidays received from landlords and the effect of any rent escalation clauses to determine the straight‑line rent expense over the expected life of the lease.

Capital leases are reflected as a liability at the inception of the lease based on the present value of the minimum lease payments or, if lower, the fair value of the property. Assets under capital leases are recorded in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets and depreciated in a manner similar to other property and equipment.

For leases under which we are responsible for paying a portion of the renovation and construction costs, we are deemed, for accounting purposes, to be the owner of the building. As a result, Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 840, Leases, defines these payments as automatic indicators of ownership and requires us to capitalize the asset and related construction costs with a corresponding financing lease liability.  

Other Intangible Assets, net. Other intangible assets, net consist of licensed intellectual property rights acquired in business combinations, which are reported at acquisition date fair value, less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method.

In-Process Research and Development. The fair value of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) acquired through business combinations is capitalized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until the completion or abandonment of the related research and development activities.  When the related research and development is completed, the asset will be assigned a useful life and amortized.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets.  Long-lived assets with finite lives are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable.  If indicators of impairment are present, the asset is tested for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset to the related estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be derived from the asset.  If the expected cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, then the asset is considered to be impaired and its carrying value is written down to fair value, based on the related estimated discounted future cash flows.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets, including IPR&D, are tested for impairment annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances between annual tests indicate that the asset may be impaired.  Impairment losses on indefinite-lived intangible assets are recognized based solely on a comparison of the fair value of the asset to its carrying value. Due to the discontinuation of the OPTIC-2L study described in Note 3 below, we considered our indefinite-lived IPR&D asset to be impaired and recorded a $12.0 million impairment charge in research and development expense on the consolidated statements of operations during the third quarter of 2017.

Goodwill.  Goodwill is calculated as the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the consideration transferred and the values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.  Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually as of October 1 or when a triggering event occurs that could indicate a potential impairment by assessing qualitative factors or performing a quantitative analysis in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of net assets are below their carrying amounts.  A reporting unit is the same as, or one level below, an operating segment. Our operations are currently comprised of a single, entity wide reporting unit. We completed our most recent annual impairment assessment as of October 1, 2018 and determined that the carrying value of our goodwill was not impaired.

Income Taxes.  We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts reportable for income tax purposes. Deferred

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tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit that is recorded for these positions is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We adjust the level of the liability to reflect any subsequent changes in the relevant facts surrounding the uncertain positions. Any interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions are included within the tax provision.

Financing Costs Related to Long‑term Debt.  Costs associated with obtaining long‑term debt are deferred and amortized over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method. Such costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the long-term debt liability, consistent with debt discounts, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Grant Accounting.  Grant amounts received from government agencies for operations are deferred and are amortized into income over the service period of the grant. Grant amounts received for purchases of capital assets are deferred and amortized into other income (expense), net over the useful life of the related capital assets. Such amounts are recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Net Income (Loss) Per Share.  Our basic and diluted net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during all periods presented. Options to purchase stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units and shares issuable upon the conversion of convertible debt are included in diluted earnings per share calculations, unless the effects are anti‑dilutive.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).  Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consists of unrealized gains or losses on marketable securities that are classified as available-for-sale, foreign currency translation gains or losses and defined benefit pension obligations.  For the year ended December 31, 2017 and interim periods therein, accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) included unrealized gains and losses on our long-term investment classified as available-for-sale in Calithera Biosciences, Inc. Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, we recorded a $2.8 million adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018, which is further described below under “Recent Accounting Pronouncements.”

Revenue Recognition.  The new accounting standard for the recognition of revenue, ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, was adopted for the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2018. Per the new standard, revenue-generating contracts are assessed to identify distinct performance obligations, allocating transaction prices to those performance obligations, and criteria for satisfaction of a performance obligation. The new standard allows for recognition of revenue only when we have satisfied a performance obligation through transferring control of the promised good or service to a customer. Control, in this instance, may mean the ability to prevent other entities from directing the use of, and receiving benefit from, a good or service. The standard indicates that an entity must determine at contract inception whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time through analysis of the following criteria: (i) the entity has a present right to payment, (ii) the customer has legal title, (iii) the customer has physical possession, (iv) the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership and (v) the customer has accepted the asset. We assess collectability based primarily on the customer’s payment history and on the creditworthiness of the customer. Overall, the adoption of the new standard did not significantly alter our methodology for recognition of revenue.

Product Revenues

Our product revenues consist of U.S. sales of JAKAFI and European sales of ICLUSIG.  Product revenues are recognized once we satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time under the revenue recognition criteria as described above. In November 2011, we began shipping JAKAFI to our customers in the U.S., which include specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. In June 2016, we acquired the right to and began shipping ICLUSIG to our customers in the European Union and certain other jurisdictions, which include retail pharmacies, hospital pharmacies and distributors.

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We recognize revenues for product received by our customers net of allowances for customer credits, including estimated rebates, chargebacks, discounts, returns, distribution service fees, patient assistance programs, and government rebates, such as Medicare Part D coverage gap reimbursements in the U.S. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $44.8 million and $34.7 million, respectively, of accrued sales allowances were included in accrued and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of product revenues.

Customer Credits:  Our customers are offered various forms of consideration, including allowances, service fees and prompt payment discounts. We expect our customers will earn prompt payment discounts and, therefore, we deduct the full amount of these discounts from total product sales when revenues are recognized. Service fees are also deducted from total product sales as they are earned.

Rebates and Discounts:  Allowances for rebates include mandated discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program in the U.S. and mandated discounts in Europe in markets where government-sponsored healthcare systems are the primary payers for healthcare. Rebates are amounts owed after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant and are based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector benefit providers. The accrual for rebates is based on statutory discount rates and expected utilization as well as historical data we have accumulated since product launches. Our estimates for expected utilization of rebates are based on data received from our customers. Rebates are generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarters’ unpaid rebates. If actual future rebates vary from estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Chargebacks:  Chargebacks are discounts that occur when certain contracted customers, which currently consist primarily of group purchasing organizations, Public Health Service institutions, non‑profit clinics, and Federal government entities purchasing via the Federal Supply Schedule, purchase directly from our wholesalers. Contracted customers generally purchase the product at a discounted price. The wholesalers, in turn, charges back to us the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesalers and the discounted price paid by the contracted customers. In addition to actual chargebacks received we maintain an accrual for chargebacks based on the estimated contractual discounts on the inventory levels on hand in our distribution channel. If actual future chargebacks vary from these estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Medicare Part D Coverage Gap:  Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit mandates manufacturers to fund 50% of the Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap for prescription drugs sold to eligible patients. Our estimates for the expected Medicare Part D coverage gap are based on historical invoices received and in part from data received from our customers. Funding of the coverage gap is generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarters. If actual future funding varies from estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Co‑payment Assistance:  Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co‑payment assistance. We accrue a liability for co‑payment assistance based on actual program participation and estimates of program redemption using data provided by third‑party administrators.

Product Royalty Revenues

Royalty revenues on commercial sales for ruxolitinib (marketed as JAKAVI® outside the United States) by Novartis Pharmaceutical International Ltd. (“Novartis”) are based on net sales of licensed products in licensed territories as provided by Novartis. Royalty revenues on commercial sales for baricitinib (marketed as OLUMIANT) by Eli Lilly and Company (“Lilly”) are based on net sales of licensed products in licensed territories as provided by Lilly. We recognize royalty revenues in the period the sales occur.

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Cost of Product Revenues

Cost of product revenues includes all JAKAFI related product costs as well as ICLUSIG related product costs. The acquired ICLUSIG inventories were recorded at fair value less costs to sell in connection with the Acquisition, and resulted in a higher cost of ICLUSIG product revenues over a one year period from the acquisition date.  In addition, cost of product revenues include low single-digit royalties under our collaboration and license agreement to Novartis on all future sales of JAKAFI in the United States. Subsequent to the Acquisition on June 1, 2016, cost of product revenues also includes the amortization of our licensed intellectual property for ICLUSIG using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 12.5 years.    

Milestone and Contract Revenues

Our license agreements, which fall within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, include distinct drug compound out-licensing, collection of upfront payments, milestones or royalty revenues from a counterparty, and provision of commercially available products to suppliers. Our agreements often include contractual milestones, which typically relate to the achievement of pre-specified development, regulatory and commercialization events outside of our control, such as regulatory approval of a compound, first patient dosing or achievement of sales-based thresholds. For such cases, we believe that revenue related to these events should not be recognized until the milestone has been achieved.

Some contracts form collaborative arrangements of various types with third-parties. We assess whether the nature of the arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements, in conjunction with the new revenue guidance to determine the nature of the performance obligations and associated transaction prices. A collaborative relationship may exist when we participate in an activity or process with another party, such as performance of research and development services or the exchange of intellectual property for use in clinical trials, when both parties share in the risks and rewards that result from the activity or participate and govern contract activities through a joint steering committee.

The regulatory review and approval process, which includes preclinical testing and clinical trials of each drug candidate, is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. Securing approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to the FDA for each indication to establish a drug candidate’s safety and efficacy. The approval process takes many years, requires the expenditure of substantial resources, involves post‑marketing surveillance and may involve ongoing requirements for post‑marketing studies. Before commencing clinical investigations of a drug candidate in humans, we must submit an Investigational New Drug application (“IND”), which must be reviewed by the FDA.

The steps generally required before a drug may be marketed in the United States include preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies, submission to the FDA of an IND for human clinical testing, performance of adequate and well‑controlled clinical trials in three phases, as described below, to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug for each indication, submission of a new drug application (“NDA”) or biologics license application (“BLA”) to the FDA for review and FDA approval of the NDA or BLA.

Similar requirements exist within foreign regulatory agencies as well. The time required satisfying the FDA requirements or similar requirements of foreign regulatory agencies may vary substantially based on the type, complexity and novelty of the product or the targeted disease.

Preclinical testing includes laboratory evaluation of product pharmacology, drug metabolism, and toxicity, which includes animal studies, to assess potential safety and efficacy as well as product chemistry, stability, formulation, development, and testing. The results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND. The FDA may raise safety concerns or questions about the conduct of the clinical trials included in the IND, and any of these concerns or questions must be resolved before clinical trials can proceed. We cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational drug or the marketed drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators and in accordance with good clinical practices regulations covering the protection of human subjects. Clinical trials typically are conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap or be combined.

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Phase I usually involves the initial introduction of the investigational drug into healthy volunteers to evaluate its safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. Phase II usually involves clinical trials in a limited patient population to evaluate dosage tolerance and optimal dosage, identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, and evaluate and gain preliminary evidence of the efficacy of the drug for specific indications. Phase III clinical trials usually further evaluate clinical efficacy and safety by testing the drug in its final form in an expanded patient population, providing statistical evidence of efficacy and safety, and providing an adequate basis for labeling. We cannot guarantee that Phase I, Phase II or Phase III testing will be completed successfully within any specified period of time, if at all. Furthermore, we, the institutional review board for a trial, or the FDA may suspend clinical trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

Generally, the milestone events contained in our collaboration agreements coincide with the progression of our drugs from development, to regulatory approval and then to commercialization. The process of successfully discovering a new development candidate, having it approved and successfully commercialized is highly uncertain. As such, the milestone payments we may earn from our partners involve a significant degree of risk to achieve. Therefore, as a drug candidate progresses through the stages of its life‑cycle, the value of the drug candidate generally increases.

Research and Development Costs.  Our policy is to expense research and development costs as incurred. We often contract with clinical research organizations (“CROs”) to facilitate, coordinate and perform agreed upon research and development of a new drug. To ensure that research and development costs are expensed as incurred, we record monthly accruals for clinical trials and preclinical testing costs based on the work performed under the contract.

These CRO contracts typically call for the payment of fees for services at the initiation of the contract and/or upon the achievement of certain clinical trial milestones. In the event that we prepay CRO fees, we record the prepayment as a prepaid asset and amortize the asset into research and development expense over the period of time the contracted research and development services are performed. Most professional fees, including project and clinical management, data management, monitoring, and medical writing fees are incurred throughout the contract period. These professional fees are expensed based on their percentage of completion at a particular date. Our CRO contracts generally include pass through fees. Pass through fees include, but are not limited to, regulatory expenses, investigator fees, travel costs, and other miscellaneous costs, including shipping and printing fees. We expense the costs of pass through fees under our CRO contracts as they are incurred, based on the best information available to us at the time. The estimates of the pass through fees incurred are based on the amount of work completed for the clinical trial and are monitored through correspondence with the CROs, internal reviews and a review of contractual terms. The factors utilized to derive the estimates include the number of patients enrolled, duration of the clinical trial, estimated patient attrition, screening rate and length of the dosing regimen. CRO fees incurred to set up the clinical trial are expensed during the setup period.

Under our clinical trial collaboration agreements we may be reimbursed for certain development costs incurred.  Such costs are recorded as a reduction of research and development expense in the period in which the related expense is incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we incurred research and development expenses of $1.2 billion, $1.3 billion and $581.9 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $98.6 million and $110.0 million, respectively, of accrued clinical research and development costs were included in accrued and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Stock Compensation.    Share-based payment transactions with employees, which include stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance shares (“PSUs”), are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period based on their estimated fair values as well as expected forfeiture rates.  The stock compensation process requires significant judgment and the use of estimates, particularly surrounding Black-Scholes assumptions such as stock price volatility over the option term and expected option lives, as well as expected forfeiture rates and the probability of PSUs vesting.  The fair value of stock options, which are subject to graded vesting, are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.  The fair value of RSUs that are subject to cliff vesting are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the straight-line attribution method, and the fair value of RSUs that are subject to graded vesting are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.  The fair value of PSUs are recognized as compensation expense beginning at the time in which the performance conditions are deemed probable of achievement, which we assess as of the end of each reporting period. Once a performance condition is considered probable, we record compensation expense based on

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the portion of the service period elapsed to date with respect to that award, with a cumulative catch-up, net of estimated forfeitures, and recognize any remaining compensation expense, if any, over the remaining requisite service period using the straight-line attribution method for PSUs that are subject to cliff vesting and using the accelerated attribution method for PSUs that are subject to graded vesting.

Long term Incentive Plans. We have long term incentive plans which provide eligible employees with the opportunity to receive performance and service-based incentive compensation, which may be comprised of cash, stock options, restricted stock units and/or performance shares. The payment of cash and the grant or vesting of equity may be contingent upon the achievement of pre-determined regulatory, sales and internal performance milestones.

Acquisition-Related Contingent Consideration. Acquisition-related contingent consideration, which consists of our future royalty and certain potential milestone obligations to Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, which acquired ARIAD (“Takeda”), is recorded on the acquisition date at the estimated fair value of the obligation, in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting.  The fair value measurement is based on significant inputs that are unobservable in the market and thus represents a Level 3 measurement. The fair value of the acquisition-related contingent consideration is remeasured each reporting period, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which replaced numerous requirements in U.S. GAAP, including industry-specific requirements.  This guidance provides a five step model to be applied to all contracts with customers, with an underlying principle that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. 

We performed an impact assessment which consisted of a review of a representative sample of contracts, discussions with key stakeholders, and cataloging of potential impacts on our financial statements, accounting policies, financial controls, and operations. The guidance did not have a material impact on our revenue recognition practices for product and royalty revenues.  The adoption only impacted two areas in our recognition methodology for milestone and contract revenues generated by our collaborative research and license agreements:

(i)Changes in the model for distinct licenses of functional intellectual property which may result in a timing difference of revenue recognition.  Whereas revenue from these arrangements was previously recognized over a period of time pursuant to revenue recognition guidance that was in place for our arrangements at the time such arrangements commenced, revenue from new arrangements we enter into may now be recognized at a point in time.

(ii)Assessments of milestone payments linked to events that are in our control, may result in variable consideration that may be recognized at an earlier point in time, when it is probable that the milestone will be achieved without a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue expected.

We adopted the new standard for the fiscal period beginning January 1, 2018, utilizing the “modified retrospective” adoption methodology on all contracts for which performance had not been completed as of the date of adoption, and applied the guidance to report new disclosures surrounding our recognition of revenues. There was no cumulative effect of adopting the standard at the date of initial application in retained earnings. We implemented a controls process to identify and evaluate all revenue-generating contracts with third-party customers on an on-going basis and have provided enhanced disclosures within this Form 10-K to provide greater detail on our revenue-generating activities.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” The standard requires several changes including that equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of the investee) be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in results of operations. These provisions will not impact the accounting for our investments in corporate debt and U.S. government securities. The new guidance also changes certain disclosure requirements and other aspects of current U.S. GAAP. Amendments are to

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be applied as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The adoption of this standard resulted in a $2.8 million decrease in our accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2018 related to our investment in Calithera Biosciences, Inc.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” that requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for most leases including operating leases. In 2018, the FASB issued clarifying guidance to the topic in ASUs No. 2018-10 and No. 2018-11, which clarified certain aspects of the new leases standard and provided an optional transition method. The guidance requires that the lessees classify leases as either a finance or operating lease and lessors classify all leases as sales-type, direct financing or operating leases. The statement of operations presentation and expense recognition for lessees for finance leases is similar to that of capital leases under ASC 840 with separate interest and amortization expense with higher periodic expense in the earlier periods of a lease. For operating leases, the statement of operations presentation and expense recognition is similar to that of operating leases under ASC 840 with a single lease cost recognized on a straight-line basis. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein. We adopted ASC 842 as of January 1, 2019 and will first report utilizing the new guidance within the March 31, 2019 Form 10-Q. We have implemented a third-party software to facilitate activities for the new accounting and disclosure requirements and have implemented new internal control procedures to support the new accounting and reporting processes associated with adopting the guidance. We have elected the package of practical expedients and adopted utilizing the optional transition method defined within ASU No. 2018-11. We did not elect the hindsight expedient. As a result of adoption in January 2019, we estimate we will record approximately $26 million of operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities. In addition, our capital lease assets and liabilities will be classified as financing lease assets and liabilities upon adoption in 2019. The capital asset and corresponding financing liability of $18.7 million recorded in 2018 related to the Morges office building and construction described more fully in Note 8 below will be derecognized. 

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance applies to all entities and impacts how entities account for credit losses for most financial assets and other instruments. For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to recognize an allowance for credit losses rather than a reduction to the carrying value of the asset. For trade receivables, loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, entities will be required to estimate lifetime expected credit losses. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods therein.  Early adoption is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein. We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2016-13 on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash,” which requires entities to show the changes in total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. As a result, entities will no longer present transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. When cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are presented in more than one line item on the balance sheet, the new guidance requires a reconciliation of the totals in the statement of cash flows to the related captions on the balance sheet. The reconciliation can be presented either on the face of the statement of cash flows or in the notes to the financial statements. We adopted the new standard for the period beginning January 1, 2018.  Due to the retrospective adoption of the standard, the cash flows from financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, no longer present the transfer of restricted investments to cash and cash equivalents. The change in total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments is now presented in the consolidated statement of cash flows and reconciles to the related captions on the consolidated balance sheet.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles–Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Under the new standard, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The new standard is effective for public business entities that are SEC filers for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and is to be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017.  We have elected to early adopt the standard for our annual goodwill impairment testing as of October 1, 2018 and concluded there to be no impact on our consolidated financial statements.

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In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, “Compensation–Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost,” which requires the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost to be presented in the same income statement line as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period and the other components of net periodic benefit cost to be presented separately from the income statement lines that include service cost and outside of any subtotal of operating income. We adopted the new standard for the period beginning January 1, 2018, resulting in no change in presentation of the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost, which has historically been reported in research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses along with other employee compensation costs. The retrospective adoption resulted in a change in presentation of the other components of net periodic benefit cost for the year ended December 31, 2017, which reclassed these costs out of operating income and into other income (expense), net on the consolidated statement of operations. There was a de minimus impact to the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. The components of net periodic benefit cost are presented separately within our employee benefit plans footnote.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting.” The guidance clarifies the application of modification accounting for stock-based compensation agreements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We occasionally modify existing stock-based compensation agreements with employees under certain circumstances. We adopted the standard for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018 and concluded there to be no impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Act”). In accordance with SAB 118, we recorded provisional tax impacts related to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as the temporary full expensing of certain business assets in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. Upon the completion of the 2017 U.S. federal corporate income tax return during the fourth quarter of 2018, we finalized our analysis of the Act and determined no additional adjustments were required.   

In January 2018, the FASB released guidance on the accounting for tax on the global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") provisions of the Act. The GILTI provisions impose a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. The guidance indicates that either accounting for deferred taxes related to GILTI inclusions or to treat any taxes on GILTI inclusions as period cost are both acceptable methods subject to an accounting policy election. Effective the first quarter of 2018, we have elected to treat any potential GILTI inclusions as a period charge in the future period in which it is incurred.  We have determined there to be no impact associated with GILTI on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018.  

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” which allows reclassification of certain tax effects created as a result of changing methodologies, laws and tax rates legislated in the Act. This new standard allows for stranded income tax effects resulting from the Act to be reclassified into retained earnings to allow for their tax effect to reflect the appropriate tax rate.  Due to the full valuation allowance on our U.S. net deferred tax assets, a reclassification of stranded tax effects to retained earnings was not required.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” This guidance expanded the scope of ASC 718 to include share-based payments granted to nonemployees in exchange for goods or services and supersedes the guidance in ASC 505-50. Under this new standard, nonemployee awards are measured on the grant date by estimating the fair value of the equity instruments to be issued rather than the fair value of the goods or services received. Entities may use the expected term when estimating the fair value of a nonemployee option or elect to use the contractual term as the expected term, on an award-by-award basis. The cumulative effect of the transition adjustment is to be recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the annual period of adoption.  This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning

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after December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein.  We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-07 and do not anticipate the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, “Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General,” an update to Subtopic ASC 715-20. The guidance amended year-end disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension plans, and does not affect interim disclosures. The guidance is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, and is permitted for early adoption. The standard is to be applied on a retrospective basis. Incyte sponsors defined benefit plans for employees located in Europe. We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-14 on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software,” an update to Subtopic ASC 350-40. The guidance directs accounting for service contracts for cloud computing arrangements to follow guidance within ASC 350-40 to determine capitalization of implementation costs. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and is permitted for early adoption. The standard may be applied on either a retrospective or prospective basis. We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-15 on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, “Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606.” The guidance clarifies the interactions between Topic 808 and Topic 606, including clarifications on revenue recognition, unit of account, and reporting disclosure requirements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and is permitted for early adoption. The standard is to be applied on a retrospective basis to the date of the initial application of Topic 606. We utilize collaborative arrangements as described in our license agreement footnote and are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-18 on our consolidated financial statements.

Note 2. Revenues

Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, were recognized under ASC 605, Revenue Recognition, when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement existed, (ii) delivery occurred or services were rendered, (iii) the price was fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability was reasonably assured. Revenues were deferred for fees received before earned or until no further obligations existed. We exercised judgment in determining that collectability was reasonably assured or that services were delivered in accordance with the arrangement. We assessed whether the fee was fixed or determinable based on the payment terms associated with the transaction and whether the sales price was subject to refund or adjustment.

As discussed in Note 1, ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, was adopted for the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2018. Per the new standard, revenue-generating contracts are assessed to identify distinct performance obligations, allocating transaction prices to those performance obligations, and criteria for satisfaction of a performance obligation. The new standard allows for recognition of revenue only when we have satisfied a performance obligation through transferring control of the promised good or service to a customer. The standard indicates that an entity must determine at contract inception whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time through analysis of the following criteria: (i) the entity has a present right to payment, (ii) the customer has legal title, (iii) the customer has physical possession, (iv) the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership and (v) the customer has accepted the asset. The new standard has been applied to contracts for which performance had not been completed as of the date of adoption. For those contracts that were modified prior to the date of adoption, we reflected the aggregate effect of those modifications when determining the appropriate accounting under the new standard. We do not believe the effect of applying this practical expedient resulted in material differences. Overall, the adoption of the new standard did not significantly alter our methodology for recognition of revenue.

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The following table presents our disaggregated revenue for the periods presented (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
JAKAFI revenues, net	$	1,386,964	$	1,133,392	$	852,816
ICLUSIG revenues, net		79,936		66,920		29,588
Total product revenues, net		1,466,900		1,200,312		882,404
JAKAVI product royalty revenues		194,694		151,684		110,711
OLUMIANT product royalty revenues		40,086		9,107		—
Total product royalty revenues		234,780		160,791		110,711
Milestone and contract revenues		180,000		175,000		112,512
Other revenues		203		113		92
Total revenues	$	1,881,883	$	1,536,216	$	1,105,719

For further information on our revenue-generating contracts,refer to Note 7.

Note 3. Business Combination

Description of the Transaction

On June 1, 2016, pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, we completed the Acquisition, and acquired all of the outstanding shares of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l., since renamed Incyte Biosciences Luxembourg S.à.r.l., the parent company of ARIAD’s European subsidiaries responsible for the development and commercialization of ICLUSIG (ponatinib) in the European Union and other countries including Switzerland, Norway, Turkey, Israel and Russia (the “Territory”) in exchange for an upfront payment of $147.5 million, including customary working capital adjustments.  ICLUSIG is approved in Europe for the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who are resistant to or intolerant of certain second generation BCR-ABL inhibitors and all patients who have the T3151 mutation. The acquisition of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. included a fully integrated and established pan-European team including medical, sales and marketing personnel.  The existing platform and infrastructure acquired is expected to further our strategic plan and accelerate the establishment of our operations in Europe.   

In connection with the closing of the Acquisition, we entered into an Amended and Restated Buy-in License Agreement with ARIAD (the “License Agreement”).  Under the terms of the License Agreement, we were granted an exclusive license to develop and commercialize ICLUSIG in the Territory.  ARIAD is eligible to receive from us tiered royalties ranging between 32% and 50% on net sales of ICLUSIG in the Territory. The royalties are subject to reduction for certain events related to exclusivity and, if necessary, any third-party patent rights.  In addition, ARIAD is eligible to receive up to $135.0 million in potential future development and regulatory approval milestone payments for ICLUSIG in new oncology indications in the Territory, together with additional milestone payments for non-oncology indications, if approved, in the Territory. Under our agreement with ARIAD, we have agreed to fund a portion of the ongoing ICLUSIG clinical studies being conducted by ARIAD, OPTIC and OPTIC-2L, by paying up to $7.0 million in both 2016 and 2017.  During the quarter ended September 30, 2017, ARIAD discontinued the OPTIC-2L clinical study.

Unless terminated earlier in accordance with its provisions, our obligations to pay full royalties under the License Agreement will continue to be in effect on a country-by-country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration date of the composition patent in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of any regulatory marketing exclusivity period or other statutory designation that provides similar exclusivity for the commercialization of ICLUSIG in such country and (iii) the seventh anniversary of the first commercial sale of ICLUSIG in such country.  We will be obligated to pay royalties at a reduced rate for a specified period of time following such full royalty term. The License Agreement may be terminated in its entirety by us for convenience on 12 months’ notice after the third anniversary of the effective date of the License

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Agreement.  The License Agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the License Agreement.

Fair Value of Consideration Transferred

The fair value of consideration transferred totaled $440.5 million, which consisted of $147.5 million in cash pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, including net working capital adjustments, and $293.0 million of contingent consideration related to the License Agreement.  Contingent consideration includes the future payments that we may pay to ARIAD for our royalty obligations on future net sales of ICLUSIG, as well as for any future potential milestone payments related to new oncology or non-oncology indications for ICLUSIG.

The fair value of contingent consideration as of the acquisition date was determined using an income approach based on estimated ICLUSIG revenues in the Territory for both the approved third line treatment, as well as the second line treatment that was under development and was therefore contingent on future clinical results and European Medicines Agency approval. The probability of technical success of the second line indication was estimated at 25% based on the early stage of development and competitive market landscape, and the estimated future cash flows for the second line indication were probability weighted accordingly. The total projected cash flows of the third line and second line indications were estimated over 18 years, and discounted to present value using a discount rate of 10%. In addition, based on the believed limited effectiveness of ICLUSIG beyond the existing oncology indications, the fact that no development is currently ongoing for any new oncology or any non-oncology indications, and the lack of intention by us, ARIAD, or another market participant, to develop ICLUSIG in additional oncology or non-oncology indications, the fair value of any cash flows for any new oncology or non-oncology indication was determined to be nil.  The fair value of the contingent consideration was $293.0 million as of the Acquisition date.

Acquisition-Related Costs

We incurred $1.6 million of transaction costs directly related to the Acquisition, which includes expenditures for advisory, legal, valuation, accounting and other similar services.  These costs have been expensed in selling, general and administrative costs on the consolidated statements of operations during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Revenue and Net Loss of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l.

The revenues of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. for the period from the acquisition date to December 31, 2016 were $29.6 million and net loss was $48.7 million.  The net loss includes the effects of the Acquisition accounting adjustments and acquisition-related costs.

Pro Forma Impact of Business Combination

The following unaudited pro forma information presents condensed consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016, as if the Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2015 (in thousands):

	For the Year Ended
	December 31, 2016
Pro forma revenues	$	1,148,006
Pro forma net income	$	102,619

The unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated results of operations were prepared using the acquisition method of accounting and are based on the historical financial information of our company and the acquired business which has been adjusted for events that are (i) directly attributable to the Acquisition, (ii) factually supportable, and (iii) expected to

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have continuing impact on the combined results.  The unaudited pro forma information reflects primarily the following adjustments:

· To record amortization expense related to fair value adjustments recorded on the acquired definite lived intangibles;

· To eliminate ARIAD Europe’s interest expense on the intercompany loan in accordance with the terms of the Acquisition;

· To remove balances attributable to the ARIAD Australia entity which are not material. This entity was previously consolidated by ARIAD Europe; however it was not included in the Acquisition; and

· To remove the recognition of revenue relating to distribution agreements in historic periods for those arrangements in which we have no continuing performance obligation and, therefore, the fair value of the assumed deferred revenue balance was zero.

The unaudited pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the results that would have been obtained if the Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2015 or that may occur in the future, and does not reflect future synergies, integration costs, or other such costs or savings.

Note 4. Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of our marketable security portfolio for the periods presented (in thousands):

			Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Estimated
	Cost		Losses		Fair Value
December 31, 2018
Debt securities (corporate and government)	$	275,405	$	(1,062)	$	274,343
December 31, 2017
Debt securities (corporate and government)	$	271,401	$	(1,265)	$	270,136

Our debt securities generally have contractual maturity dates of between 12 to 18 months.

Fair Value Measurements

FASB accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (“the exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The standard outlines a valuation framework and creates a fair value hierarchy in order to increase the consistency and comparability of fair value measurements and the related disclosures. In determining fair value we use quoted prices and observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of us. The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the source of inputs as follows:

Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Valuations based on observable inputs and quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities.

Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and models that are significant to the overall fair value measurement.

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Recurring Fair Value Measurements

Our marketable securities consist of investments in corporate debt securities and U.S. government securities that are classified as available-for-sale.

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, our Level 2 corporate debt securities and U.S government securities were valued using readily available pricing sources which utilize market observable inputs, including the current interest rate and other characteristics for similar types of investments.  Our long term investments classified as Level 1 were valued using their respective closing stock prices on The Nasdaq Stock Market. 

Our policy is to recognize transfers into and transfers out of fair value hierarchy levels as of the end of the reporting period.  There were no transfers out of or into hierarchy levels during the year ended December 31, 2018.

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,163,980	$	—	$	—	$	1,163,980
Debt securities (corporate and government)		—		274,343		—		274,343
Long term investments (Note 7)		99,199		—		—		99,199
Total assets	$	1,263,179	$	274,343	$	—	$	1,537,522

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	899,509	$	—	$	—	$	899,509
Debt securities (corporate and government)		—		270,136		—		270,136
Long term investment (Note 7)		134,356		—		—		134,356
Total assets	$	1,033,865	$	270,136	$	—	$	1,304,001

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of our financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2018
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	287,001	$	287,001
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	287,001	$	287,001

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2017
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	287,000	$	287,000
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	287,000	$	287,000

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The following is a roll forward of our Level 3 liabilities (in thousands):

	2018		2017
Balance at January 1,	$	287,000	$	301,000
Contingent consideration earned during the period but not yet paid		(13,184)		(6,618)
Payments made during the period		(12,988)		(15,086)
Change in fair value of contingent consideration		26,173		7,704
Balance at December 31,	$	287,001	$	287,000

The fair value of the contingent consideration was determined using an income approach based on estimated ICLUSIG revenues in the European Union and other countries for the approved third line treatment. The fair value of the contingent consideration is remeasured each reporting period, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. The change in fair value of the contingent consideration during the period ending December 31, 2018 was due primarily to the passage of time as there were no other significant changes in the key assumptions. The change in fair value of the contingent consideration during the period ending December 31, 2017 was due primarily to the passage of time and a benefit of $24.0 million recorded during the third quarter to the lack of expected future sales royalties payable due to the discontinued OPTIC-2L clinical trial.

We make payments to Takeda quarterly based on the royalties or any additional milestone payments earned in the previous quarter. As of December 31, 2018, contingent consideration earned but not yet paid was $13.2 million. The royalties earned in the third quarter of $6.7 million were included in accounts payable and the royalties earned in the fourth quarter of $6.5 million were included in accrued and other current liabilities at December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2017, contingent consideration earned but not yet paid was $6.6 million were included in accrued and other current liabilities. 

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no measurements required for any assets or liabilities at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

Note 5. Concentrations of Credit Risk

In December 2009, we entered into a license, development and commercialization agreement with Lilly. In November 2009, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Novartis. The concentration of credit risk related to our collaborative partners is as follows:

	Percentage of Total Milestone and
	Contract Revenues for the
	Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Collaboration Partner A	33	%	37	%	40	%
Collaboration Partner B	67	%	63	%	60	%

Collaboration Partner A and Collaboration Partner B comprised, in the aggregate, 42% and 47% of the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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In November 2011, we began commercialization and distribution of JAKAFI to a number of customers. Our product revenues are concentrated in a number of these customers. The concentration of credit risk related to our JAKAFI product revenues is as follows:

	Percentage of Total Net
	Product Revenues for the
	Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Customer A	20	%	24	%	25	%
Customer B	14	%	15	%	17	%
Customer C	15	%	13	%	13	%
Customer D	11	%	8	%	9	%

We are exposed to risks associated with extending credit to customers related to the sale of products. Customer A, Customer B, Customer C and Customer D comprised, in the aggregate, 30% and 25% of the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The concentration of credit risk relating to ICLUSIG product revenues or accounts receivable is not significant.

Note 6. Inventory

Our inventory balance consists of the following:

	December 31,
	2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Raw materials	$	481	$	1,062
Work-in-process		3,488		8,615
Finished goods		6,436		4,771
		10,405		14,448
Inventories-current		6,967		6,482
Inventories-non-current	$	3,438	$	7,966

Inventories, stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value, consist of raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods. At December 31, 2018, $7.0 million of inventory was classified as current on the consolidated balance sheets as we expect this inventory to be consumed for commercial use within the next twelve months. At December 31, 2018, $3.4 million of inventory was classified as non‑current on the consolidated balance sheets as we did not expect this inventory to be consumed for commercial use within the next twelve months. We obtain some inventory components from a limited number of suppliers due to technology, availability, price, quality or other considerations. The loss of a supplier, the deterioration of our relationship with a supplier, or any unilateral violation of the contractual terms under which we are supplied components by a supplier could adversely affect our total revenues and gross margins.

JAKAFI raw materials and work-in-process inventory is not subject to expiration and the shelf life for finished goods inventory is 36 months from the start of manufacturing of the finished goods. ICLUSIG raw materials and work-in-process inventory is not subject to expiration and the shelf life for finished goods inventory is 24 months from the start of manufacturing of the finished goods.  We evaluate for potential excess inventory by analyzing current and future product demand relative to the remaining product shelf life. We build demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance and patient usage.

Note 7. License Agreements

Novartis

In November 2009, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Novartis. Under the terms of the agreement, Novartis received exclusive development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to our

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JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib and certain back‑up compounds for hematologic and oncology indications, including all hematological malignancies, solid tumors and myeloproliferative diseases. We retained exclusive development and commercialization rights to JAKAFI (ruxolitinib) in the United States and in certain other indications. Novartis also received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to our MET inhibitor compound capmatinib and certain back‑up compounds in all indications. We retained options to co‑develop and to co‑promote capmatinib in the United States.

Under this agreement, we received an upfront payment and immediate milestone payment totaling $210.0 million and were initially eligible to receive up to $1.2 billion in milestone payments across multiple indications upon the achievement of pre‑specified events, including up to $174.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, up to $495.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and up to $500.0 million for the achievement of commercialization milestones. In April 2016, we amended this agreement to provide that Novartis has exclusive research, development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to ruxolitinib (excluding topical formulations) in the graft-versus-host-disease (“GVHD”) field. We became eligible to receive up to $75.0 million of additional potential development and regulatory milestones relating to GVHD.  Exclusive of the upfront payment of $150.0 million received in 2009 and the immediate milestone of $60.0 million earned in 2010, we have recognized and received in the aggregate $132.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, $215.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and $120.0 million for the achievement of sales milestones through December 31, 2018.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, under this agreement, we recognized a $60.0 million sales milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $900.0 million. In 2017, we recognized a $40.0 million sales milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $600.0 million and a $25.0 million development milestone based on the formal initiation by Novartis of a Phase III clinical trial evaluating ruxolitinib in GVHD.  In 2016, we recognized a $5.0 million payment in exchange for the development and commercialization rights to ruxolitinib in GVHD outside of the United States and a $40.0 million regulatory milestone for the reimbursement of JAKAVI in Europe for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera.  In 2015, we recognized a $5.0 million development milestone based on the formal initiation by Novartis of a Phase II clinical trial evaluating capmatinib for a third indication, a $25.0 million regulatory milestone triggered by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopting a positive opinion for JAKAVI (ruxolitinib) for the treatment of adult patients with polycythemia vera who are resistant to or intolerant of hydroxyurea, a $15.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of JAKAVI in Japan for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera, and a $20.0 million sales milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $300.0 million.  In 2014, we recognized a $60.0 million regulatory milestone related to reimbursement of JAKAVI in Europe, a $25.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of JAKAVI in Japan for the treatment of patients with myelofibrosis and a $7.0 million development milestone based on the formal initiation by Novartis of a Phase II clinical trial evaluating capmatinib in non-small cell lung cancer. In 2013, we recognized a $25.0 million development milestone based on the formal initiation by Novartis of a Phase II clinical trial evaluating capmatinib. In 2012, we recognized a $40.0 million regulatory milestone for the achievement of a predefined milestone for the European Union regulatory approval of JAKAVI. In 2011, we recognized a $15.0 million development milestone for the achievement of a predefined milestone in the Phase I dose‑escalation trial for capmatinib in patients with solid tumors and a $10.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of JAKAFI in the United States. In 2010, we recognized $50.0 million in development milestones for the initiation of the global Phase III trial, RESPONSE, in patients with polycythemia vera. We determined that each of these milestones were substantive as their achievement required substantive efforts by us and was at risk until the milestones were ultimately achieved.

We also are eligible to receive tiered, double‑digit royalties ranging from the upper‑teens to the mid‑twenties on future JAKAVI net sales outside of the United States, and tiered, worldwide royalties on future capmatinib net sales that range from 12% to 14%. Since the achievement of the $60.0 million regulatory milestone related to reimbursement of JAKAVI in Europe in September 2014, we are obligated to pay to Novartis tiered royalties in the low single-digits on future JAKAFI net sales within the United States. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, such royalties payable to Novartis on net sales within the United States totaled $63.0 million, $50.5 million and $36.8 million, respectively, and are reflected in cost of product revenues on the consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $18.6 million and $14.8 million, respectively, of accrued royalties payable to Novartis were included in accrued and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Each company is responsible for costs relating to the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in its respective territories, with costs of collaborative studies shared equally. Novartis is also responsible for all costs relating to the development and commercialization of capmatinib.

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The Novartis agreement will continue on a program‑by‑program basis until Novartis has no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Royalties are payable by Novartis on a product‑by‑product and country‑by‑country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Novartis or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program‑by‑program basis by Novartis for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

We determined that there were two deliverables under the agreement: (i) the ex-U.S. license for ruxolitinib and (ii) our obligations in connection with our participation on the joint development committee for myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera/essential thrombocythemia. We concluded that these deliverables should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting and the $150.0 million upfront payment received in December 2009 and the immediate $60.0 million milestone payment received in January 2010 should be recognized on a straight-line basis through December 2013, when we estimated we would complete our obligations in connection with our participation on the joint development committee for myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera, our estimated performance period under the agreement. We completed this substantive performance obligation related to this arrangement in December 2013.

At December 31, 2009, we recorded $10.9 million of reimbursable costs incurred prior to the effective date of the agreement as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet. These costs were recognized on a straight-line basis through December 2013 consistent with the aforementioned upfront and milestone payments. Future reimbursable costs incurred after the effective date of the agreement with Novartis are recorded net against the related research and development expenses. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $0.7 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of reimbursable costs were included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were net of $3.2 million, $3.0 million, and $0.7 million, respectively, of costs reimbursed by Novartis.

Milestone and contract revenue under the Novartis agreement was $60.0 million, $65.0 million and $45.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded $194.7 million, $151.7 million and $110.7 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to Novartis net sales of JAKAVI outside the United States. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $55.4 million and $47.7 million, respectively, of product royalties were included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

Lilly - Baricitinib

In December 2009, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Lilly. Under the terms of the agreement, Lilly received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to our JAK inhibitor baricitinib, and certain back‑up compounds for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We received an upfront payment of $90.0 million, and were initially eligible to receive up to $665.0 million in substantive milestone payments across multiple indications upon the achievement of pre‑specified events, including up to $150.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, up to $365.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and up to $150.0 million for the achievement of commercialization milestones. Exclusive of the upfront payment of $90.0 million received in 2009, we have recognized and received, in aggregate, $149.0 million for the achievement of development milestones and $235.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones through December 31, 2018.

In January 2016, Lilly submitted an NDA to the FDA and a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) to the European Medicines Agency for baricitinib as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. In February 2017, we and Lilly announced that the European Commission approved baricitinib as OLUMIANT for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to, or who are intolerant to, one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. In July 2017, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare granted marketing approval for OLUMIANTfor the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with inadequate response to standard-of-care therapies.  In June 2018, the FDA approved the 2mg dose of OLUMIANT for the treatment of adults with moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to one or more tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapies.

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During the year ended December 31, 2018, under this agreement, we recognized a $20.0 million development milestone for the first patient treated in the systemic lupus erythematosus Phase III program for baricitinib and a $100.0 million regulatory milestone for the FDA approval of the 2mg dose of OLUMIANT (baricitinib) for the treatment of adults with moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis. In 2017, we recognized a $30.0 million development milestone for the first patient treated in the atopic dermatitis Phase III program for baricitinib, $15.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare and a $65.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of baricitinib for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients by the European Commission. In 2016, we recognized a $35.0 million regulatory milestone for the submission of an NDA to the FDA for the approval of oral once-daily baricitinib for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis and a $20.0 million regulatory milestone for the submission of a Marketing Authorization Application to the European Medicines Agency for the approval of oral once-daily baricitinib for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis.  In 2012, we recognized a $50.0 million development milestone for the initiation of the rheumatoid arthritis Phase III program for baricitinib. In 2010, we recognized a $30.0 million development milestone based upon the initial three month data in the Phase IIa clinical trial of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and a $19.0 million development milestone for the Phase IIb clinical trial initiation of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We determined that each of these milestones were substantive as their achievement required substantive efforts by us and was at risk until the milestones were ultimately achieved. In July 2010, we elected to co-develop baricitinib with Lilly in rheumatoid arthritis and we are responsible for funding 30% of the associated future global development costs for this indication from the initiation of the Phase IIb trial through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority. We subsequently elected to co-develop baricitinib with Lilly in psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus and axial spondyloarthritis and are responsible for funding 30% of future global development costs for those indications through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority.

We retained options to co-develop our JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors with Lilly on a compound-by-compound and indication-by-indication basis. Lilly is responsible for all costs relating to the development and commercialization of the compounds unless we elect to co-develop any compounds or indications. If we elect to co-develop any compounds and/or indications, we would be responsible for funding 30% of the associated future global development costs from the initiation of a Phase IIb trial through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority. We would receive an incremental royalty rate increase across all tiers resulting in effective royalty rates ranging up to the high twenties on potential future global net sales for compounds and/or indications that we elect to co-develop.  For indications that we elect not to co‑develop, we would receive tiered, double‑digit royalty payments on future global net sales with rates ranging up to 20% if the product is successfully commercialized.  We previously had retained an option to co-promote products in the United States but, in March 2016, we waived our co-promotion option as part of an amendment to the agreement. 

Research and development expenses recorded under the Lilly agreement representing 30% of the global development costs for baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus and axial spondyloarthritis were $68.6 million, $40.8 million and $27.3 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, a total of $23.1 million and $13.6 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. We have retained certain mechanisms to give us cost protection as baricitinib advances in clinical development. We can defer our portion of co‑development study costs by indication if they exceed a predetermined level. This deferment would be credited against future milestones or royalties and we would still be eligible for the full incremental royalties related to the co‑development option. In addition, even if we have started co‑development funding for any indication, we can at any time opt out and stop future co‑development cost sharing. If we elect to do this we would still be eligible for our base royalties plus an incremental, pro‑rated royalty commensurate with our contribution to the total co‑development cost for those indications for which we co‑funded. The Lilly agreement will continue until Lilly no longer has any royalty payment obligations or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms. Royalties are payable by Lilly on a product‑by‑product and country‑by‑country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Lilly or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated by Lilly for convenience, and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

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We determined that there were two deliverables under the agreement: (i) the worldwide license and (ii) our obligations in connection with a co‑development option. We concluded that these deliverables should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting and the $90.0 million upfront payment should be recognized on a straight-line basis as revenue through December 2016, our estimated performance period under the agreement.  We completed our substantive performance obligation related to this arrangement in December 2016.

Milestone and contract revenue under the Lilly agreement was $120.0 million, $110.0 million and $67.5 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded $40.1 million and $9.1 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to Lilly net sales of OLUMIANT outside the United States.  At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $14.0 million and $4.6 million, respectively, of product royalties were included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

Lilly – Ruxolitinib

In March 2016, we entered into an amendment to the agreement with Lilly that amended the non-compete provision of the agreement to allow us to engage in the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in the GVHD field. We paid Lilly an upfront payment of $35.0 million and Lilly is eligible to receive up to $40.0 million in additional regulatory milestone payments relating to ruxolitinib in the GVHD field. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the $35.0 million upfront payment was recorded in research and development expense in our consolidated statement of operations. 

Agenus

In January 2015, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Agenus Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, 4-Antibody AG (now known as Agenus Switzerland Inc.), which we collectively refer to as Agenus. Under this agreement, the parties have agreed to collaborate on the discovery of novel immuno-therapeutics using Agenus’ antibody discovery platforms. The agreement became effective on February 18, 2015, upon the expiration of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976. Upon closing of the agreement, we paid Agenus total consideration of $60.0 million. 

In February 2017, we and Agenus amended this agreement (the “Amended Agreement”). Under the terms of the Amended Agreement, we received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to four checkpoint modulators directed against GITR, OX40, LAG-3 and TIM-3. In addition to the initial four program targets, we and Agenus have the option to jointly nominate and pursue additional targets within the framework of the collaboration, and in November 2015, three more targets were added. Targets may be designated profit-share programs, where all costs and profits are shared equally by us and Agenus, or royalty-bearing programs, where we are responsible for all costs associated with discovery, preclinical, clinical development and commercialization activities. The programs relating to GITR and OX40 and two of the undisclosed targets were profit-share programs until February 2017, while the other targets currently under collaboration are royalty-bearing programs. The Amended Agreement converted the programs relating to GITR and OX40 to royalty-bearing programs and removed from the collaboration the profit-share programs relating to the two undisclosed targets, with one reverting to us and one reverting to Agenus.  Should any of those removed programs be successfully developed by a party, the other party will be eligible to receive the same milestone payments as the royalty-bearing programs and royalties at a 15% rate on global net sales.  There are currently no profit-share programs.  For each royalty-bearing product other than GITR and OX40, Agenus will be eligible to receive tiered royalties on global net sales ranging from 6% to 12%.  For GITR and OX40, Agenus will be eligible to receive 15% royalties on global net sales.

Under the Amended Agreement, we paid Agenus $20.0 million in accelerated milestones relating to the clinical development of the GITR and OX40 programs, which is recorded in research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017.  Agenus is eligible to receive up to an additional $510.0 million in future contingent development, regulatory and commercialization milestones across all programs in the collaboration.  The agreement may be terminated by us for convenience upon 12 months’ notice and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach. In June 2018, we recorded a $5.0 million development milestone due to Agenus for the LAG-3 program and in September 2018 we recorded a $5.0 million development milestone

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due to Agenus for the TIM-3 program, which are recorded in research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.

In connection with the Amended Agreement, we also agreed to purchase 10.0 million shares of Agenus Inc. common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $60.0 million in cash, or $6.00 per share.  We completed the purchase of the shares on February 14, 2017, when the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market for Agenus Inc. shares was $4.40 per share.  The shares we acquired were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 on the purchase date and were subject to certain security specific restrictions for a period of time, and accordingly, we estimated a discount for lack of marketability on the shares on the issuance date of $4.5 million, which resulted in a net fair value of the shares on the issuance date of $39.5 million. Therefore, of the total consideration paid of $60.0 million, $39.5 million was allocated to our stock purchase in Agenus Inc. and was recorded within long term investments on the consolidated balance sheets and $20.5 million was allocated to research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017.

We have concluded Agenus Inc. is not a VIE because it has sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support and its at-risk equity holders have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. From the date of our initial stock purchase in February 2015 and up to the date of our second stock purchase in February 2017, we owned between 9% and 11% of the outstanding shares of Agenus Inc. common stock.  As a result of our February 2017 stock purchase, we owned approximately 15% of the outstanding shares of Agenus Inc. common stock as of December 31, 2018. We concluded that we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over Agenus Inc. based primarily on our ownership interest, the fact that we have been the largest Agenus stockholder since the date of our initial stock purchase, the level of intra-entity transactions between us and Agenus related to development expenses, as well as other qualitative factors. We have elected the fair value option to account for our long term investment in Agenus Inc. whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period.  We believe the fair value option to be the most appropriate accounting method to account for securities in publicly held collaborators for which we have significant influence. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded an unrealized loss of $15.6 million, $13.6 million and $3.3 million, respectively, based on the changes in the market price of Agenus Inc.’s common stock during these periods. The fair market value of our long term investment in Agenus Inc. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $42.3 million and $57.9 million, respectively.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, Agenus Inc. reported total revenues of $12.8 million and $30.3 million, respectively, and net losses of $33.7 million and $113.2 million, respectively, within their consolidated financial statements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, Agenus Inc. reported total revenues of $3.4 million and $34.5 million, respectively, and net losses of $36.8 million and $85.7 million, respectively, within their consolidated financial statements. As of September 30, 2018, Agenus Inc. reported current assets of $67.6 million, noncurrent assets of $62.8 million, current liabilities of $58.2 million and noncurrent liabilities of $203.7 million. As of December 31, 2017, Agenus Inc. reported current assets of $73.6 million, noncurrent assets of $64.8 million, current liabilities of $56.4 million and noncurrent liabilities of $157.8 million. At this time, we have no plans to participate in any future equity-based fundraising, and, in the event of any future equity-based fundraising, anticipate dilution of our ownership percentage and a significant permanent decrease in the value of our overall investment.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, also included $4.6 million, $19.5 million and $17.5 million, respectively, of development costs incurred pursuant to the Agenus arrangement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, a total of $2.3 million and $3.2 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

Hengrui

In September 2015, we entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement with Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd. (“Hengrui”).  Under the terms of this agreement, we received exclusive development and commercialization rights worldwide, with the exception of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, to INCSHR1210, an investigational PD-1 monoclonal antibody, and certain back-up compounds.  In February 2018, Incyte and Hengrui agreed to terminate the collaboration, pursuant to the terms of the License and Collaboration Agreement.

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Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, included $1.5 million, $3.2 million and $9.8 million, respectively, of development costs incurred pursuant to the Hengrui agreement.

Merus

In December 2016, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Merus N.V. Under this agreement, which became effective in January 2017, the parties have agreed to collaborate with respect to the research, discovery and development of bispecific antibodies utilizing Merus’ technology platform.  The collaboration encompasses up to eleven independent programs. 

The most advanced collaboration program is MCLA-145, a bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and CD137, for which we received exclusive development and commercialization rights outside of the United States. Merus retained exclusive development and commercialization rights in the United States to MCLA-145.  Each party will share equally the costs of mutually agreed global development activities for MCLA-145, and fund itself any independent development activities in its territory.  Merus will be responsible for commercializing MCLA-145 in the United States and we will be responsible for commercializing it outside of the United States.   

In addition to receiving rights to MCLA-145 outside of the United States, we received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to up to ten additional programs.  Of these ten additional programs, Merus retained the option, subject to certain conditions, to co-fund development of up to two such programs.  If Merus exercises its co-funding option for a program, Merus would be responsible for funding 35% of the associated future global development costs and, for certain of such programs, would be responsible for reimbursing us for certain development costs incurred prior to the option exercise.  Merus will also have the right to participate in a specified proportion of detailing activities in the United States for one of those co-developed programs. All costs related to the co-funded collaboration programs are subject to joint research and development plans and overseen by a joint development committee, but we will have final determination as to such plans in cases of dispute.  We will be responsible for all research, development and commercialization costs relating to all other programs. 

In February 2017, we paid Merus an upfront non-refundable payment of $120.0 million. For each program as to which Merus does not have commercialization or development co-funding rights, Merus will be eligible to receive up to $100.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones, and up to $250.0 million in commercialization milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of global net sales.  For each program as to which Merus exercises its option to co-fund development, Merus will be eligible to receive a 50% share of profits (or sustain 50% of any losses) in the United States and be eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of net sales of products outside of the United States.  If Merus opts to cease co-funding a program as to which it exercised its co-development option, then Merus will no longer receive a share of profits in the United States but will be eligible to receive the same milestones from the co-funding termination date and the same tiered royalties described above with respect to programs where Merus does not have a right to co-fund development and, depending on the stage at which Merus chose to cease co-funding development costs, Merus will be eligible to receive additional royalties ranging up to 4% of net sales in the United States.  For MCLA-145, we and Merus will each be eligible to receive tiered royalties on net sales in the other party’s territory at rates ranging from 6% to 10%.  

The Merus agreement will continue on a program-by-program basis until we have no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement.  The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program-by-program basis by us for convenience.  The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement.  If the agreement is terminated with respect to one or more programs, all rights in the terminated programs revert to Merus, subject to payment to us of a reverse royalty of up to 4% on sales of future products, if Merus elects to pursue development and commercialization of products arising from the terminated programs. 

In addition, in December 2016, we entered into a Share Subscription Agreement with Merus, pursuant to which we agreed to purchase 3.2 million common shares of Merus for an aggregate purchase price of $80.0 million in cash, or $25.00 per share. 

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We agreed to certain standstill provisions whereby we are obligated to refrain from taking certain actions with respect to Merus or Merus’ common shares during a period ending on the earliest of (i) three years from the closing date of our share purchase, (ii) the date Merus publicly announces any merger or similar business combination or another party announces an intention to acquire a substantial portion of Merus’ securities, and (iii) the termination of the Collaboration and License Agreement. The standstill provisions are subject to certain exceptions, including an exception that allows us to maintain our percentage ownership following equity financings by Merus. We also agreed, subject to limited exceptions, not to sell or otherwise transfer any of our Merus shares for a period, referred to as the Lock-Up Period, ending on the earlier of 18 months after the closing date of the sale of the Shares or the end of the standstill period.  In addition, if the standstill period has not been terminated earlier upon the occurrence of certain events, for a period of three years after the Lock-Up Period, we will be restricted from selling or otherwise transferring more than one-third of our Merus shares during any 12-month period or 10% of our Merus shares during any three-month period, unless Merus consents otherwise.  We have further agreed that during the standstill period, we will vote all of our Merus shares in accordance with the recommendation of a majority of Merus’ supervisory board.  However, we may vote our Merus shares at our own discretion for certain extraordinary matters, including a change in control of Merus.  Merus has agreed to customary resale registration rights with respect to our Merus shares; however, any such resales will be subject to the Lock-Up Period and volume limitations on sale and transfer described above. 

We completed the purchase of the shares on January 23, 2017 when the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market for Merus shares was $24.50 per share.  The shares we acquired were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 on the purchase date and were subject to certain security specific restrictions for a period of time, and accordingly, we estimated a discount for lack of marketability on the shares on the issuance date of $5.6 million, which resulted in a net fair value of the shares on the issuance date of $72.8 million.  Of the total consideration paid of $80.0 million, $72.8 million was allocated to our stock purchase in Merus and was recorded as a long term investment on the consolidated balance sheets and $7.2 million was allocated to research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017.  The fair market value of our total long term investment in Merus as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $44.8 million and $62.1 million, respectively.

We have concluded Merus is not a VIE because it has sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support and its at-risk equity holders have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. As of December 31, 2018, we owned approximately 14% of the outstanding shares of Merus common stock and conclude that we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over Merus based primarily on our ownership interest, the level of intra-entity transactions between us and Merus related to development expenses, as well as other qualitative factors.  We have elected the fair value option to account for our long term investment in Merus whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period.  We believe the fair value option to be the most appropriate accounting method to account for securities in publicly held collaborators for which we have significant influence. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded an unrealized loss of $17.3 million and $10.7 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Merus’ common stock during these periods. 

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, Merus reported within its Form 6-K total revenues of approximately €6.5 million and €23.0 million, respectively, and net loss of approximately €10.7 million and €23.7 million, respectively, within its condensed consolidated financial statements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, Merus reported within its Form 6-K total revenues of approximately €5.7 million and €15.8 million, respectively, and net loss of approximately €13.4 million and €52.7 million, respectively, within its condensed consolidated financial statements. As of September 30, 2018, Merus reported within its Form 6-K current assets of €202.6 million, noncurrent assets of €22.1 million, current liabilities of €38.2 million and noncurrent liabilities of €101.5 million. As of December 31, 2017, Merus reported within its Form 6-K current assets of €188.1 million, noncurrent assets of €8.7 million, current liabilities of €27.7 million and noncurrent liabilities of €112.6 million.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 included $10.3 million and $6.5 million, respectively, of additional development costs incurred pursuant to the Merus agreement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, a total of $2.9 million and $2.1 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Calithera

In January 2017, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Calithera Biosciences, Inc. (“Calithera”). Under this agreement, we received an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize small molecule arginase inhibitors, including CB-1158, which is currently in Phase I clinical trials, for hematology and oncology indications. We have agreed to co-fund 70% of the global development costs for the development of the licensed products for hematology and oncology indications. Calithera will have the right to conduct certain clinical development under the collaboration, including combination studies of a licensed product with a proprietary compound of Calithera. We will be entitled to 60% of the profits and losses from net sales of licensed product in the United States, and Calithera will have the right to co-detail licensed products in the United States, and we have agreed to pay Calithera tiered royalties ranging from the low to mid-double digits on net sales of licensed products outside the United States. Calithera may opt out of its co-funding obligation, in which case the U.S. profit sharing will no longer be in effect, and we have agreed to pay Calithera tiered royalties ranging from the low to mid-double digits on net sales of licensed products both in the United States and outside the United States, and additional royalties to reimburse Calithera for previously incurred development costs.

In January 2017, we paid Calithera an upfront license fee of $45.0 million and have agreed to pay potential development, regulatory and sales milestone payments of over $430.0 million if the profit share is in effect, or $750.0 million if the profit share terminates. In March 2017, Calithera earned a $12.0 million milestone payment from us for the achievement of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics goals for CB-1158 which was recorded in research and development expense on our consolidated statement of operations.

The Calithera agreement will continue on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis for so long as we are developing or commercializing products in the United States (if the parties are sharing profits in the United States) and until we have no further royalty payment obligations, unless earlier terminated according to the terms of the agreement. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a product-by-product and/or a country-by-country basis by us for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by us for Calithera’s uncured material breach, by Calithera for our uncured material breach and by either party for bankruptcy or patent challenge. If the agreement is terminated early with respect to one or more products or countries, all rights in the terminated products and countries revert to Calithera.

In addition, in January 2017, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Calithera for the purchase of 1.7 million common shares of Calithera for an aggregate purchase price of $8.0 million in cash, or $4.65 per share.  We completed the purchase of the shares on January 30, 2017 when the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market was $6.75 per share.  The shares we acquired were registered under the Securities Act of 1933 on the purchase date and there were no security specific restrictions for these shares, and therefore the value of the 1.7 million shares acquired by us was $11.6 million.  We paid total consideration of $53.0 million to Calithera, composed of the $45.0 million upfront license fee and the $8.0 million stock purchase price.  Of the $53.0 million, $11.6 million was allocated to our stock purchase in Calithera and was recorded within long term investments on the consolidated balance sheets and $41.4 million was allocated to research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017. The fair market value of our long term investment in Calithera as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $6.9 million and $14.4 million, respectively.

We have concluded Calithera is not a VIE because it has sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support and its at-risk equity holders have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest.  As of December 31, 2018, we owned approximately 4.5% of the outstanding shares of Calithera common stock and there are several other stockholders who hold larger positions of Calithera.  As we do not hold a significant position of the voting shares of Calithera and lack the qualitative characteristics associated with the ability to exercise significant influence, our ownership interest does not meet the criteria to be accounted for as an equity method investment. We intend to hold the investment in Calithera for the foreseeable future, and thereby have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Under guidance implemented by ASU No. 2016-01, the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. Prior to implementation, the unrealized gains and losses on our investment in Calithera were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). To adopt ASU No. 2016-01, the January 1, 2018 accumulated deficit balance decreased by $2.8 million to reflect these prior period unrealized gains. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded an unrealized loss of $7.5 million and an

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unrealized gain of $2.8 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Calithera’s common stock during these periods. 

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 also included $12.0 million and $23.4 million, respectively, of additional development costs incurred pursuant to the Calithera agreement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, a total of $2.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

MacroGenics

In October 2017, we entered into a Global Collaboration and License Agreement with MacroGenics, Inc. (“MacroGenics”). Under this agreement, we received exclusive development and commercialization rights worldwide to MacroGenics’ INCMGA0012 (formerly MGA012), an investigational monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD-1. Except as set forth in the succeeding sentence, we will have sole authority over and bear all costs and expenses in connection with the development and commercialization of INCMGA0012 in all indications, whether as a monotherapy or as part of a combination regimen.  MacroGenics has retained the right to develop and commercialize, at its cost and expense, its pipeline assets in combination with INCMGA0012.  In addition, MacroGenics has the right to manufacture a portion of both companies’ global clinical and commercial supply needs of INCMGA0012.  In December 2017, we paid MacroGenics an upfront payment of $150.0 million which was recorded in research and development expense on our consolidated statement of operations. MacroGenics will be eligible to receive up to $420.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones and up to $330.0 million in commercial milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 15% to 24% of global net sales.  In September 2018, we recorded $10.0 million and in November 2018 we recorded $5.0 million in aggregate milestones due to MacroGenics for the achievement of certain clinical milestones as part of our collaboration and license agreement, which were recorded in research and development expense on our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The MacroGenics agreement will continue until we are no longer commercializing, developing or manufacturing INCMGA0012 or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms.  The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a licensed product by licensed product basis by us for convenience.  The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, also included $35.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of additional development costs incurred pursuant to the MacroGenics agreement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, a total of $3.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.  

Syros

In January 2018, we entered into a target discovery, research collaboration and option agreement with Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Syros”). Under this agreement, Syros will use its proprietary gene control platform to identify novel therapeutic targets with a focus in myeloproliferative neoplasms and we have received options to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to intellectual property resulting from the collaboration for up to seven validated targets.  We will have exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize any therapies under the collaboration that modulate those validated targets.  We have agreed to pay Syros up to $54.0 million in target selection and option exercise fees should we decide to exercise all of our options under the agreement. For products resulting from the collaboration against each of the seven selected and validated targets, we have agreed to pay up to $50.0 million in potential development and regulatory milestones and up to $65.0 million in potential commercial milestones. Syros is also eligible to receive low single-digit royalties on net sales of products resulting from the collaboration. In January 2018, we paid Syros an upfront non-refundable (except in the event of a material breach of the agreement by Syros) payment of $10.0 million, which was recorded in research and development expense during the year ended December 31, 2018. 

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In addition, in January 2018, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Syros for the purchase of 0.8 million common shares of Syros for an aggregate purchase price of $10.0 million in cash, or $12.61 per share.  We agreed to not sell or otherwise transfer any of our Syros shares for a period, referred to as the Lock-Up Period, of 12 months after the closing date of the sale. We completed the purchase of the shares on January 8, 2018 when the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market was $9.77 per share. The shares we acquired were not registered on the purchase date, and accordingly, we estimated a discount for lack of marketability on the shares of $0.1 million, which resulted in a net fair value of the shares on the issuance date of $7.6 million. Of the $10.0 million aggregate purchase price paid, $7.6 million was allocated to our stock purchase in Syros and was recorded within long term investments on the consolidated balance sheet and $2.4 million, representing premium paid on the purchase, was allocated to research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018. Also in January 2018, we entered into an Amended Stock Purchase Agreement with Syros for the purchase of an additional 0.1 million common shares of Syros for an aggregate purchase price of $1.4 million in cash, or $9.55 per share.  The shares were acquired in February 2018 and the $1.4 million aggregate purchase price was recorded within long term investments on the consolidated balance sheet. All acquired shares were subsequently registered under the Securities Act of 1933 in February 2018. The fair market value of our long term investment in Syros as of December 31, 2018 was $5.2 million.

We have concluded Syros is not a VIE because it has sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support and its at-risk equity holders have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest.  As of December 31, 2018, we owned approximately 3% of the outstanding shares of Syros common stock and there are several other stockholders who hold larger positions of Syros. As we do not hold a significant position of the voting shares of Syros and lack the qualitative characteristics associated with the ability to exercise significant influence, our ownership interest does not meet the criteria to be accounted for as an equity method investment. We intend to hold the investment in Syros for the foreseeable future and therefore, are accounting for our shares held in Syros at fair value under ASU No. 2016-01, and the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period.  Given our intent to hold the investment for the foreseeable future, we have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded an unrealized loss of $3.7 million based on the change in the market price of Syros’ common stock during the period. 

Innovent

In December 2018, we entered into a research collaboration and licensing agreement with Innovent Biologics, Inc. (“Innovent”). Under the terms of this agreement, Innovent received exclusive development and commercialization rights to our clinical-stage product candidates pemigatinib, itacitinib and parsaclisib in hematology and oncology in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. In January 2019, we received an upfront payment under this agreement of $40.0 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive $20.0 million in connection with the first related IND filing in China, up to $129.0 million in potential development and regulatory milestones, and up to $202.5 million in potential commercial milestones. We are also eligible to receive tiered royalties from the high-teens to the low-twenties on future sales of products resulting from the collaboration. We retain an option to assist in the promotion of the three product candidates in the Innovent territories.

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Note 8. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Office equipment	$	16,955	$	14,665
Laboratory equipment		61,697		45,048
Computer equipment		55,436		48,733
Land		10,122		5,350
Building and leasehold improvements		213,196		209,260
Construction in progress		65,576		11,371
		422,982		334,427
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		(103,231)		(74,664)
Property and equipment, net	$	319,751	$	259,763

Depreciation expense, including amortization expense of leasehold improvements, was $32.3 million, $24.6 million and $14.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

In October 2017, we completed the construction of a 154,000 square foot office building located in Wilmington, Delaware totaling approximately $91.3 million and are depreciating the building over its estimated useful life of 40 years.

In February 2018, we signed an agreement to rent a building in Morges, Switzerland for an initial term of 15 years, with multiple options to extend for an additional 20 years. The building will undergo extensive renovations prior to our occupation and, when completed, will serve as our new European headquarters. The new building will consist of approximately 100,000 square feet of office space. This building will allow for consolidation of our European operations that are currently located in Geneva and Lausanne, Switzerland. Building permits were granted by the local government authorities in September 2018, and construction activity began immediately thereafter. We are responsible for a portion of the renovation and construction costs, and are deemed, for accounting purposes, to be the owner of the building. As a result, we recorded the fair value of the building as a capital asset of approximately $15.8 million and a corresponding financing liability in accrued and other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018. We also recorded approximately $2.9 million in construction costs as a capital asset and corresponding financing liability on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018. Due to new accounting guidance within ASC 842, Leases, the assets and liabilities associated to this lease will be derecognized upon adoption on January 1, 2019. We anticipate beginning our portion of construction activity in July 2019, with completion of the office complex anticipated in the first half of 2020.

In July 2018, we signed an agreement to purchase land located within Y-PARC, Switzerland’s largest technology park in Yverdon. The land was purchased, in cash, for $4.8 million. Upon this parcel, we are constructing a large molecule production facility.  Construction activity commenced in July 2018 and as of December 31, 2018, we have recorded approximately $37.5 million in costs for construction, ground preparation and architectural and engineering studies. We currently anticipate the facility to be completed in the second half of 2020.

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Note 9. Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible Assets, Net

The components of intangible assets were as follows (in thousands, except for useful life):

Balance at December 31, 2018

Balance at December 31, 2017

Weighted-

Gross

Net

Gross

Net

Average Useful

Carrying

Accumulated

Carrying

Carrying

Accumulated

Carrying

Lives (Years)

Amount

Amortization

Amount

Amount

Amortization

Amount

Finite-lived intangible assets:

Licensed IP

12.5

$

271,000

$

55,636

$

215,364

$

271,000

$

34,099

$

236,901

Amortization expense was $21.5 million, $21.5 million and $12.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, and is recorded in cost of product revenues on the consolidated statement of operations.  Estimated aggregate amortization expense based on the current carrying value of amortizable intangible assets will be as follows for the years ending December 31 (in thousands):

		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		Thereafter
Amortization expense	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	107,684

Goodwill

There were no changes to the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Note 10. Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Royalties	$	25,087	$	21,433
Clinical related costs		98,607		110,037
Sales allowances		44,770		34,679
Construction in progress		7,673		9,945
Financing lease liability		18,696		—
Other current liabilities		34,568		22,807
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$	229,401	$	198,901

Note 11. Convertible Notes

The components of the convertible notes were as follows (in thousands):

				Carrying Amount
	Interest Rates			December 31,
Debt	December 31, 2018		Maturities	2018		2017
0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2018	0.375	%	2018	$	—	$	7,393
1.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020	1.25	%	2020		17,434		16,608
					17,434		24,001
Less current portion					—		7,393
				$	17,434	$	16,608

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Annual maturities of all convertible notes are as follows (in thousands):

2019	$	—
2020		19,094
2021		—
2022		—
Thereafter		—
	$	19,094

The carrying amount and fair value of our convertible notes as of the dates shown were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2018				2017
	Carrying				Carrying
	Amount		Fair Value		Amount		Fair Value
0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2018	$	—	$	—	$	7,393	$	14,129
1.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020		17,434		25,073		16,608		35,431
	$	17,434	$	25,073	$	24,001	$	49,560

The fair values of our 0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2018 (the “2018 Notes”) and 1.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (the “2020 Notes”) are based on data from readily available pricing sources which utilize market observable inputs and other characteristics for similar types of instruments, and, therefore, are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

On November 14, 2013, we issued, in a private placement, $375.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes and $375.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes. Entities affiliated with Julian C. Baker, one of our directors and principal stockholders (the “Baker Entities”), purchased $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes and $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes in this private placement. As of December 31, 2016, the Baker Entities owned $259.0 million and $274.5 million aggregate principal amounts of the 2018 and 2020 Notes, respectively, which were exchanged in 2017 for shares of common stock as described below. The 2018 Notes bore interest at a rate of 0.375% per annum and the 2020 Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.25% per annum, in each case payable semi‑annually in arrears in cash on May 15 and November 15, beginning on May 15, 2014. The 2018 Notes matured on November 15, 2018 and the 2020 Notes will mature on November 15, 2020, unless earlier purchased or converted. We may not redeem the 2020 Notes prior to their relevant scheduled maturity dates.

Prior to May 14, 2014, the 2018 and 2020 Notes were not convertible except in connection with a make-whole fundamental change, as defined in the respective indentures. Beginning on, and including, May 15, 2014, the 2018 Notes were and the 2020 Notes are convertible prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding May 15, 2018, in the case of the 2018 Notes, and May 15, 2020, in the case of the 2020 Notes, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2014 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the 2018 Notes or 2020 Notes, as applicable, on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of 2018 Notes or 2020 Notes, as applicable, for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate for the 2018 Notes or 2020 Notes, as applicable, on each such trading day; or (3) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after May 15, 2018, in the case of the 2018 Notes, and May 15, 2020, in the case of the 2020 Notes, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the relevant maturity date, the 2018 Notes were and the 2020 Notes are convertible at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at our election. Management’s intent is to settle any conversions of the 2020 Notes in shares of our common stock.

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The conversion rate for the 2018 Notes was 19.3207 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount, equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $51.76 per share. The initial conversion rate for the 2020 Notes is 19.3207 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount, equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $51.76 per share. The conversion rate for the 2018 Notes was and the conversion rate for the 2020 Notes will be subject to adjustment for certain events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. Upon the occurrence of certain fundamental changes, the holders of the 2020 Notes may require us to purchase all or a portion of their 2020 Notes for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2020 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, including additional interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change purchase date. In addition, if, and to the extent, a holder elects to convert any 2020 Notes in connection with a make‑whole fundamental change transaction, as defined in the indenture, we will, under certain circumstances, increase the applicable conversion rate by a number of additional shares of our common stock. The 2018 Notes had similar provisions relating to fundamental changes and make-whole fundamental changes.

Since the 2018 Notes could and the 2020 Notes can be settled in cash or common shares or a combination of cash and common shares at our option, we determined the embedded conversion options in the 2018 and 2020 Notes are not required to be separately accounted for as a derivative. However, since the 2018 and 2020 Notes are within the scope of the accounting guidance for cash convertible instruments, we are required to separate the 2018 and 2020 Notes into a liability and equity component. The carrying amount of the liability component is calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the embedded conversion option is determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the initial proceeds. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount is amortized to interest expense over the expected life of a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component using the effective interest method. The equity component is not re‑measured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification in the accounting guidance for contracts in an entity’s own equity.

The liability component of the 2018 Notes on the date of issuance was estimated at $299.4 million, and accordingly, the equity component on the date of issuance was $75.6 million. The discount on the 2018 Notes was amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2018 Notes, using the effective interest method. The 2018 Notes were due on November 15, 2018 and the remaining de minimis principal balance of 2018 Notes that were not converted into common stock were repaid on that date. The carrying value of the 2018 Notes was $7.4 million (net of $0.3 million of debt discount and issuance costs) at December 31, 2017.

The liability component of the 2020 Notes on the date of issuance was estimated at $274.8 million, and accordingly, the equity component on the date of issuance was $100.2 million. The discount on the 2020 Notes is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2020 Notes, using the effective interest method. The carrying value of the 2020 Notes was $17.4 million and $16.6 million, respectively, (net of $1.7 million and $2.5 million debt discount and issuance costs, respectively) at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we entered into separately negotiated agreements with certain holders of the 2018 Notes pursuant to which such holders agreed to exchange a total of $367.2 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes for the shares of our common stock into which the 2018 Notes were originally convertible, aggregating 7.1 million shares, an additional 0.1 million of premium shares (equivalent to $12.6 million in value) and $2.0 million in cash. Similarly we entered into separately negotiated agreements with certain holders of the 2020 Notes pursuant to which such holders agreed to exchange a total of $355.6 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes for the shares of our common stock into which the 2020 Notes were originally convertible, aggregating 6.9 million shares, an additional 0.2 million of premium shares (equivalent to $26.8 million in value) and $7.0 million in cash. Included in the agreements were those with the Baker Entities, which agreed to exchange $259.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes and $274.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes for an aggregate of 10.6 million shares.

Pursuant to the guidance within the ASC 470-20-40-20, we measured the difference between the fair value and carrying value of the liability portion of the 2018 and 2020 Notes which resulted in recording expense related to senior note conversions of $1.4 million related to the 2018 Notes and $5.1 million related to the 2020 Notes.  The estimated fair value of the debt component was determined using a valuation model which is subject to judgement.  Assumptions used within the valuation model include an estimated credit rating and an estimated market-based cost of debt. These

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assumptions were used to perform a discounted cash flow analysis on the future interest and principal payments to determine the estimated fair value of the debt at inducement.

In addition, the fair value of the premium shares issued pursuant to these agreements as well as the cash paid in connection with the agreements totaled $48.4 million and is also included within expense related to senior note conversions on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017. 

Note 12. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock.  We are authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, none of which was outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Board of Directors may determine the rights, preferences and privileges of any preferred stock issued in the future.

Common Stock.  We are authorized to issue 400,000,000 shares of common stock. 

On September 7, 2017, we completed a public offering of 4,945,000 shares of our authorized but unissued common stock pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement.  The underwriter had an option for a period of 30 days to purchase a maximum of 741,750 additional shares of our common stock, which expired unexercised.  We sold the shares of common stock to the underwriter at a price of $131.46 per share, resulting in net proceeds, after deducting expenses related to the offering, of approximately $649.4 million.

Stock Compensation Plans.  As of December 31, 2018, we had a total of 7,716,849 shares of our common stock available for future issuance related to our stock plans as described below.

2010 Stock Incentive Plan.  In May 2010 the Board of Directors adopted the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, which was amended and restated in April 2013 (the “2010 Plan”) for issuance of common stock to employees, non‑employee directors, consultants, and scientific advisors. Options are granted to employees, consultants, and scientific advisors under the 2010 Plan, pursuant to a formula determined by our Board of Directors. All options are exercisable at the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant. Non‑employee director options expire after ten years.

In May 2012, our stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan from 12,553,475 to 16,553,475. In May 2013, our stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan from 16,553,475 to 21,753,475. In May 2014, our stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan from 21,753,475 to 24,753,475. In May 2016, our stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan from 24,753,475 to 30,753,475. In May 2018, our stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan from 30,753,475 to 36,753,475.

Option activity under the 2010 Stock Plan was as follows:

		Shares Subject to
		Outstanding Options
	Shares Available		Weighted Average
	for Grant	Shares	Exercise Price
Balance at December 31, 2017	3,909,701	11,206,553	$	68.36
Additional authorization	5,000,000	—		—
Options granted	(3,245,314)	3,245,314	$	78.64
Options exercised	—	(1,353,518)	$	22.42
Options cancelled	813,190	(813,190)	$	94.82
Balance at December 31, 2018	6,477,577	12,285,159	$	74.39

In July 2016, we revised the terms of our annual stock option grants to provide that new option grants would generally have a 10-year term and vest over four years, with 25% vesting after one year and the remainder vesting in 36

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equal monthly installments. Previously, our option grants generally had 7-year terms and vested over three years, with 33% vesting after one year and the remainder vesting in 24 equal monthly installments.

Options to purchase a total of 7,194,171, 7,250,283 and 7,995,735 shares as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were exercisable. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $73.9 million, $264.2 million and $137.0 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 the aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and vested options were $118.5 million.

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2018 for the 2010 Plan:

	Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
		Weighted Average	Weighted			Weighted
		Remaining	Average			Average
	Number	Contractual Life	Exercise		Number	Exercise
Range of Exercise Prices	Outstanding	(in years)	Price		Exercisable	Price
$2.80 - $17.79	588,741	0.31	$	16.48	588,741	$	16.48
$17.89 - $18.32	1,474,120	1.09		18.31	1,474,120		18.31
$18.97 - $64.55	1,652,452	3.12		49.41	1,439,924		47.60
$65.36 - $68.40	142,566	8.70		66.34	19,555		67.39
$68.62 - $68.62	1,426,578	9.39		68.62	—		—
$68.82 - $81.16	1,234,047	4.24		73.59	892,781		73.69
$83.83 - $94.63	1,701,957	7.73		88.55	894,810		87.36
$95.34 - $95.76	1,578,529	6.09		95.62	780,898		95.76
$100.81 - $113.64	1,462,739	7.63		112.39	636,592		111.63
$115.19 - $138.52	1,023,430	8.09		128.30	466,750		128.88
	12,285,159				7,194,171

Restricted Stock Units and Performance Shares.

In January 2014, we began granting RSUs and PSUs to our employees at the share price on the date of grant.   Each RSU represents the right to acquire one share of our common stock.  Each RSU granted prior to July 2016 was subject to cliff vesting after three years. In July 2016, we revised the terms of our RSU grants to provide that the awards will vest 25% annually over four years.

Also, in January 2014, Hervé Hoppenot, our President and Chief Executive Officer, was granted a one-time grant of 400,000 RSUs outside of our 2010 Stock Incentive Plan. Vesting of the RSUs will be subject to Mr. Hoppenot’s continued employment on the applicable vesting dates, with one‑sixth of the RSUs vesting at the end of each of the calendar years 2014 through 2019, subject to earlier acceleration of vesting upon the occurrence of certain events in accordance with the terms of his employment agreement. As of December 31, 2018, a total of 266,667 RSUs granted to Mr. Hoppenot vested, leaving 133,333 RSUs outstanding.

In June 2018, we granted 190,000 RSUs and 446,500 PSUs under long term incentive plans with performance and/or service-based milestones with graded and/or cliff vesting over three to four years. For one of the long term incentive plans, under which 106,500 PSUs were granted, the actual number of shares of our common stock into which each PSU may convert are subject to a multiplier of up to 267% based on the level at which the performance conditions are achieved. Compensation expense for the performance-based awards is recorded over the estimated service period for each milestone when the performance conditions are deemed probable of achievement. For the period ended December 31, 2018, the stock compensation expense recorded during the period was for service-based awards and performance conditions deemed probable of achievement. For PSUs containing performance conditions which were not deemed probable of achievement at December 31, 2018, no stock compensation expense was recognized.

In July 2018, we granted 77,243 PSUs to executives with a performance milestone and graded vesting over four years.  The shares of our common stock into which each PSU may convert is subject to a multiplier up to 150% based on the level at which the performance condition is achieved. Compensation expense for the performance-based awards is

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recorded over the estimated service period when the performance condition is deemed probable of achievement. The actual number of shares of our common stock into which each PSU converted was at a multiplier of 83% based on the performance condition being achieved as of December 31, 2018. 

We did not grant any PSUs during the years ended December, 31, 2017 and 2016.  We granted a total of 55,326 PSUs during the year ended December 31, 2014 which had performance conditions that required expense recognition assessments during the year ended December 31, 2016. At December 31, 2016, we recognized stock compensation expense for those awards that had performance conditions deemed probable of achievement at that date.  For PSUs, containing performance conditions which were not deemed probable of achievement at December 31, 2016, no stock compensation expense was recognized for those awards.  The actual number of shares of our common stock into which each PSU converted was at a multiplier of 100% based on the performance conditions achieved as of December 31, 2016.

Based on our historical experience of employee turnover, we have assumed an annualized forfeiture rate of 5% for our options, PSUs and RSUs. Under the true-up provisions of the stock compensation guidance, we will record additional expense as the awards vest if the actual forfeiture rate is lower than we estimated, and will record a recovery of prior expense if the actual forfeiture is higher than we estimated.

RSU and PSU award activity under the 2010 Stock Plan was as follows:

		Shares Subject to
	Shares Available	Outstanding Awards
	for Grant	Shares	Grant Date Value
Balance at December 31, 2017	769,202	1,178,660	$	98.88
Additional authorization	1,000,000	—		—
RSUs granted	(898,598)	898,598	$	70.39
PSUs granted	(523,743)	523,743	$	66.18
RSUs cancelled	120,591	(120,591)	$	95.33
PSUs cancelled	78,299	(78,299)	$	66.44
RSUs released	—	(358,774)	$	93.64
Balance at December 31, 2018	545,751	2,043,337	$	80.35

Employee Stock Purchase Plan.  On May 21, 1997, our stockholders adopted the 1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). Each regular full‑time and part‑time employee working 20 hours or more per week is eligible to participate after one month of employment. We issued 233,712, 157,277 and 126,648 shares under the ESPP in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded stock compensation expense of $3.7 million, $3.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively, as the ESPP is considered compensatory under the FASB stock compensation rules. As of December 31, 2018, 693,521 shares remain available for issuance under the ESPP.

Note 13. Stock Compensation

We recorded $148.2 million, $133.1 million and $96.2 million, respectively, of stock compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we capitalized $0.1 million of stock compensation expense as part of the cost of an asset.  We utilized the Black-Scholes valuation model for estimating the fair value of the stock options granted, with the following weighted‑average assumptions:

	Employee Stock Options						Employee Stock Purchase Plan
	For the year ended December 31,						For the year ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2018		2017		2016
Average risk-free interest rates	2.61	%	1.80	%	1.30	%	2.62	%	1.53	%	0.90	%
Average expected life (in years)	5.26		5.25		4.99		0.50		0.50		0.50
Volatility	45	%	49	%	50	%	46	%	38	%	48	%
Weighted-average fair value (in dollars)	34.20		53.41		39.35		15.80		19.42		18.82

The risk‑free interest rate is derived from the U.S. Federal Reserve rate in effect at the time of grant. The expected life calculation is based on the observed and expected time to the exercise of options by our employees based on historical

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exercise patterns for similar type options. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over the period commensurate with the expected life of the options. A dividend yield of zero is assumed based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and have no present intention to pay cash dividends.   

Total compensation cost of options granted but not yet vested as of December 31, 2018, was $99.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted average period of 1.5 years. Total compensation cost of RSUs granted but not yet vested, as of December 31, 2018, was $61.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted average period of 1.5 years.  Total compensation cost of PSUs granted but not yet vested, as of December 31, 2018, was $29.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted average period of 3.0 years, should the underlying performance conditions be deemed probable of achievement.

Note 14. Income Taxes

We are subject to U.S. federal, state and foreign corporate income taxes. The provision for income taxes is based on income (loss) before provision for income taxes as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
U.S.	$	478,050	$	36,493	$	272,574
Non-U.S.		(362,703)		(348,783)		(165,170)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	$	115,347	$	(312,290)	$	107,404

Our provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Current:
State	$	5,010	$	486	$	2,700
Foreign		1,303		1,171		482
		6,313		1,657		3,182
Deferred:
State		111		(805)		—
Foreign		(570)		—		—
		(459)		(805)		—
Total provision for income taxes	$	5,854	$	852	$	3,182

A reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the provision for income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Provision (benefit) at U.S. federal statutory rate1	$	24,223	$	(109,302)	$	37,591
Unbenefited net operating losses and tax credits		(51,861)		(99,254)		(47,410)
Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation		(8,233)		(81,021)		(29,541)
Deferred tax impact of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017		—		196,751		—
Foreign tax rate differential		37,061		86,777		39,975
Non-deductible officer compensation		4,114		6,351		2,061
Other		550		550		506
Provision for income taxes	$	5,854	$	852	$	3,182

1. Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% in 2018 and 35% in 2017 and 2016.

The foreign tax rate differential in the table above reflects the impact of operations in jurisdictions with tax rates that differ from the U.S. federal statutory rate.

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Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forwards	$	148,142	$	259,189
Federal and state research credits		402,798		333,311
Capitalized research and development		53,871		37,044
Deferred revenue and accruals		9,443		11,721
Non-cash compensation		58,194		44,647
Acquisition-related contingent consideration		43,676		41,831
Intangibles, net		93,730		94,249
Long term investments		23,621		12,244
Other		22,211		12,815
Total gross deferred tax assets		855,686		847,051
Less valuation allowance for deferred tax assets		(836,992)		(834,783)
Net deferred tax assets	$	18,694	$	12,268
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	$	(17,424)	$	(11,463)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities		(17,424)		(11,463)
Net deferred income taxes	$	1,270	$	805

The net deferred income tax balance is reported in other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards, research and development credit carryforwards and orphan drug tax credit carryforwards as follows (in thousands):

	Amount		Expiring if not utilized
Net operating loss carryforwards
Federal	$	216,970	2034
State		343,022	2020 through 2037; indefinite
Foreign		757,312	2020 through 2025
Research and development credit carryforwards
Federal		197,400	2019 through 2038
State		25,247	2021 through 2032; indefinite
Orphan drug tax credit carryforwards		210,242	2029 through 2038

Our ability to utilize our federal and state NOLs may be limited under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 (“Section 382”). Section 382 imposes annual limitations on the utilization of NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes upon an ownership change. In general terms, an ownership change may result from transactions that increase the aggregate ownership of certain stockholders in our stock by more than 50 percentage points over a testing period (generally three years). We have completed a Section 382 analysis through the year ended December 31, 2017. Based on this analysis, our NOLs and other tax attributes accumulated through 2017 should not be limited under Section 382. We have not updated our analysis through 2018.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“the Act”) was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code.  The Act contains numerous provisions impacting corporate taxpayers. Changes include a federal corporate tax rate decrease from 35% to 21% effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system and temporary full expensing of certain business assets.  We recorded provisional tax impacts related to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as the temporary full expensing of certain business assets in our consolidated financial statements

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for the year ended December 31, 2017. Upon the completion of the 2017 U.S. federal corporate income tax return during the fourth quarter of 2018, we finalized our analysis of the Act and determined no additional adjustments were required.   

The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets increased by approximately $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, increased by approximately $14.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 and increased by approximately $277.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2016.  The net valuation allowance increase during 2018 was primarily due to the generation of U.S. federal R&D credits, orphan drug credits and Swiss NOLs, offset by the utilization of NOLs in the U.S. 

Valuation allowances require an assessment of both positive and negative evidence when determining whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable.  Such assessment is required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis.  The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.

Based upon our analysis of our historical operating results, as well as projections of our future taxable income (losses) during the periods in which the temporary differences will be recoverable, management believes the uncertainty regarding the realization of our U.S. and Swiss net deferred tax assets requires a full valuation allowance against such net assets as of December 31, 2018. When performing our assessment on projections of future taxable income (losses), we consider factors such as the likelihood of regulatory approval and commercial success of products currently under development, among other factors.  

The financial statement recognition of the benefit for a tax position is dependent upon the benefit being more likely than not to be sustainable upon audit by the applicable taxing authority. If this threshold is met, the tax benefit is then measured and recognized at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. If such unrecognized tax benefits were realized and not subject to valuation allowances, we would recognize a tax benefit of $22.4 million. The following table summarizes the gross amounts of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Balance at beginning of year	$	18,022	$	10,798
Additions related to prior periods tax positions		2,098		2,571
Reductions related to prior periods tax positions		—		(821)
Additions related to current period tax positions		2,466		5,555
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations		(130)		(81)
Currency translation adjustment		(61)		—
Balance at end of year	$	22,395	$	18,022

Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense of $0.1 million, $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively.  Due to NOL and tax credit carry forwards that remain unutilized, U.S. federal and state income tax returns remain subject to examination for three years after utilization of that year’s NOL carryforward.  The earliest year which generated an NOL included in our current NOL carryforward is 2014 for U.S. federal tax purposes.  All tax years for our foreign subsidiaries are open to audit in their respective jurisdictions.

Note 15. Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Our basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) by the number of weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. Our diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period assuming potentially dilutive common shares of stock options, RSUs, PSUs and common shares issuable upon conversion of the 2018 Notes and 2020 Notes using the if-converted method.  Common shares issuable upon conversion of the 2018 Notes and 2020 Notes were

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excluded from the diluted net income (loss) per share computation for all periods presented as their share effect was anti-dilutive.

Net income (loss) per share was calculated as follows for the periods indicated below:

	Year Ended  December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2018		2017		2016
Basic Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic net income (loss)	$	109,493	$	(313,142)	$	104,222
Weighted average common shares outstanding		212,383		204,580		187,873
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.52	$	(1.53)	$	0.55
				0		0
Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Diluted net income (loss)	$	109,493	$	(313,142)	$	104,222
Weighted average common shares outstanding		212,383		204,580		187,873
Dilutive stock options and RSUs		3,252		—		6,252
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share		215,635		204,580		194,125
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.51	$	(1.53)	$	0.54

The potential common shares that were excluded from the diluted net income (loss) per share computation are as follows:

	2018	2017	2016
Outstanding stock options and awards	8,255,992	12,585,213	2,792,424
Common shares issuable upon conversion of the 2018 Notes	—	149,375	7,245,149
Common shares issuable upon conversion of the 2020 Notes	368,939	368,939	7,241,284
Total potential common shares excluded from diluted net income (loss) per share computation	8,624,931	13,103,527	17,278,857

Note 16. Employee Benefit Plans

Defined Contribution Plans

We have a defined contribution plan qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code covering all U.S. employees and defined contribution plans for other Incyte employees in Europe. Employees may contribute a portion of their compensation, which is then matched by us, subject to certain limitations. Defined contribution expense was $10.5 million, $8.9 million and $6.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  Included in the 2018, 2017 and 2016 defined contribution expense was $1.4 million, $1.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of expense related to matching contributions under the European defined contribution plans.

Defined Benefit Pension Plans

We have defined benefit pension plans for our employees in Europe which provide benefits to employees upon retirement, death or disability. The assets of the pension plans are held in collective investment accounts represented by the cash surrender value of an insurance policy and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

The pension plans assumptions reflect the expected investment return and discount rate on plan assets and disability rate probabilities. The benefit obligation at December 31, 2018 for the plans was determined usinga discount

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rate of 0.75%, rate of compensation increase of 2.25% and long-term expected return on plan assets of 0.75%.  The 2018 net periodic benefit cost for the plans was determined using discount rates of 0.75% to 1.00%, rates of compensation increase of 2.00% to 2.25% and long-term expected return on plan assets of 0.75%. The benefit obligation at December 31, 2017 for the plans was determined usinga discount rate of 0.75%, rate of compensation increase of 2.00% and long-term expected return on plan assets of 0.75%.  The 2017 net periodic benefit cost for the plans was determined using a discount rate of 0.75%, rate of compensation increase of 1.50% and long-term expected return on plan assets of 0.75%.

Summarized information regarding changes in the obligations and plan assets, the funded status and the amounts recorded were as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Benefit obligation, beginning of year	$	37,584	$	23,787
Employer service cost		4,450		2,836
Interest cost		278		190
Plan participants' contributions		1,282		1,101
Actuarial loss		698		4,514
Plan change		—		1,430
Transfer of benefits net of payments from fund		2,268		2,853
Expenses paid from assets		(51)		(36)
Translation (gain) loss		(471)		909
Benefit obligation, end of year		46,038		37,584
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year		24,191		16,699
Actual return on plan assets		95		88
Employer contributions		3,133		2,891
Plan participants' contributions		1,282		1,101
Transfer of benefits net of payments from fund		1,910		2,853
Expenses paid from assets		(51)		(36)
Translation (gain) loss		(192)		595
Fair value of plan assets, end of year		30,368		24,191
Unfunded liability, end of year	$	15,670	$	13,393

The unfunded liability is reported in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The accumulated benefit obligation is $39.8 million and $33.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The net periodic benefit cost was as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended  December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Service cost	$	4,450	$	2,836	$	1,225
Interest cost		278		190		76
Expected return on plan assets		(195)		(138)		(59)
Amortization of prior service cost		179		154		—
Amortization of actuarial losses		265		141		—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	4,977	$	3,183	$	1,242

The components of net periodic benefit cost other than the service cost component are included in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.

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Other changes in the plans assets and the benefit obligation that is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows, net of tax (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Pension liability, beginning of year	$	8,450	$	2,750	$	—
Plan change		—		1,276		506
Net prior service costs		(179)		(140)		—
Net loss		875		4,564		2,244
Pension liability, end of year	$	9,146	$	8,450	$	2,750

The prior service cost for the pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year is $0.2 million.  The actuarial loss for the pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year is $0.3 million. 

We expect to contribute a total of $3.6 million to the pension plans in 2019. The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid (in thousands):

2019	$	1,647
2020		1,759
2021		2,020
2022		2,131
2023		1,973
2024-2027		11,790
Total	$	21,320

Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies

Rent expense for all leases for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, was approximately $9.4 million, $8.2 million and $5.4 million, respectively.

Future non‑cancelable minimum payments are as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,	Operating Leases		Capital Leases		Financing Lease1
2019	$	12,909	$	688	$	—
2020		8,589		472		—
2021		3,899		—		466
2022		2,011		—		2,793
2023		1,155		—		2,793
Thereafter		—		—		35,850
Total minimum lease payments	$	28,563	$	1,160	$	41,902

1. Represents the future minimum lease payments relating to leases where we are deemed, for accounting purposes, to be the owner of the building (see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

We lease approximately 112,000 square feet of office space in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, approximately 100,000 square feet of laboratory and office space in Wilmington, Delaware and approximately 63,000 square feet of office space in Europe and Japan. 

In February 2018, we signed an agreement to rent a building in Morges, Switzerland for an initial term of 15 years, with multiple options to extend for an additional 20 years. The building will undergo extensive renovations prior to our occupation and, when completed, will serve as our new European headquarters. Once construction is complete, our

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future rental payments over the 15 year term are approximately $41.9 million, which excludes the remaining build-out costs to be paid by us.

We have entered into and may in the future seek to license additional rights relating to technologies or drug development candidates in connection with our drug discovery and development programs. Under these licenses, we may be required to pay upfront fees, milestone payments, and royalties on sales of future products, which are not reflected in the table above.

In December 2018, we received a civil investigative demand from the U.S. Department of Justice for documents and information relating to our speaker programs and patient assistance programs, including our support of non-profit organizations that provide financial assistance to eligible patients. We are cooperating with this inquiry. Given that the investigation is still ongoing and that we have not yet been made aware of the substance of any civil claims, we cannot predict the outcome of the investigation, the timing of the ultimate resolution of this matter, or reasonably estimate the possible range of loss, if any, that may result from this matter.  Accordingly, no reserve has been made with respect to this matter in the 2018 consolidated financial statements.

Note 18. Segment Information

We currently operate in one operating business segment focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of proprietary therapeutics. Our chief operating decision-maker manages the operations of our company as a single operating segment. We do not operate in any material separate lines of business or separate business entities with respect to our products or product development.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, total revenues generated by subsidiaries in the United States was $1.8billion and total revenues generated from subsidiaries in Europe was $79.9 million.  During the year ended December 31, 2017, total revenues generated by subsidiaries in the United States was $1.5 billion and total revenues generated from subsidiaries in Europe was $66.9 million. During the year ended December 31, 2016, total revenues generated by subsidiaries in the United States was $1.1 billion and total revenues generated from subsidiaries in Europe was $29.6 million.  As of December 31, 2018, property and equipment, net was approximately $252.5 million in the United States and approximately $67.3 million in Europe. As of December 31, 2017, property and equipment, net was approximately $252.4 million in the United States and approximately $7.4 million in Europe. 

Note 19. Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)

	Fiscal 2018 Quarter Ended
(in thousands, except per share data)	March 31,		June 30,		September 30,		December 31,
Revenues(1)	$	382,282	$	521,516	$	449,683	$	528,402
Net income (loss)	$	(41,140)	$	52,394	$	29,176	$	69,063
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	(0.19)	$	0.25	$	0.14	$	0.32
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	(0.19)	$	0.24	$	0.14	$	0.32
Shares used in computation of basic net income (loss) per share		211,681		212,210		212,627		213,013
Shares used in computation of diluted net income (loss) per share		211,681		215,103		215,964		216,042

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	Fiscal 2017 Quarter Ended
(in thousands, except per share data)	March 31,		June 30,		September 30,		December 31,
Revenues(2)	$	384,082	$	326,444	$	381,534	$	444,156
Net income (loss)	$	(187,083)	$	(12,484)	$	36,054	$	(149,629)
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	(0.96)	$	(0.06)	$	0.17	$	(0.71)
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	(0.96)	$	(0.06)	$	0.17	$	(0.71)
Shares used in computation of basic net income (loss) per share		195,260		205,141		206,796		211,125
Shares used in computation of diluted net income (loss) per share		195,260		205,141		212,610		211,125

(1) The quarters ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018 include $334.5 million, $365.5 million, $367.7 million, and $399.2 million, respectively, of product revenues, net, relating to JAKAFI and ICLUSIG. The quarters ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018 include $47.7 million, $56.0 million, $61.9 million and $69.2 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to the sale of JAKAVI and OLUMIANT outside the United States. In November 2009 and December 2009, we entered into collaborative research and license agreements with Novartis and Lilly, respectively. The quarters ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018 include $0.0 million, $100.0 million, $20.0 million and $60.0 million, respectively, of milestone and contract revenues relating to these agreements.

(2) The quarters ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017 include $264.8 million, $291.7 million, $322.0 million, and $321.8 million, respectively, of product revenues, net, relating to JAKAFI and ICLUSIG. The quarters ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017 include $29.2 million, $34.8 million, $44.5 million and $52.3 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to the sale of JAKAVI and OLUMIANT outside the United States. In November 2009 and December 2009, we entered into collaborative research and license agreements with Novartis and Lilly, respectively. The quarters ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017 include $90.0 million, $0.0 million, $15.0 million and $70.0 million, respectively, of milestone and contract revenues relating to these agreements.

Item 9.  Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 9A.  Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.  We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rule 13a‑15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Our disclosure controls and procedures have been designed to meet reasonable assurance standards. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost‑benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.

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Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10‑K, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting.    There were no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) for the quarter ended December 31, 2018, that materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting.  Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Incyte Corporation

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Incyte Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Incyte Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of Incyte Corporation as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and our report dated February 14, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/  Ernst & Young LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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February 14, 2019

Item 9B.  Other Information

None.

PART III

Item 10.  Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this item (with respect to Directors) is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “Election of Directors” contained in our Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies for our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on April 26, 2019 (the “Proxy Statement”). Certain information required by this item concerning executive officers is set forth in Part I of this Report under the caption “Executive Officers of the Registrant” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 405 of Regulation S‑K calls for disclosure of any known late filing or failure by an insider to file a report required by Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act. This disclosure is contained in the section entitled “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our officers and employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Corporate Controller and other employees who perform financial or accounting functions. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics sets forth the basic principles that guide the business conduct of our employees. We have also adopted a Senior Financial Officers’ Code of Ethics that specifically applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Corporate Controller, and others providing similar functions. Stockholders may request a free copy of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and our Senior Financial Officers’ Code of Ethics by contacting Incyte Corporation, Attention: Investor Relations, 1801 Augustine Cut‑Off, Wilmington, DE 19803.

To date, there have been no waivers under our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or Senior Financial Officers’ Code of Ethics. We intend to disclose future amendments to certain provisions of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or Senior Financial Officers’ Code of Ethics or any waivers, if and when granted, of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or Senior Financial Officers’ Code of Ethics on our website at http://www.incyte.com within four business days following the date of such amendment or waiver.

Our Board of Directors has appointed an Audit Committee of three directors, currently comprised of Mr. Paul J. Clancy, as Chairman, Mr. Paul A. Brooke, and Ms. Wendy Dixon. The Board of Directors has also determined that Mr. Clancy and Mr. Brooke are each qualified as an Audit Committee Financial Expert under the definition outlined by the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, each of the members of the Audit Committee qualifies as an “independent director” under the applicable standards of The Nasdaq Stock Market.

Item 11.  Executive Compensation

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the captions “Compensation of Directors” and “Executive Compensation” contained in the Proxy Statement.

Item 12.  Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the captions “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” contained in the Proxy Statement.

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Item 13.  Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the captions “Corporate Governance—Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Corporate Governance—Director Independence” contained in the Proxy Statement.

Item 14.  Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “Ratification of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Principal Accountant Fees and Services” contained in the Proxy Statement.

PART IV

Item 15.  Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a)Documents filed as part of this report:

(1) Financial Statements

Reference is made to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements of Incyte Corporation under Item 8 of Part II hereof.

(2) Financial Statement Schedules

All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or not required or because the information is included elsewhere in the Consolidated Financial Statements or the Notes thereto.

(3) Exhibits

See Item 15(b) below. Each management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed has been identified.

(b)Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description of Document
3(i)	Integrated copy of the Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
3(ii)	Bylaws of the Company, as amended as of November 15, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 17, 2017).
4.1	Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002).
4.2	Indenture, dated as of November 14, 2013, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 14, 2013).
4.3	Indenture, dated as of November 14, 2013, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 14, 2013).
10.1#	1993 Directors’ Stock Option Plan of Incyte Corporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2009).

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Exhibit Number	Description of Document
10.2#	Incyte Corporation Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 2, 2018).
10.3#	Form of Stock Option Agreement for Executive Officers under the Incyte Corporation Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016).
10.4#	Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement under the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014).
10.5#	Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014).
10.6#	Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement for Outside Directors under the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013).
10.7#	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014).
10.8#	Form of Performance Share Award Agreement under the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014).
10.9#	Form of Performance Share Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018).
10.10#	Form of Indemnity Agreement between the Company and its directors and officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 33 68138)).
10.11#	1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Incyte Corporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 27, 2016).
10.12#	Form of Employment Agreement between the Company and Barry P. Flannelly (effective as of August 11, 2014), David W. Gryska (effective as of October 31, 2014), Steven H. Stein (effective as of March 2, 2015), Vijay K. Iyengar (effective as of May 9, 2016), Maria E. Pasquale (effective as of April 9, 2018) and Dashyant Dhanak (effective as of December 10, 2018) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012).
10.13#	Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective as of April 18, 2012, between the Company and Reid M. Huber, Paula J. Swain and Wenqing Yao (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012).
10.14#*	Offer of Employment Letter, dated December 14, 2018, from the Company to Christiana Stamoulis.
10.15#	Offer of Employment Letter, dated as of January 3, 2014, from the Company to Hervé Hoppenot (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 13, 2014).
10.15.1#	Employment Agreement between the Company and Hervé Hoppenot dated as of January 11, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 13, 2014).
10.15.2#	Amendment, dated as of April 13, 2015, to Employment Agreement between the Company and Hervé Hoppenot, dated as of January 11, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015).
10.16#	Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement between the Company and Hervé Hoppenot dated January 13, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 13, 2014).
10.17†	Collaboration and License Agreement entered into as of November 24, 2009, by and between the Company and Novartis International Pharmaceutical Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).

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Exhibit Number	Description of Document
10.17.1†	Amendment, dated as of April 5, 2016, to Collaboration and License Agreement entered into as of November 24, 2009, by and between the Company and Novartis International Pharmaceutical Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016).
10.18†	License, Development and Commercialization Agreement, entered into as of December 18, 2009, by and between the Company and Eli Lilly and Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.18.1†	Amendment, dated June 22, 2010, to License, Development and Commercialization Agreement entered into as of December 18, 2009, by and between the Company and Eli Lilly and Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2010).
10.18.2†	Third Amendment, entered into effective March 31, 2016, to License, Development and Commercialization Agreement entered into as of December 18, 2009, by and between the Company and Eli Lilly and Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016).
10.18.3†	Fourth Amendment, entered into effective December 13, 2016, to License, Development and Commercialization Agreement entered into as of December 18, 2009, by and between the Company and Eli Lilly and Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21.4 to Amendment No. 2 on Form 10-K/A to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016).
10.19†	License, Development and Commercialization Agreement, dated as of January 9, 2015, by and among the Company, Incyte Europe S.à.r.l. (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company), Agenus Inc. and 4-Antibody AG (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015).
10.19.1†	First Amendment, dated as of February 14, 2017, to License, Development and Commercialization Agreement entered into as of January 9, 2015, by and among the Company, Incyte Europe S.à.r.l. (a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company), Agenus Inc. and Agenus Switzerland Inc. (f/k/a 4-Antibody AG) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017).
10.20†	Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 14, 2017, between the Company and Agenus Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017).
10.21†	Share Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 9, 2016, by and among Incyte Europe S.à.r.l., ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Cayman) L.P., ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., as guarantor, and the Company, as guarantor (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016).
10.22†	Amended and Restated Buy-In License Agreement, dated as of June 1, 2016, between ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Europe) S.à.r.l. and the Company, as guarantor (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-Q/A to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016).
10.23†	Collaboration and License Agreement, dated December 20, 2016, by and between the Company and Merus N.V. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Amendment No. 2 on Form 10-K/A  to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016).
10.24†	Share Subscription Agreement, dated December 20, 2016, by and between the Company and Merus N.V. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Amendment No. 2 on Form 10-K/A to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016).
10.25†	Global Collaboration and License Agreement, dated October 24, 2017, by and between the Company and MacroGenics, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017).
10.25.1†	Amendment No. 1, dated as of March 15, 2018, to Global Collaboration and License Agreement, dated October 24, 2017, by and between the Company and MacroGenics, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018).

127

Exhibit Number	Description of Document
10.26	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of February 12, 2016, between the Company and 667, L.P., Baker Brothers Life Sciences, L.P. and 14159, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).
21.1*	Subsidiaries of the Company.
23.1*	Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24.1*	Power of Attorney (see page 130 of this Form 10-K).
31.1*	Rule 13a 14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer.
31.2*	Rule 13a 14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer.
32.1**	Statement of the Chief Executive Officer under Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C Section 1350).
32.2**	Statement of the Chief Financial Officer under Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C Section 1350).
101.INS*	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*	XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document

*Filed herewith.

**In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S‑K and SEC Release Nos. 33‑8238 and 34‑47986, Final Rule: Management’s Reports on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports, the certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10‑K and will not be deemed “filed” for purpose of Section 18 of the Exchange Act. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

†Confidential treatment has been requested with respect to certain portions of these agreements.

#Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

Copies of above exhibits not contained herein are available to any stockholder upon written request to: Investor Relations, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut‑Off, Wilmington, DE 19803.

(c)Financial Statements and Schedules

Reference is made to Item 15(a)(2) above.

Item 16.  Form 10-K Summary.

Not applicable.

128

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

INCYTE CORPORATION
By:	/s/	Hervé Hoppenot
		Hervé Hoppenot
		Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer

Date: February 14, 2019

129

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Hervé Hoppenot, Christiana Stamoulis, and Maria E. Pasquale, and each of them, his true and lawful attorneys‑in‑fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this report on Form 10‑K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys‑in‑fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Hervé Hoppenot	Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director	February 14, 2019
Hervé Hoppenot
/s/ Christiana Stamoulis	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)	February 14, 2019
Christiana Stamoulis
/s/ Paul Trower	VP, Finance (Principal Accounting Officer)	February 14, 2019
Paul Trower
/s/ Julian C. Baker	Director	February 14, 2019
Julian C. Baker
/s/ Jean‑Jacques Bienaimé	Director	February 14, 2019
Jean‑Jacques Bienaimé
/s/ Paul A. Brooke	Director	February 14, 2019
Paul A. Brooke
/s/ Paul J. Clancy	Director	February 14, 2019
Paul J. Clancy
/s/ Wendy L. Dixon	Director	February 14, 2019
Wendy L. Dixon
/s/ Jacqualyn A. Fouse	Director	February 14, 2019
Jacqualyn A. Fouse
/s/ Paul A. Friedman	Director	February 14, 2019
Paul A. Friedman

130

EX-10.14

Exhibit 10.14

Incyte Corporation

1801 Augustine Cut-Off

Wilmington, DE 19803

Tel 302.498.6700

Web www.incyte.com

December 14, 2018

Christiana Stamoulis

175 Blossom Street

Apt. 1304

Boston, MA  02114

Dear Christiana:

It is with great pleasure that we offer you the position of Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer at Incyte Corporation.  In this position you will report directly to Hervé Hoppenot, Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer.  The terms of this offer are set forth in this letter.  Should you accept our offer, your salary will be $21,538.46 per bi-weekly pay period (equivalent to $560,000.00 on an annualized basis).  This is a salaried, exempt position, as your salary covers compensation for all hours worked.  As an incentive for joining Incyte, we offer a signing bonus of $280,000.00.  You agree that if you voluntarily terminate your employment or are terminated for cause within one year from your start date, you will repay the bonus amount to Incyte.  Performance evaluations will be conducted annually.

You are eligible to participate in the Incentive Compensation Plan (ICP), an annual cash incentive plan.  Employees are assigned a “Funding Target”, based on their job category, as a percent of base pay.   As an Executive Vice President, your funding target is 50%. Your individual award will be based on Company Performance vs. Company Goals, and your Individual Performance vs. your Individual Goals.  Actual awards are variable and could be more or less than your individual funding target and may be prorated based on your start date.  This cash incentive plan is subject to ongoing approval by the company’s Board of Directors, and may be modified or terminated by the Board of Directors at any time at their sole discretion. In order to have been eligible for a 2018 bonus, you must have begun employment prior to November 1, 2018.

In lieu of a relocation package, we will pay your weekly round trip travel to Boston for 3 years from your start date.  We will also work with you to accommodate the flexible work arrangement that we discussed.

As a valued employee of Incyte, subject to approval by the Board of Directors, you will receive equity awards under the Incyte 2010 Stock Option Plan with an aggregate award value of $3,300,000, seventy-five (75%) of your grant in the form of options to purchase the Company’s common stock and the remaining twenty-five percent (25%) in the form of Restricted Stock Units (RSUs). The number of Stock Options shall be calculated and granted to you on your start date.  The RSUs will also be awarded to you on your start date.  The specific terms and conditions of this grant including exercise price and vesting conditions will be set forth in an Equity Grant Agreement to be entered into between you and the Company. 

As was discussed in the interview process, Incyte offers employees and their eligible dependents a variety of group health insurance benefits.  Effective on your first day of employment, you will be eligible for these benefits which currently include medical, dental, vision, disability and life insurances.  An outline of our benefit package is enclosed.  The premium costs of these benefits for employees are currently being paid by Incyte.  Incyte offers a 401(k) Plan available for your participation effective on your first day of employment.   Paid Time Off (PTO) accrues quarterly to a maximum of 20 days (160 hours) per 12-month period with 4 years of service or less, to a maximum of 25 days (200 hours) for years 5 through 9, and a maximum of 30 days (240 hours) for year 10 and beyond.  These hours are accrued the first day of each quarter.  As a new hire, you will accrue a full 5 days (40 hours) of PTO for the quarter in which you start. Information about these programs and other Company benefits along with guidelines concerning

Exhibit 10.14

employment are contained in Incyte’s Employee Handbook.

You will receive a Confidential Information and Invention Assignment Agreement (“Confidentiality Agreement”) as in the form attached as Appendix A in your onboarding packet which will be sent to you electronically prior to your start date.  As a condition of your employment with Incyte, you are required to electronically sign the Confidentiality Agreement protecting Incyte's proprietary and competitive information prior to your start date.  This offer of employment is subject to your acceptance of the terms of the Confidentiality Agreement.    Please note that your employment with Incyte, if accepted, will be on an “at will” basis, meaning that either you or the Company can terminate the employment relationship for any reason at any time.

This offer of employment is contingent upon your being able to provide Incyte with documentation that verifies your identity and employment eligibility on the date that you report to work.  This offer of employment is also contingent on the Company receiving satisfactory background checks.

Christiana, we would be delighted by your decision to join Incyte Corporation and we look forward to your acceptance of this offer of employment.  We believe Incyte offers an exciting and challenging opportunity.

In order to confirm your agreement with and acceptance of these terms, please fax your signed acceptance letter to the confidential Human Resources Department fax: 302-425-2704 or scan it to Bonnie Croce at bcroce@incyte.com.  In the meantime, should you have any questions about our offer or about the Company more generally, please contact either of us.

Sincerely,

/s/ Hervé Hoppenot

Hervé Hoppenot

Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer

/s/ Paula J. Swain

Paula J. Swain

Executive Vice President, Human Resources

_____________________________________________________________________

I have read and understand the terms of this offer and agree to the terms of employment.  I will be available to report to work on Monday, February 11, 2019.

/s/ Christiana Stamoulis

Christiana Stamoulis

EX-21.1

Exhibit 21.1

SUBSIDIARIES

Subsidiary	Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Incyte Biosciences Corporation		Delaware
Incyte Holdings Corporation		Delaware
Incyte International Holdings Corporation		Delaware
Incyte Research Institute LLC		Delaware
Mighty Oak Insurance Company		Delaware
Incyte International Holdings S.à r.l.		Luxembourg
Incyte Biosciences International S.à r.l.		Switzerland
Incyte Biosciences Austria GmbH		Austria
Incyte Biosciences Denmark ApS		Denmark
Incyte Biosciences Finland Oy		Finland
Incyte Biosciences France		France
Incyte Biosciences Germany GmbH		Germany
Incyte Biosciences Italy S.R.L.		Italy
Incyte Biosciences Israel Ltd.		Israel
Incyte Biosciences Distribution B.V.		Netherlands
Incyte Biosciences Benelux B.V.		Netherlands
Incyte Biosciences Norway AS		Norway
Incyte Biosciences Iberia S.L.		Spain
Incyte Biosciences Nordic AB		Sweden
Incyte Biosciences UK Ltd		UK
Incyte Biosciences Technical Operations S.à r.l.		Switzerland
Incyte Biosciences Australia Pty Ltd		Australia
Incyte Biosciences Canada ULC		Canada
Incyte Biosciences Japan G.K.		Japan

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (Form S-3 No. 333-209694) of Incyte Corporation, (Form S-8 Nos. 333-91556, 333-125995, and 333-160006) pertaining to the 1993 Directors’ Stock Option Plan of Incyte Corporation, (Form S-8 No. 333-160005) pertaining to the 1991 Stock Plan of Incyte Corporation, (Form S-8 Nos. 333-174919 and 333-212102) pertaining to the 1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Incyte Corporation, (Form S-8 Nos. 333-174918, 333-182218, 333-189424, 333-197907, 333-212104, and 333-225181) pertaining to the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan of Incyte Corporation, (Form S-8 No. 333-193333) pertaining to the 2014 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement between Incyte Corporation and Hervé Hoppenot, as applicable, of our reports dated February 14, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Incyte Corporation and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Incyte Corporation, included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Incyte Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2018.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

February 14, 2019

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Hervé Hoppenot, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of Incyte Corporation;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s  most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 14, 2019

/s/ Hervé Hoppenot

Hervé Hoppenot

Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Christiana Stamoulis, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10‑K of Incyte Corporation;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s  most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 14, 2019

/s/ Christiana Stamoulis

Christiana Stamoulis

Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

STATEMENT PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

With reference to the Annual Report of Incyte Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Hervé Hoppenot, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, for the purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

(1)the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

6
	/s/ Hervé Hoppenot
	Hervé Hoppenot
	Chief Executive Officer
	February 14, 2019

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

STATEMENT PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

With reference to the Annual Report of Incyte Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Christiana Stamoulis, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, for the purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

(1)the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ Christiana Stamoulis

Christiana Stamoulis

Chief Financial Officer

February 14, 2019

XML

Document and Entity Information - USD ($) $ in Billions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Feb. 07, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Document and Entity Information
Entity Registrant Name	INCYTE CORP
Entity Central Index Key	0000879169
Document Type	10-K
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2018
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Public Float			$ 11.9
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		214,048,325
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 1,163,980	$ 899,509
Marketable securities—available-for-sale	274,343	270,136
Accounts receivable	307,598	266,299
Inventory	6,967	6,482
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	79,366	62,428
Total current assets	1,832,254	1,504,854
Restricted cash and investments	1,006	925
Long term investments	99,199	134,356
Inventory	3,438	7,966
Property and equipment, net	319,751	259,763
Other intangible assets, net	215,364	236,901
Goodwill	155,593	155,593
Other assets, net	19,157	2,224
Total assets	2,645,762	2,302,582
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	103,827	67,671
Accrued compensation	60,176	74,550
Interest payable	29	33
Accrued and other current liabilities	229,401	198,901
Convertible senior notes		7,393
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	31,844	26,848
Total current liabilities	425,277	375,396
Convertible senior notes	17,434	16,608
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	255,157	260,152
Other liabilities	21,927	19,797
Total liabilities	719,795	671,953
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 400,000,000 shares authorized; 213,274,660 and 211,262,906 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	213	211
Additional paid-in capital	3,813,678	3,627,433
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(10,165)	(7,010)
Accumulated deficit	(1,877,759)	(1,990,005)
Total stockholders' equity	1,925,967	1,630,629
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 2,645,762	$ 2,302,582

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	400,000,000	400,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	213,274,660	211,262,906
Common stock, shares outstanding	213,274,660	211,262,906

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 1,881,883	$ 1,536,216	$ 1,105,719
Costs and expenses:
Cost of product revenues (including definite-lived intangible amortization)	94,123	79,479	58,187
Research and development	1,197,957	1,326,134	581,861
Selling, general and administrative	434,407	366,286	303,251
Change in fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration	26,173	7,704	17,422
Total costs and expenses	1,752,660	1,779,603	960,721
Income (loss) from operations	129,223	(243,387)	144,998
Other income (expense), net	31,760	17,153	4,412
Interest expense	(1,543)	(6,900)	(38,745)
Unrealized loss on long term investments	(44,093)	(24,275)	(3,261)
Expense related to senior note conversions		(54,881)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	115,347	(312,290)	107,404
Provision for income taxes	5,854	852	3,182
Net income (loss)	$ 109,493	$ (313,142)	$ 104,222
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic	$ 0.52	$ (1.53)	$ 0.55
Diluted	$ 0.51	$ (1.53)	$ 0.54
Shares used in computing net income (loss) per share:
Basic	212,383,000	204,580,000	187,873,000
Diluted	215,635,000	204,580,000	194,125,000
Product revenues, net
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 1,466,900	$ 1,200,312	$ 882,404
Product royalty revenues
Revenues:
Total revenues	234,780	160,791	110,711
Milestone and contract revenues
Revenues:
Total revenues	180,000	175,000	112,512
Other revenues
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 203	$ 113	$ 92

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Net income (loss)	$ 109,493	$ (313,142)	$ 104,222
Other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation	91	(39)	(9)
Unrealized gain on marketable securities, net of tax	203	1,615	504
Reclassification adjustment for realized loss on marketable securities			178
Defined benefit pension obligations, net of tax	(696)	(5,700)	(2,750)
Other comprehensive loss	(402)	(4,124)	(2,077)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 109,091	$ (317,266)	$ 102,145

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020	Common Stock Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020	Additional Paid-in Capital Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Deficit	Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020	Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018	Total
Balances at Dec. 31, 2015			$ 187			$ 1,950,764	$ (809)	$ (1,778,987)			$ 171,155
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options and settlement of employee restricted stock units and shares of Common Stock under the ESPP			2			49,661					49,663
Issuance of shares of Common Stock upon conversion of Convertible Senior Notes				$ 4	$ 5				$ 4	$ 5
Issuance of shares of Common Stock for services rendered						294					294
Stock compensation						96,201					96,201
Other comprehensive loss							(2,077)				(2,077)
Net income (loss)								104,222			104,222
Balances at Dec. 31, 2016			189			2,096,929	(2,886)	(1,674,765)			419,467
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options and settlement of employee restricted stock units and shares of Common Stock under the ESPP			3			66,732					66,735
Issuance of shares of Common Stock upon conversion of Convertible Senior Notes	$ 7	$ 7		$ 330,004	351,037				$ 330,011	351,044
Issuance of shares of Common Stock for services rendered						294					294
Issuance of shares of Common Stock			5			649,382					649,387
Stock compensation						133,055					133,055
Other comprehensive loss							(4,124)				(4,124)
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (Note 1)								(2,098)			(2,098)
Net income (loss)								(313,142)			(313,142)
Balances at Dec. 31, 2017			211			3,627,433	(7,010)	(1,990,005)			1,630,629
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options and settlement of employee restricted stock units and shares of Common Stock under the ESPP			2			29,940					29,942
Issuance of shares of Common Stock upon conversion of Convertible Senior Notes					$ 7,695					$ 7,695
Issuance of shares of Common Stock for services rendered						344					344
Stock compensation						148,266					148,266
Other comprehensive loss							(402)				(402)
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (Note 1)							(2,753)	2,753
Net income (loss)								109,493			109,493
Balances at Dec. 31, 2018			$ 213			$ 3,813,678	$ (10,165)	$ (1,877,759)			$ 1,925,967

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (Parenthetical) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options and restricted stock units	1,624,376	3,012,937	2,068,226
Issuance of shares of Common Stock under the ESPP	233,712	157,277	126,648
Issuance of shares of Common Stock for services rendered	4,905	2,532	3,438
Issuance of shares of Common Stock		4,945,000
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020
Issuance of shares of Common Stock upon conversion of convertible senior notes		7,095,350	77
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018
Issuance of shares of Common Stock upon conversion of convertible senior notes	148,761	7,201,058	114

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$ 109,493	$ (313,142)	$ 104,222
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	54,969	52,178	58,425
In-process research and development impairment		12,000
Stock-based compensation	148,153	133,055	96,201
Expense related to senior note conversions		54,881
Deferred income taxes	(459)
Other, net	344	290	472
Unrealized loss on long term investments	44,093	24,275	3,261
Change in fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration	26,173	7,704	17,422
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(41,299)	(117,541)	(23,947)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(33,412)	(31,367)	(13,069)
Inventory	4,043	4,851	4,047
Accounts payable	36,156	(7,928)	43,758
Accrued and other liabilities	(12,027)	87,756	26,476
Deferred revenue-collaborative agreements			(12,512)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	336,227	(92,988)	304,756
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired			(142,856)
Purchase of long term investments	(8,936)	(123,891)
Capital expenditures	(73,483)	(111,021)	(120,277)
Purchases of marketable securities	(159,932)	(260,780)	(57,372)
Sale and maturities of marketable securities	155,928	145,714	88,017
Net cash used in investing activities	(86,423)	(349,978)	(232,488)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under stock plans	29,942	66,764	49,973
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net		649,387
Cash paid in connection with senior note conversions		(8,934)
Direct financing arrangements repayments			(445)
Payment of contingent consideration	(15,285)	(17,007)	(4,906)
Net cash provided by financing activities	14,657	690,210	44,622
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments	91	(39)	(9)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments	264,552	247,205	116,881
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments at beginning of period	900,434	653,229	536,348
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments at end of period	1,164,986	900,434	653,229
Supplemental Schedule of Cash Flow Information
Interest paid	268	314	7,218
Income taxes paid	5,417	6,305	927
Unpaid purchases of property and equipment	7,673	5,643	10,989
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018
Supplemental Schedule of Cash Flow Information
Reclassification to common stock and additional paid in capital in connection with conversions or exchange of convertible senior notes	$ 7,695	351,044	5
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020
Supplemental Schedule of Cash Flow Information
Reclassification to common stock and additional paid in capital in connection with conversions or exchange of convertible senior notes		$ 330,011	$ 4

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Parenthetical)	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)	0.375%	0.375%	0.375%
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)	1.25%	1.25%	1.25%

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Business.  Incyte Corporation (including its subsidiaries, “Incyte,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing proprietary therapeutics. Our portfolio includes compounds in various stages, ranging from preclinical to late stage development, and commercialized products JAKAFI® (ruxolitinib) and ICLUSIG® (ponatinib). Our operations are treated as one operating segment.

On June 1, 2016, we acquired (the “Acquisition”), pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement dated as of May 9, 2016 (the “Share Purchase Agreement”), all of the outstanding shares of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l., since renamed Incyte Biosciences Luxembourg S.à.r.l., the parent company of certain European subsidiaries of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“ARIAD”).  Refer to Note 3 for further information regarding the Acquisition.

Principles of Consolidation.  The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Incyte Corporation and our wholly owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts, transactions, and profits have been eliminated in consolidation.

Acquisitions.  Acquired businesses are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at fair value, with limited exceptions.  Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.  Transaction costs are expensed as incurred.  The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in our consolidated financial statements after the date of acquisition. Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) is recognized at fair value and initially characterized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset, irrespective of whether the acquired IPR&D has an alternative future use.

Foreign Currency Translation. Operations in non-U.S. entities are recorded in the functional currency of each entity. For financial reporting purposes, the functional currency of an entity is determined by a review of the source of an entity's most predominant cash flows. The results of operations for any non-U.S. dollar functional currency entities are translated from functional currencies into U.S. dollars using the average currency rate during each month. Assets and liabilities are translated using currency rates at the end of the period. Adjustments resulting from translating the financial statements of our foreign entities that use their local currency as the functional currency into U.S. dollars are reflected as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains and losses are recorded in other income (expense), net, in the consolidated statements of operations.

Use of Estimates.  The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentrations of Credit Risk.  Cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and trade receivables are financial instruments which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk. The estimated fair value of financial instruments approximates the carrying value based on available market information. We primarily invest our excess available funds in debt securities and, by policy, limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer and to any one type of investment, other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government and money market funds that meet certain guidelines. Our receivables mainly relate to our product sales of JAKAFI, ICLUSIG and collaborative agreements with pharmaceutical companies. We have not experienced any significant credit losses on cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, or trade receivables to date and do not require collateral on receivables.

Cash and Cash Equivalents.  Cash and cash equivalents are held in banks or in custodial accounts with banks. Cash equivalents are defined as all liquid investments and money market funds with maturity from date of purchase of 90 days or less that are readily convertible into cash.

Marketable Securities—Available‑for‑Sale.  Our marketable securities consist of investments in corporate debt securities and U.S. government securities that are classified as available-for-sale. Available‑for‑sale securities are carried at fair value, based on quoted market prices and observable inputs, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. We classify marketable securities that are available for use in current operations as current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other than temporary for available‑for‑sale securities are included in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.

Accounts Receivable.  As of December 31, 2018, we had a de minimus allowance for doubtful accounts and no allowance for the period ended December 31, 2017. We provide an allowance for doubtful accounts based on experience and specifically identified risks. Accounts receivable are carried at fair value and charged off against the allowance for doubtful accounts when we determine that recovery is unlikely and we cease collection efforts.

Inventory.  Inventories are determined at the lower of cost and net realizable value with cost determined under the specific identification method and may consist of raw materials, work in process and finished goods.

JAKAFI raw materials and work‑in‑process inventory is not subject to expiration and the shelf life of finished goods inventory is 36 months from the start of manufacturing of the finished goods. ICLUSIG raw materials and work-in-process inventory is not subject to expiration and finished goods inventory has a shelf life of 24 months from the start of manufacturing of the finished goods. We evaluate for potential excess inventory by analyzing current and future product demand relative to the remaining product shelf life. We build demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance and patient usage. We classify inventory as current on the consolidated balance sheets when we expect inventory to be consumed for commercial use within the next twelve months. 

The ICLUSIG inventories were recorded at fair value less costs to sell in connection with the Acquisition, which resulted in a higher cost of ICLUSIG product revenues over a one year period from the acquisition date.

Variable Interest Entities. We perform an initial and ongoing evaluation of the entities with which we have variable interests, such as equity ownership, in order toidentify entities (i) that do not have sufficient equity investment at risk to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or (ii) in which the equity investors lack an essential characteristic of a controlling financial interest as variable interest entities (“VIE” or “VIEs”). If an entity is identified as a VIE, we perform an assessment to determine whether we have both (i) the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) have the obligation to absorb losses from or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. If both of these criteria are satisfied, we are identified as the primary beneficiary of the VIE.  As of December 31, 2018, there were no entities in which we held a variable interest which we determined to be VIEs.

Long Term Investments. Our long term investments consist of equity investments in common stock of publicly held companies with whom we have entered into collaboration and license agreements. We classify all of our equity investments in common stock of publicly held companies as long term investments on our consolidated balance sheets. Our equity investments are accounted for at fair value using readily determinable pricing available on a securities exchange on our consolidated balance sheets. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the change in fair value of our equity investment in Calithera Biosciences, Inc. was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, which is further described below under “Recent Accounting Pronouncements”. For the year ended December 31, 2018, all changes in fair value are reported in our consolidated statements of operations as an unrealized loss on long term investments. 

In assessing whether we exercise significant influence over any of the companies in which we hold equity investments, we consider the nature and magnitude of our investment, any voting and protective rights we hold, any participation in the governance of the other company, and other relevant factors such as the presence of a collaboration or other business relationship. Currently, none of our equity investments in publicly-held companies are considered relationships in which we are able to assert control.

Property and Equipment.  Property and equipment is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is recorded using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the assets or lease term.

Lease Accounting.  We account for operating leases by recording rent expense on a straight‑line basis over the expected life of the lease, commencing on the date we gain possession of leased property. We include tenant improvement allowances and rent holidays received from landlords and the effect of any rent escalation clauses to determine the straight‑line rent expense over the expected life of the lease.

Capital leases are reflected as a liability at the inception of the lease based on the present value of the minimum lease payments or, if lower, the fair value of the property. Assets under capital leases are recorded in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets and depreciated in a manner similar to other property and equipment.

For leases under which we are responsible for paying a portion of the renovation and construction costs, we are deemed, for accounting purposes, to be the owner of the building. As a result, Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 840, Leases, defines these payments as automatic indicators of ownership and requires us to capitalize the asset and related construction costs with a corresponding financing lease liability.  

Other Intangible Assets, net. Other intangible assets, net consist of licensed intellectual property rights acquired in business combinations, which are reported at acquisition date fair value, less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method.

In-Process Research and Development. The fair value of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) acquired through business combinations is capitalized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until the completion or abandonment of the related research and development activities.  When the related research and development is completed, the asset will be assigned a useful life and amortized.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets.  Long-lived assets with finite lives are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable.  If indicators of impairment are present, the asset is tested for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset to the related estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be derived from the asset.  If the expected cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, then the asset is considered to be impaired and its carrying value is written down to fair value, based on the related estimated discounted future cash flows.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets, including IPR&D, are tested for impairment annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances between annual tests indicate that the asset may be impaired.  Impairment losses on indefinite-lived intangible assets are recognized based solely on a comparison of the fair value of the asset to its carrying value. Due to the discontinuation of the OPTIC-2L study described in Note 3 below, we considered our indefinite-lived IPR&D asset to be impaired and recorded a $12.0 million impairment charge in research and development expense on the consolidated statements of operations during the third quarter of 2017.

Goodwill.  Goodwill is calculated as the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the consideration transferred and the values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.  Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually as of October 1 or when a triggering event occurs that could indicate a potential impairment by assessing qualitative factors or performing a quantitative analysis in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of net assets are below their carrying amounts.  A reporting unit is the same as, or one level below, an operating segment. Our operations are currently comprised of a single, entity wide reporting unit. We completed our most recent annual impairment assessment as of October 1, 2018 and determined that the carrying value of our goodwill was not impaired.

Income Taxes.  We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts reportable for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit that is recorded for these positions is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We adjust the level of the liability to reflect any subsequent changes in the relevant facts surrounding the uncertain positions. Any interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions are included within the tax provision.

Financing Costs Related to Long‑term Debt.  Costs associated with obtaining long‑term debt are deferred and amortized over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method. Such costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the long-term debt liability, consistent with debt discounts, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Grant Accounting.  Grant amounts received from government agencies for operations are deferred and are amortized into income over the service period of the grant. Grant amounts received for purchases of capital assets are deferred and amortized into other income (expense), net over the useful life of the related capital assets. Such amounts are recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Net Income (Loss) Per Share.  Our basic and diluted net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during all periods presented. Options to purchase stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units and shares issuable upon the conversion of convertible debt are included in diluted earnings per share calculations, unless the effects are anti‑dilutive.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).  Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consists of unrealized gains or losses on marketable securities that are classified as available-for-sale, foreign currency translation gains or losses and defined benefit pension obligations.  For the year ended December 31, 2017 and interim periods therein, accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) included unrealized gains and losses on our long-term investment classified as available-for-sale in Calithera Biosciences, Inc. Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, we recorded a $2.8 million adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018, which is further described below under “Recent Accounting Pronouncements.”

Revenue Recognition.  The new accounting standard for the recognition of revenue, ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, was adopted for the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2018. Per the new standard, revenue-generating contracts are assessed to identify distinct performance obligations, allocating transaction prices to those performance obligations, and criteria for satisfaction of a performance obligation. The new standard allows for recognition of revenue only when we have satisfied a performance obligation through transferring control of the promised good or service to a customer. Control, in this instance, may mean the ability to prevent other entities from directing the use of, and receiving benefit from, a good or service. The standard indicates that an entity must determine at contract inception whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time through analysis of the following criteria: (i) the entity has a present right to payment, (ii) the customer has legal title, (iii) the customer has physical possession, (iv) the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership and (v) the customer has accepted the asset. We assess collectability based primarily on the customer’s payment history and on the creditworthiness of the customer. Overall, the adoption of the new standard did not significantly alter our methodology for recognition of revenue.

Product Revenues

Our product revenues consist of U.S. sales of JAKAFI and European sales of ICLUSIG.  Product revenues are recognized once we satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time under the revenue recognition criteria as described above. In November 2011, we began shipping JAKAFI to our customers in the U.S., which include specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. In June 2016, we acquired the right to and began shipping ICLUSIG to our customers in the European Union and certain other jurisdictions, which include retail pharmacies, hospital pharmacies and distributors.

We recognize revenues for product received by our customers net of allowances for customer credits, including estimated rebates, chargebacks, discounts, returns, distribution service fees, patient assistance programs, and government rebates, such as Medicare Part D coverage gap reimbursements in the U.S. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $44.8 million and $34.7 million, respectively, of accrued sales allowances were included in accrued and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of product revenues.

Customer Credits:  Our customers are offered various forms of consideration, including allowances, service fees and prompt payment discounts. We expect our customers will earn prompt payment discounts and, therefore, we deduct the full amount of these discounts from total product sales when revenues are recognized. Service fees are also deducted from total product sales as they are earned.

Rebates and Discounts:  Allowances for rebates include mandated discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program in the U.S. and mandated discounts in Europe in markets where government-sponsored healthcare systems are the primary payers for healthcare. Rebates are amounts owed after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant and are based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector benefit providers. The accrual for rebates is based on statutory discount rates and expected utilization as well as historical data we have accumulated since product launches. Our estimates for expected utilization of rebates are based on data received from our customers. Rebates are generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarters’ unpaid rebates. If actual future rebates vary from estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Chargebacks:  Chargebacks are discounts that occur when certain contracted customers, which currently consist primarily of group purchasing organizations, Public Health Service institutions, non‑profit clinics, and Federal government entities purchasing via the Federal Supply Schedule, purchase directly from our wholesalers. Contracted customers generally purchase the product at a discounted price. The wholesalers, in turn, charges back to us the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesalers and the discounted price paid by the contracted customers. In addition to actual chargebacks received we maintain an accrual for chargebacks based on the estimated contractual discounts on the inventory levels on hand in our distribution channel. If actual future chargebacks vary from these estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Medicare Part D Coverage Gap:  Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit mandates manufacturers to fund 50% of the Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap for prescription drugs sold to eligible patients. Our estimates for the expected Medicare Part D coverage gap are based on historical invoices received and in part from data received from our customers. Funding of the coverage gap is generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarters. If actual future funding varies from estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Co‑payment Assistance:  Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co‑payment assistance. We accrue a liability for co‑payment assistance based on actual program participation and estimates of program redemption using data provided by third‑party administrators.

Product Royalty Revenues

Royalty revenues on commercial sales for ruxolitinib (marketed as JAKAVI® outside the United States) by Novartis Pharmaceutical International Ltd. (“Novartis”) are based on net sales of licensed products in licensed territories as provided by Novartis. Royalty revenues on commercial sales for baricitinib (marketed as OLUMIANT) by Eli Lilly and Company (“Lilly”) are based on net sales of licensed products in licensed territories as provided by Lilly. We recognize royalty revenues in the period the sales occur.

Cost of Product Revenues

Cost of product revenues includes all JAKAFI related product costs as well as ICLUSIG related product costs. The acquired ICLUSIG inventories were recorded at fair value less costs to sell in connection with the Acquisition, and resulted in a higher cost of ICLUSIG product revenues over a one year period from the acquisition date.  In addition, cost of product revenues include low single-digit royalties under our collaboration and license agreement to Novartis on all future sales of JAKAFI in the United States. Subsequent to the Acquisition on June 1, 2016, cost of product revenues also includes the amortization of our licensed intellectual property for ICLUSIG using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 12.5 years.    

Milestone and Contract Revenues

Our license agreements, which fall within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, include distinct drug compound out-licensing, collection of upfront payments, milestones or royalty revenues from a counterparty, and provision of commercially available products to suppliers. Our agreements often include contractual milestones, which typically relate to the achievement of pre-specified development, regulatory and commercialization events outside of our control, such as regulatory approval of a compound, first patient dosing or achievement of sales-based thresholds. For such cases, we believe that revenue related to these events should not be recognized until the milestone has been achieved.

Some contracts form collaborative arrangements of various types with third-parties. We assess whether the nature of the arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements, in conjunction with the new revenue guidance to determine the nature of the performance obligations and associated transaction prices. A collaborative relationship may exist when we participate in an activity or process with another party, such as performance of research and development services or the exchange of intellectual property for use in clinical trials, when both parties share in the risks and rewards that result from the activity or participate and govern contract activities through a joint steering committee.

The regulatory review and approval process, which includes preclinical testing and clinical trials of each drug candidate, is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. Securing approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to the FDA for each indication to establish a drug candidate’s safety and efficacy. The approval process takes many years, requires the expenditure of substantial resources, involves post‑marketing surveillance and may involve ongoing requirements for post‑marketing studies. Before commencing clinical investigations of a drug candidate in humans, we must submit an Investigational New Drug application (“IND”), which must be reviewed by the FDA.

The steps generally required before a drug may be marketed in the United States include preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies, submission to the FDA of an IND for human clinical testing, performance of adequate and well‑controlled clinical trials in three phases, as described below, to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug for each indication, submission of a new drug application (“NDA”) or biologics license application (“BLA”) to the FDA for review and FDA approval of the NDA or BLA.

Similar requirements exist within foreign regulatory agencies as well. The time required satisfying the FDA requirements or similar requirements of foreign regulatory agencies may vary substantially based on the type, complexity and novelty of the product or the targeted disease.

Preclinical testing includes laboratory evaluation of product pharmacology, drug metabolism, and toxicity, which includes animal studies, to assess potential safety and efficacy as well as product chemistry, stability, formulation, development, and testing. The results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND. The FDA may raise safety concerns or questions about the conduct of the clinical trials included in the IND, and any of these concerns or questions must be resolved before clinical trials can proceed. We cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational drug or the marketed drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators and in accordance with good clinical practices regulations covering the protection of human subjects. Clinical trials typically are conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap or be combined. Phase I usually involves the initial introduction of the investigational drug into healthy volunteers to evaluate its safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. Phase II usually involves clinical trials in a limited patient population to evaluate dosage tolerance and optimal dosage, identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, and evaluate and gain preliminary evidence of the efficacy of the drug for specific indications. Phase III clinical trials usually further evaluate clinical efficacy and safety by testing the drug in its final form in an expanded patient population, providing statistical evidence of efficacy and safety, and providing an adequate basis for labeling. We cannot guarantee that Phase I, Phase II or Phase III testing will be completed successfully within any specified period of time, if at all. Furthermore, we, the institutional review board for a trial, or the FDA may suspend clinical trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

Generally, the milestone events contained in our collaboration agreements coincide with the progression of our drugs from development, to regulatory approval and then to commercialization. The process of successfully discovering a new development candidate, having it approved and successfully commercialized is highly uncertain. As such, the milestone payments we may earn from our partners involve a significant degree of risk to achieve. Therefore, as a drug candidate progresses through the stages of its life‑cycle, the value of the drug candidate generally increases.

Research and Development Costs.  Our policy is to expense research and development costs as incurred. We often contract with clinical research organizations (“CROs”) to facilitate, coordinate and perform agreed upon research and development of a new drug. To ensure that research and development costs are expensed as incurred, we record monthly accruals for clinical trials and preclinical testing costs based on the work performed under the contract.

These CRO contracts typically call for the payment of fees for services at the initiation of the contract and/or upon the achievement of certain clinical trial milestones. In the event that we prepay CRO fees, we record the prepayment as a prepaid asset and amortize the asset into research and development expense over the period of time the contracted research and development services are performed. Most professional fees, including project and clinical management, data management, monitoring, and medical writing fees are incurred throughout the contract period. These professional fees are expensed based on their percentage of completion at a particular date. Our CRO contracts generally include pass through fees. Pass through fees include, but are not limited to, regulatory expenses, investigator fees, travel costs, and other miscellaneous costs, including shipping and printing fees. We expense the costs of pass through fees under our CRO contracts as they are incurred, based on the best information available to us at the time. The estimates of the pass through fees incurred are based on the amount of work completed for the clinical trial and are monitored through correspondence with the CROs, internal reviews and a review of contractual terms. The factors utilized to derive the estimates include the number of patients enrolled, duration of the clinical trial, estimated patient attrition, screening rate and length of the dosing regimen. CRO fees incurred to set up the clinical trial are expensed during the setup period.

Under our clinical trial collaboration agreements we may be reimbursed for certain development costs incurred.  Such costs are recorded as a reduction of research and development expense in the period in which the related expense is incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we incurred research and development expenses of $1.2 billion, $1.3 billion and $581.9 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $98.6 million and $110.0 million, respectively, of accrued clinical research and development costs were included in accrued and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Stock Compensation.    Share-based payment transactions with employees, which include stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance shares (“PSUs”), are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period based on their estimated fair values as well as expected forfeiture rates.  The stock compensation process requires significant judgment and the use of estimates, particularly surrounding Black-Scholes assumptions such as stock price volatility over the option term and expected option lives, as well as expected forfeiture rates and the probability of PSUs vesting.  The fair value of stock options, which are subject to graded vesting, are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.  The fair value of RSUs that are subject to cliff vesting are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the straight-line attribution method, and the fair value of RSUs that are subject to graded vesting are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.  The fair value of PSUs are recognized as compensation expense beginning at the time in which the performance conditions are deemed probable of achievement, which we assess as of the end of each reporting period. Once a performance condition is considered probable, we record compensation expense based on the portion of the service period elapsed to date with respect to that award, with a cumulative catch-up, net of estimated forfeitures, and recognize any remaining compensation expense, if any, over the remaining requisite service period using the straight-line attribution method for PSUs that are subject to cliff vesting and using the accelerated attribution method for PSUs that are subject to graded vesting.

Long term Incentive Plans. We have long term incentive plans which provide eligible employees with the opportunity to receive performance and service-based incentive compensation, which may be comprised of cash, stock options, restricted stock units and/or performance shares. The payment of cash and the grant or vesting of equity may be contingent upon the achievement of pre-determined regulatory, sales and internal performance milestones.

Acquisition-Related Contingent Consideration. Acquisition-related contingent consideration, which consists of our future royalty and certain potential milestone obligations to Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, which acquired ARIAD (“Takeda”), is recorded on the acquisition date at the estimated fair value of the obligation, in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting.  The fair value measurement is based on significant inputs that are unobservable in the market and thus represents a Level 3 measurement. The fair value of the acquisition-related contingent consideration is remeasured each reporting period, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which replaced numerous requirements in U.S. GAAP, including industry-specific requirements.  This guidance provides a five step model to be applied to all contracts with customers, with an underlying principle that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. 

We performed an impact assessment which consisted of a review of a representative sample of contracts, discussions with key stakeholders, and cataloging of potential impacts on our financial statements, accounting policies, financial controls, and operations. The guidance did not have a material impact on our revenue recognition practices for product and royalty revenues.  The adoption only impacted two areas in our recognition methodology for milestone and contract revenues generated by our collaborative research and license agreements:

(i)Changes in the model for distinct licenses of functional intellectual property which may result in a timing difference of revenue recognition.  Whereas revenue from these arrangements was previously recognized over a period of time pursuant to revenue recognition guidance that was in place for our arrangements at the time such arrangements commenced, revenue from new arrangements we enter into may now be recognized at a point in time.

(ii)Assessments of milestone payments linked to events that are in our control, may result in variable consideration that may be recognized at an earlier point in time, when it is probable that the milestone will be achieved without a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue expected.

We adopted the new standard for the fiscal period beginning January 1, 2018, utilizing the “modified retrospective” adoption methodology on all contracts for which performance had not been completed as of the date of adoption, and applied the guidance to report new disclosures surrounding our recognition of revenues. There was no cumulative effect of adopting the standard at the date of initial application in retained earnings. We implemented a controls process to identify and evaluate all revenue-generating contracts with third-party customers on an on-going basis and have provided enhanced disclosures within this Form 10-K to provide greater detail on our revenue-generating activities.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” The standard requires several changes including that equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of the investee) be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in results of operations. These provisions will not impact the accounting for our investments in corporate debt and U.S. government securities. The new guidance also changes certain disclosure requirements and other aspects of current U.S. GAAP. Amendments are to be applied as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The adoption of this standard resulted in a $2.8 million decrease in our accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2018 related to our investment in Calithera Biosciences, Inc.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” that requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for most leases including operating leases. In 2018, the FASB issued clarifying guidance to the topic in ASUs No. 2018-10 and No. 2018-11, which clarified certain aspects of the new leases standard and provided an optional transition method. The guidance requires that the lessees classify leases as either a finance or operating lease and lessors classify all leases as sales-type, direct financing or operating leases. The statement of operations presentation and expense recognition for lessees for finance leases is similar to that of capital leases under ASC 840 with separate interest and amortization expense with higher periodic expense in the earlier periods of a lease. For operating leases, the statement of operations presentation and expense recognition is similar to that of operating leases under ASC 840 with a single lease cost recognized on a straight-line basis. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein. We adopted ASC 842 as of January 1, 2019 and will first report utilizing the new guidance within the March 31, 2019 Form 10-Q. We have implemented a third-party software to facilitate activities for the new accounting and disclosure requirements and have implemented new internal control procedures to support the new accounting and reporting processes associated with adopting the guidance. We have elected the package of practical expedients and adopted utilizing the optional transition method defined within ASU No. 2018-11. We did not elect the hindsight expedient. As a result of adoption in January 2019, we estimate we will record approximately $26 million of operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities. In addition, our capital lease assets and liabilities will be classified as financing lease assets and liabilities upon adoption in 2019. The capital asset and corresponding financing liability of $18.7 million recorded in 2018 related to the Morges office building and construction described more fully in Note 8 below will be derecognized. 

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance applies to all entities and impacts how entities account for credit losses for most financial assets and other instruments. For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to recognize an allowance for credit losses rather than a reduction to the carrying value of the asset. For trade receivables, loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, entities will be required to estimate lifetime expected credit losses. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods therein.  Early adoption is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein. We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2016-13 on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash,” which requires entities to show the changes in total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. As a result, entities will no longer present transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. When cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are presented in more than one line item on the balance sheet, the new guidance requires a reconciliation of the totals in the statement of cash flows to the related captions on the balance sheet. The reconciliation can be presented either on the face of the statement of cash flows or in the notes to the financial statements. We adopted the new standard for the period beginning January 1, 2018.  Due to the retrospective adoption of the standard, the cash flows from financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, no longer present the transfer of restricted investments to cash and cash equivalents. The change in total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments is now presented in the consolidated statement of cash flows and reconciles to the related captions on the consolidated balance sheet.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles–Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Under the new standard, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The new standard is effective for public business entities that are SEC filers for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and is to be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017.  We have elected to early adopt the standard for our annual goodwill impairment testing as of October 1, 2018 and concluded there to be no impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, “Compensation–Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost,” which requires the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost to be presented in the same income statement line as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period and the other components of net periodic benefit cost to be presented separately from the income statement lines that include service cost and outside of any subtotal of operating income. We adopted the new standard for the period beginning January 1, 2018, resulting in no change in presentation of the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost, which has historically been reported in research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses along with other employee compensation costs. The retrospective adoption resulted in a change in presentation of the other components of net periodic benefit cost for the year ended December 31, 2017, which reclassed these costs out of operating income and into other income (expense), net on the consolidated statement of operations. There was a de minimus impact to the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. The components of net periodic benefit cost are presented separately within our employee benefit plans footnote.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting.” The guidance clarifies the application of modification accounting for stock-based compensation agreements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We occasionally modify existing stock-based compensation agreements with employees under certain circumstances. We adopted the standard for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018 and concluded there to be no impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Act”). In accordance with SAB 118, we recorded provisional tax impacts related to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as the temporary full expensing of certain business assets in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. Upon the completion of the 2017 U.S. federal corporate income tax return during the fourth quarter of 2018, we finalized our analysis of the Act and determined no additional adjustments were required.   

In January 2018, the FASB released guidance on the accounting for tax on the global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") provisions of the Act. The GILTI provisions impose a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. The guidance indicates that either accounting for deferred taxes related to GILTI inclusions or to treat any taxes on GILTI inclusions as period cost are both acceptable methods subject to an accounting policy election. Effective the first quarter of 2018, we have elected to treat any potential GILTI inclusions as a period charge in the future period in which it is incurred.  We have determined there to be no impact associated with GILTI on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018.  

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” which allows reclassification of certain tax effects created as a result of changing methodologies, laws and tax rates legislated in the Act. This new standard allows for stranded income tax effects resulting from the Act to be reclassified into retained earnings to allow for their tax effect to reflect the appropriate tax rate.  Due to the full valuation allowance on our U.S. net deferred tax assets, a reclassification of stranded tax effects to retained earnings was not required.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” This guidance expanded the scope of ASC 718 to include share-based payments granted to nonemployees in exchange for goods or services and supersedes the guidance in ASC 505-50. Under this new standard, nonemployee awards are measured on the grant date by estimating the fair value of the equity instruments to be issued rather than the fair value of the goods or services received. Entities may use the expected term when estimating the fair value of a nonemployee option or elect to use the contractual term as the expected term, on an award-by-award basis. The cumulative effect of the transition adjustment is to be recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the annual period of adoption.  This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein.  We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-07 and do not anticipate the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, “Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General,” an update to Subtopic ASC 715-20. The guidance amended year-end disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension plans, and does not affect interim disclosures. The guidance is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, and is permitted for early adoption. The standard is to be applied on a retrospective basis. Incyte sponsors defined benefit plans for employees located in Europe. We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-14 on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software,” an update to Subtopic ASC 350-40. The guidance directs accounting for service contracts for cloud computing arrangements to follow guidance within ASC 350-40 to determine capitalization of implementation costs. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and is permitted for early adoption. The standard may be applied on either a retrospective or prospective basis. We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-15 on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, “Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606.” The guidance clarifies the interactions between Topic 808 and Topic 606, including clarifications on revenue recognition, unit of account, and reporting disclosure requirements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and is permitted for early adoption. The standard is to be applied on a retrospective basis to the date of the initial application of Topic 606. We utilize collaborative arrangements as described in our license agreement footnote and are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-18 on our consolidated financial statements.

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Revenues

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Revenues

Revenues

Note 2. Revenues

Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, were recognized under ASC 605, Revenue Recognition, when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement existed, (ii) delivery occurred or services were rendered, (iii) the price was fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability was reasonably assured. Revenues were deferred for fees received before earned or until no further obligations existed. We exercised judgment in determining that collectability was reasonably assured or that services were delivered in accordance with the arrangement. We assessed whether the fee was fixed or determinable based on the payment terms associated with the transaction and whether the sales price was subject to refund or adjustment.

As discussed in Note 1, ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, was adopted for the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2018. Per the new standard, revenue-generating contracts are assessed to identify distinct performance obligations, allocating transaction prices to those performance obligations, and criteria for satisfaction of a performance obligation. The new standard allows for recognition of revenue only when we have satisfied a performance obligation through transferring control of the promised good or service to a customer. The standard indicates that an entity must determine at contract inception whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time through analysis of the following criteria: (i) the entity has a present right to payment, (ii) the customer has legal title, (iii) the customer has physical possession, (iv) the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership and (v) the customer has accepted the asset. The new standard has been applied to contracts for which performance had not been completed as of the date of adoption. For those contracts that were modified prior to the date of adoption, we reflected the aggregate effect of those modifications when determining the appropriate accounting under the new standard. We do not believe the effect of applying this practical expedient resulted in material differences. Overall, the adoption of the new standard did not significantly alter our methodology for recognition of revenue.

The following table presents our disaggregated revenue for the periods presented (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
JAKAFI revenues, net	$	1,386,964	$	1,133,392	$	852,816
ICLUSIG revenues, net		79,936		66,920		29,588
Total product revenues, net		1,466,900		1,200,312		882,404
JAKAVI product royalty revenues		194,694		151,684		110,711
OLUMIANT product royalty revenues		40,086		9,107		—
Total product royalty revenues		234,780		160,791		110,711
Milestone and contract revenues		180,000		175,000		112,512
Other revenues		203		113		92
Total revenues	$	1,881,883	$	1,536,216	$	1,105,719

For further information on our revenue-generating contracts,refer to Note 7.

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Business Combination

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Business Combination

Business Combination

Note 3. Business Combination

Description of the Transaction

On June 1, 2016, pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, we completed the Acquisition, and acquired all of the outstanding shares of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l., since renamed Incyte Biosciences Luxembourg S.à.r.l., the parent company of ARIAD’s European subsidiaries responsible for the development and commercialization of ICLUSIG (ponatinib) in the European Union and other countries including Switzerland, Norway, Turkey, Israel and Russia (the “Territory”) in exchange for an upfront payment of $147.5 million, including customary working capital adjustments.  ICLUSIG is approved in Europe for the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who are resistant to or intolerant of certain second generation BCR-ABL inhibitors and all patients who have the T3151 mutation. The acquisition of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. included a fully integrated and established pan-European team including medical, sales and marketing personnel.  The existing platform and infrastructure acquired is expected to further our strategic plan and accelerate the establishment of our operations in Europe.   

In connection with the closing of the Acquisition, we entered into an Amended and Restated Buy-in License Agreement with ARIAD (the “License Agreement”).  Under the terms of the License Agreement, we were granted an exclusive license to develop and commercialize ICLUSIG in the Territory.  ARIAD is eligible to receive from us tiered royalties ranging between 32% and 50% on net sales of ICLUSIG in the Territory. The royalties are subject to reduction for certain events related to exclusivity and, if necessary, any third-party patent rights.  In addition, ARIAD is eligible to receive up to $135.0 million in potential future development and regulatory approval milestone payments for ICLUSIG in new oncology indications in the Territory, together with additional milestone payments for non-oncology indications, if approved, in the Territory. Under our agreement with ARIAD, we have agreed to fund a portion of the ongoing ICLUSIG clinical studies being conducted by ARIAD, OPTIC and OPTIC-2L, by paying up to $7.0 million in both 2016 and 2017.  During the quarter ended September 30, 2017, ARIAD discontinued the OPTIC-2L clinical study.

Unless terminated earlier in accordance with its provisions, our obligations to pay full royalties under the License Agreement will continue to be in effect on a country-by-country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration date of the composition patent in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of any regulatory marketing exclusivity period or other statutory designation that provides similar exclusivity for the commercialization of ICLUSIG in such country and (iii) the seventh anniversary of the first commercial sale of ICLUSIG in such country.  We will be obligated to pay royalties at a reduced rate for a specified period of time following such full royalty term. The License Agreement may be terminated in its entirety by us for convenience on 12 months’ notice after the third anniversary of the effective date of the License Agreement.  The License Agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the License Agreement.

Fair Value of Consideration Transferred

The fair value of consideration transferred totaled $440.5 million, which consisted of $147.5 million in cash pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, including net working capital adjustments, and $293.0 million of contingent consideration related to the License Agreement.  Contingent consideration includes the future payments that we may pay to ARIAD for our royalty obligations on future net sales of ICLUSIG, as well as for any future potential milestone payments related to new oncology or non-oncology indications for ICLUSIG.

The fair value of contingent consideration as of the acquisition date was determined using an income approach based on estimated ICLUSIG revenues in the Territory for both the approved third line treatment, as well as the second line treatment that was under development and was therefore contingent on future clinical results and European Medicines Agency approval. The probability of technical success of the second line indication was estimated at 25% based on the early stage of development and competitive market landscape, and the estimated future cash flows for the second line indication were probability weighted accordingly. The total projected cash flows of the third line and second line indications were estimated over 18 years, and discounted to present value using a discount rate of 10%. In addition, based on the believed limited effectiveness of ICLUSIG beyond the existing oncology indications, the fact that no development is currently ongoing for any new oncology or any non-oncology indications, and the lack of intention by us, ARIAD, or another market participant, to develop ICLUSIG in additional oncology or non-oncology indications, the fair value of any cash flows for any new oncology or non-oncology indication was determined to be nil.  The fair value of the contingent consideration was $293.0 million as of the Acquisition date.

Acquisition-Related Costs

We incurred $1.6 million of transaction costs directly related to the Acquisition, which includes expenditures for advisory, legal, valuation, accounting and other similar services.  These costs have been expensed in selling, general and administrative costs on the consolidated statements of operations during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Revenue and Net Loss of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l.

The revenues of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (Luxembourg) S.à.r.l. for the period from the acquisition date to December 31, 2016 were $29.6 million and net loss was $48.7 million.  The net loss includes the effects of the Acquisition accounting adjustments and acquisition-related costs.

Pro Forma Impact of Business Combination

The following unaudited pro forma information presents condensed consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016, as if the Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2015 (in thousands):

	For the Year Ended
	December 31, 2016
Pro forma revenues	$	1,148,006
Pro forma net income	$	102,619

The unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated results of operations were prepared using the acquisition method of accounting and are based on the historical financial information of our company and the acquired business which has been adjusted for events that are (i) directly attributable to the Acquisition, (ii) factually supportable, and (iii) expected to have continuing impact on the combined results.  The unaudited pro forma information reflects primarily the following adjustments:

· To record amortization expense related to fair value adjustments recorded on the acquired definite lived intangibles;

· To eliminate ARIAD Europe’s interest expense on the intercompany loan in accordance with the terms of the Acquisition;

· To remove balances attributable to the ARIAD Australia entity which are not material. This entity was previously consolidated by ARIAD Europe; however it was not included in the Acquisition; and

· To remove the recognition of revenue relating to distribution agreements in historic periods for those arrangements in which we have no continuing performance obligation and, therefore, the fair value of the assumed deferred revenue balance was zero.

The unaudited pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the results that would have been obtained if the Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2015 or that may occur in the future, and does not reflect future synergies, integration costs, or other such costs or savings.

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Marketable Securities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Marketable Securities

Marketable Securities

Note 4. Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of our marketable security portfolio for the periods presented (in thousands):

			Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Estimated
	Cost		Losses		Fair Value
December 31, 2018
Debt securities (corporate and government)	$	275,405	$	(1,062)	$	274,343
December 31, 2017
Debt securities (corporate and government)	$	271,401	$	(1,265)	$	270,136

Our debt securities generally have contractual maturity dates of between 12 to 18 months.

Fair Value Measurements

FASB accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (“the exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The standard outlines a valuation framework and creates a fair value hierarchy in order to increase the consistency and comparability of fair value measurements and the related disclosures. In determining fair value we use quoted prices and observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of us. The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the source of inputs as follows:

Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Valuations based on observable inputs and quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities.

Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and models that are significant to the overall fair value measurement.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

Our marketable securities consist of investments in corporate debt securities and U.S. government securities that are classified as available-for-sale.

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, our Level 2 corporate debt securities and U.S government securities were valued using readily available pricing sources which utilize market observable inputs, including the current interest rate and other characteristics for similar types of investments.  Our long term investments classified as Level 1 were valued using their respective closing stock prices on The Nasdaq Stock Market. 

Our policy is to recognize transfers into and transfers out of fair value hierarchy levels as of the end of the reporting period.  There were no transfers out of or into hierarchy levels during the year ended December 31, 2018.

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,163,980	$	—	$	—	$	1,163,980
Debt securities (corporate and government)		—		274,343		—		274,343
Long term investments (Note 7)		99,199		—		—		99,199
Total assets	$	1,263,179	$	274,343	$	—	$	1,537,522

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	899,509	$	—	$	—	$	899,509
Debt securities (corporate and government)		—		270,136		—		270,136
Long term investment (Note 7)		134,356		—		—		134,356
Total assets	$	1,033,865	$	270,136	$	—	$	1,304,001

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of our financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2018
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	287,001	$	287,001
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	287,001	$	287,001

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2017
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	287,000	$	287,000
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	287,000	$	287,000

The following is a roll forward of our Level 3 liabilities (in thousands):

	2018		2017
Balance at January 1,	$	287,000	$	301,000
Contingent consideration earned during the period but not yet paid		(13,184)		(6,618)
Payments made during the period		(12,988)		(15,086)
Change in fair value of contingent consideration		26,173		7,704
Balance at December 31,	$	287,001	$	287,000

The fair value of the contingent consideration was determined using an income approach based on estimated ICLUSIG revenues in the European Union and other countries for the approved third line treatment. The fair value of the contingent consideration is remeasured each reporting period, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. The change in fair value of the contingent consideration during the period ending December 31, 2018 was due primarily to the passage of time as there were no other significant changes in the key assumptions. The change in fair value of the contingent consideration during the period ending December 31, 2017 was due primarily to the passage of time and a benefit of $24.0 million recorded during the third quarter to the lack of expected future sales royalties payable due to the discontinued OPTIC-2L clinical trial.

We make payments to Takeda quarterly based on the royalties or any additional milestone payments earned in the previous quarter. As of December 31, 2018, contingent consideration earned but not yet paid was $13.2 million. The royalties earned in the third quarter of $6.7 million were included in accounts payable and the royalties earned in the fourth quarter of $6.5 million were included in accrued and other current liabilities at December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2017, contingent consideration earned but not yet paid was $6.6 million were included in accrued and other current liabilities.    

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no measurements required for any assets or liabilities at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

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Concentrations of Credit Risk

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Note 5. Concentrations of Credit Risk

In December 2009, we entered into a license, development and commercialization agreement with Lilly. In November 2009, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Novartis. The concentration of credit risk related to our collaborative partners is as follows:

	Percentage of Total Milestone and
	Contract Revenues for the
	Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Collaboration Partner A	33	%	37	%	40	%
Collaboration Partner B	67	%	63	%	60	%

Collaboration Partner A and Collaboration Partner B comprised, in the aggregate, 42% and 47% of the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

In November 2011, we began commercialization and distribution of JAKAFI to a number of customers. Our product revenues are concentrated in a number of these customers. The concentration of credit risk related to our JAKAFI product revenues is as follows:

	Percentage of Total Net
	Product Revenues for the
	Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Customer A	20	%	24	%	25	%
Customer B	14	%	15	%	17	%
Customer C	15	%	13	%	13	%
Customer D	11	%	8	%	9	%

We are exposed to risks associated with extending credit to customers related to the sale of products. Customer A, Customer B, Customer C and Customer D comprised, in the aggregate, 30% and 25% of the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The concentration of credit risk relating to ICLUSIG product revenues or accounts receivable is not significant.

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Inventory

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Inventory

Inventory

Note 6. Inventory

Our inventory balance consists of the following:

	December 31,
	2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Raw materials	$	481	$	1,062
Work-in-process		3,488		8,615
Finished goods		6,436		4,771
		10,405		14,448
Inventories-current		6,967		6,482
Inventories-non-current	$	3,438	$	7,966

Inventories, stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value, consist of raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods. At December 31, 2018, $7.0 million of inventory was classified as current on the consolidated balance sheets as we expect this inventory to be consumed for commercial use within the next twelve months. At December 31, 2018, $3.4 million of inventory was classified as non‑current on the consolidated balance sheets as we did not expect this inventory to be consumed for commercial use within the next twelve months. We obtain some inventory components from a limited number of suppliers due to technology, availability, price, quality or other considerations. The loss of a supplier, the deterioration of our relationship with a supplier, or any unilateral violation of the contractual terms under which we are supplied components by a supplier could adversely affect our total revenues and gross margins.

JAKAFI raw materials and work-in-process inventory is not subject to expiration and the shelf life for finished goods inventory is 36 months from the start of manufacturing of the finished goods. ICLUSIG raw materials and work-in-process inventory is not subject to expiration and the shelf life for finished goods inventory is 24 months from the start of manufacturing of the finished goods.  We evaluate for potential excess inventory by analyzing current and future product demand relative to the remaining product shelf life. We build demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance and patient usage.

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License Agreements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

License Agreements

License Agreements

Note 7. License Agreements

Novartis

In November 2009, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Novartis. Under the terms of the agreement, Novartis received exclusive development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to our JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib and certain back‑up compounds for hematologic and oncology indications, including all hematological malignancies, solid tumors and myeloproliferative diseases. We retained exclusive development and commercialization rights to JAKAFI (ruxolitinib) in the United States and in certain other indications. Novartis also received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to our MET inhibitor compound capmatinib and certain back‑up compounds in all indications. We retained options to co‑develop and to co‑promote capmatinib in the United States.

Under this agreement, we received an upfront payment and immediate milestone payment totaling $210.0 million and were initially eligible to receive up to $1.2 billion in milestone payments across multiple indications upon the achievement of pre‑specified events, including up to $174.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, up to $495.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and up to $500.0 million for the achievement of commercialization milestones. In April 2016, we amended this agreement to provide that Novartis has exclusive research, development and commercialization rights outside of the United States to ruxolitinib (excluding topical formulations) in the graft-versus-host-disease (“GVHD”) field. We became eligible to receive up to $75.0 million of additional potential development and regulatory milestones relating to GVHD.  Exclusive of the upfront payment of $150.0 million received in 2009 and the immediate milestone of $60.0 million earned in 2010, we have recognized and received in the aggregate $132.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, $215.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and $120.0 million for the achievement of sales milestones through December 31, 2018.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, under this agreement, we recognized a $60.0 million sales milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $900.0 million. In 2017, we recognized a $40.0 million sales milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $600.0 million and a $25.0 million development milestone based on the formal initiation by Novartis of a Phase III clinical trial evaluating ruxolitinib in GVHD.  In 2016, we recognized a $5.0 million payment in exchange for the development and commercialization rights to ruxolitinib in GVHD outside of the United States and a $40.0 million regulatory milestone for the reimbursement of JAKAVI in Europe for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera.  In 2015, we recognized a $5.0 million development milestone based on the formal initiation by Novartis of a Phase II clinical trial evaluating capmatinib for a third indication, a $25.0 million regulatory milestone triggered by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopting a positive opinion for JAKAVI (ruxolitinib) for the treatment of adult patients with polycythemia vera who are resistant to or intolerant of hydroxyurea, a $15.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of JAKAVI in Japan for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera, and a $20.0 million sales milestone for Novartis achieving annual net sales of a JAK licensed product of $300.0 million.  In 2014, we recognized a $60.0 million regulatory milestone related to reimbursement of JAKAVI in Europe, a $25.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of JAKAVI in Japan for the treatment of patients with myelofibrosis and a $7.0 million development milestone based on the formal initiation by Novartis of a Phase II clinical trial evaluating capmatinib in non-small cell lung cancer. In 2013, we recognized a $25.0 million development milestone based on the formal initiation by Novartis of a Phase II clinical trial evaluating capmatinib. In 2012, we recognized a $40.0 million regulatory milestone for the achievement of a predefined milestone for the European Union regulatory approval of JAKAVI. In 2011, we recognized a $15.0 million development milestone for the achievement of a predefined milestone in the Phase I dose‑escalation trial for capmatinib in patients with solid tumors and a $10.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of JAKAFI in the United States. In 2010, we recognized $50.0 million in development milestones for the initiation of the global Phase III trial, RESPONSE, in patients with polycythemia vera. We determined that each of these milestones were substantive as their achievement required substantive efforts by us and was at risk until the milestones were ultimately achieved.

We also are eligible to receive tiered, double‑digit royalties ranging from the upper‑teens to the mid‑twenties on future JAKAVI net sales outside of the United States, and tiered, worldwide royalties on future capmatinib net sales that range from 12% to 14%. Since the achievement of the $60.0 million regulatory milestone related to reimbursement of JAKAVI in Europe in September 2014, we are obligated to pay to Novartis tiered royalties in the low single-digits on future JAKAFI net sales within the United States. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, such royalties payable to Novartis on net sales within the United States totaled $63.0 million, $50.5 million and $36.8 million, respectively, and are reflected in cost of product revenues on the consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $18.6 million and $14.8 million, respectively, of accrued royalties payable to Novartis were included in accrued and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Each company is responsible for costs relating to the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in its respective territories, with costs of collaborative studies shared equally. Novartis is also responsible for all costs relating to the development and commercialization of capmatinib.

The Novartis agreement will continue on a program‑by‑program basis until Novartis has no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Royalties are payable by Novartis on a product‑by‑product and country‑by‑country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Novartis or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program‑by‑program basis by Novartis for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

We determined that there were two deliverables under the agreement: (i) the ex-U.S. license for ruxolitinib and (ii) our obligations in connection with our participation on the joint development committee for myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera/essential thrombocythemia. We concluded that these deliverables should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting and the $150.0 million upfront payment received in December 2009 and the immediate $60.0 million milestone payment received in January 2010 should be recognized on a straight-line basis through December 2013, when we estimated we would complete our obligations in connection with our participation on the joint development committee for myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera, our estimated performance period under the agreement. We completed this substantive performance obligation related to this arrangement in December 2013.

At December 31, 2009, we recorded $10.9 million of reimbursable costs incurred prior to the effective date of the agreement as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet. These costs were recognized on a straight-line basis through December 2013 consistent with the aforementioned upfront and milestone payments. Future reimbursable costs incurred after the effective date of the agreement with Novartis are recorded net against the related research and development expenses. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $0.7 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of reimbursable costs were included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were net of $3.2 million, $3.0 million, and $0.7 million, respectively, of costs reimbursed by Novartis.

Milestone and contract revenue under the Novartis agreement was $60.0 million, $65.0 million and $45.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded $194.7 million, $151.7 million and $110.7 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to Novartis net sales of JAKAVI outside the United States. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $55.4 million and $47.7 million, respectively, of product royalties were included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

Lilly - Baricitinib

In December 2009, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Lilly. Under the terms of the agreement, Lilly received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to our JAK inhibitor baricitinib, and certain back‑up compounds for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We received an upfront payment of $90.0 million, and were initially eligible to receive up to $665.0 million in substantive milestone payments across multiple indications upon the achievement of pre‑specified events, including up to $150.0 million for the achievement of development milestones, up to $365.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones and up to $150.0 million for the achievement of commercialization milestones. Exclusive of the upfront payment of $90.0 million received in 2009, we have recognized and received, in aggregate, $149.0 million for the achievement of development milestones and $235.0 million for the achievement of regulatory milestones through December 31, 2018.

In January 2016, Lilly submitted an NDA to the FDA and a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) to the European Medicines Agency for baricitinib as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. In February 2017, we and Lilly announced that the European Commission approved baricitinib as OLUMIANT for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to, or who are intolerant to, one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. In July 2017, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare granted marketing approval for OLUMIANTfor the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with inadequate response to standard-of-care therapies.  In June 2018, the FDA approved the 2mg dose of OLUMIANT for the treatment of adults with moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response to one or more tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapies.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, under this agreement, we recognized a $20.0 million development milestone for the first patient treated in the systemic lupus erythematosus Phase III program for baricitinib and a $100.0 million regulatory milestone for the FDA approval of the 2mg dose of OLUMIANT (baricitinib) for the treatment of adults with moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis. In 2017, we recognized a $30.0 million development milestone for the first patient treated in the atopic dermatitis Phase III program for baricitinib, $15.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare and a $65.0 million regulatory milestone for the approval of baricitinib for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients by the European Commission. In 2016, we recognized a $35.0 million regulatory milestone for the submission of an NDA to the FDA for the approval of oral once-daily baricitinib for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis and a $20.0 million regulatory milestone for the submission of a Marketing Authorization Application to the European Medicines Agency for the approval of oral once-daily baricitinib for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis.  In 2012, we recognized a $50.0 million development milestone for the initiation of the rheumatoid arthritis Phase III program for baricitinib. In 2010, we recognized a $30.0 million development milestone based upon the initial three month data in the Phase IIa clinical trial of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and a $19.0 million development milestone for the Phase IIb clinical trial initiation of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We determined that each of these milestones were substantive as their achievement required substantive efforts by us and was at risk until the milestones were ultimately achieved. In July 2010, we elected to co-develop baricitinib with Lilly in rheumatoid arthritis and we are responsible for funding 30% of the associated future global development costs for this indication from the initiation of the Phase IIb trial through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority. We subsequently elected to co-develop baricitinib with Lilly in psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus and axial spondyloarthritis and are responsible for funding 30% of future global development costs for those indications through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority.

We retained options to co-develop our JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors with Lilly on a compound-by-compound and indication-by-indication basis. Lilly is responsible for all costs relating to the development and commercialization of the compounds unless we elect to co-develop any compounds or indications. If we elect to co-develop any compounds and/or indications, we would be responsible for funding 30% of the associated future global development costs from the initiation of a Phase IIb trial through regulatory approval, including post-launch studies required by a regulatory authority. We would receive an incremental royalty rate increase across all tiers resulting in effective royalty rates ranging up to the high twenties on potential future global net sales for compounds and/or indications that we elect to co-develop.  For indications that we elect not to co‑develop, we would receive tiered, double‑digit royalty payments on future global net sales with rates ranging up to 20% if the product is successfully commercialized.  We previously had retained an option to co-promote products in the United States but, in March 2016, we waived our co-promotion option as part of an amendment to the agreement. 

Research and development expenses recorded under the Lilly agreement representing 30% of the global development costs for baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus and axial spondyloarthritis were $68.6 million, $40.8 million and $27.3 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, a total of $23.1 million and $13.6 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. We have retained certain mechanisms to give us cost protection as baricitinib advances in clinical development. We can defer our portion of co‑development study costs by indication if they exceed a predetermined level. This deferment would be credited against future milestones or royalties and we would still be eligible for the full incremental royalties related to the co‑development option. In addition, even if we have started co‑development funding for any indication, we can at any time opt out and stop future co‑development cost sharing. If we elect to do this we would still be eligible for our base royalties plus an incremental, pro‑rated royalty commensurate with our contribution to the total co‑development cost for those indications for which we co‑funded. The Lilly agreement will continue until Lilly no longer has any royalty payment obligations or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms. Royalties are payable by Lilly on a product‑by‑product and country‑by‑country basis until the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights covering the licensed product in the relevant country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity for the licensed product in such country and (iii) a specified period from first commercial sale in such country of the licensed product by Lilly or its affiliates or sublicensees. The agreement may be terminated by Lilly for convenience, and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach.

We determined that there were two deliverables under the agreement: (i) the worldwide license and (ii) our obligations in connection with a co‑development option. We concluded that these deliverables should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting and the $90.0 million upfront payment should be recognized on a straight-line basis as revenue through December 2016, our estimated performance period under the agreement.  We completed our substantive performance obligation related to this arrangement in December 2016.

Milestone and contract revenue under the Lilly agreement was $120.0 million, $110.0 million and $67.5 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded $40.1 million and $9.1 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to Lilly net sales of OLUMIANT outside the United States.  At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $14.0 million and $4.6 million, respectively, of product royalties were included in accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

Lilly – Ruxolitinib

In March 2016, we entered into an amendment to the agreement with Lilly that amended the non-compete provision of the agreement to allow us to engage in the development and commercialization of ruxolitinib in the GVHD field. We paid Lilly an upfront payment of $35.0 million and Lilly is eligible to receive up to $40.0 million in additional regulatory milestone payments relating to ruxolitinib in the GVHD field. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the $35.0 million upfront payment was recorded in research and development expense in our consolidated statement of operations. 

Agenus

In January 2015, we entered into a License, Development and Commercialization Agreement with Agenus Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, 4-Antibody AG (now known as Agenus Switzerland Inc.), which we collectively refer to as Agenus. Under this agreement, the parties have agreed to collaborate on the discovery of novel immuno-therapeutics using Agenus’ antibody discovery platforms. The agreement became effective on February 18, 2015, upon the expiration of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976. Upon closing of the agreement, we paid Agenus total consideration of $60.0 million. 

In February 2017, we and Agenus amended this agreement (the “Amended Agreement”). Under the terms of the Amended Agreement, we received exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to four checkpoint modulators directed against GITR, OX40, LAG-3 and TIM-3. In addition to the initial four program targets, we and Agenus have the option to jointly nominate and pursue additional targets within the framework of the collaboration, and in November 2015, three more targets were added. Targets may be designated profit-share programs, where all costs and profits are shared equally by us and Agenus, or royalty-bearing programs, where we are responsible for all costs associated with discovery, preclinical, clinical development and commercialization activities. The programs relating to GITR and OX40 and two of the undisclosed targets were profit-share programs until February 2017, while the other targets currently under collaboration are royalty-bearing programs. The Amended Agreement converted the programs relating to GITR and OX40 to royalty-bearing programs and removed from the collaboration the profit-share programs relating to the two undisclosed targets, with one reverting to us and one reverting to Agenus.  Should any of those removed programs be successfully developed by a party, the other party will be eligible to receive the same milestone payments as the royalty-bearing programs and royalties at a 15% rate on global net sales.  There are currently no profit-share programs.  For each royalty-bearing product other than GITR and OX40, Agenus will be eligible to receive tiered royalties on global net sales ranging from 6% to 12%.  For GITR and OX40, Agenus will be eligible to receive 15% royalties on global net sales.

Under the Amended Agreement, we paid Agenus $20.0 million in accelerated milestones relating to the clinical development of the GITR and OX40 programs, which is recorded in research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017.  Agenus is eligible to receive up to an additional $510.0 million in future contingent development, regulatory and commercialization milestones across all programs in the collaboration.  The agreement may be terminated by us for convenience upon 12 months’ notice and may also be terminated under certain other circumstances, including material breach. In June 2018, we recorded a $5.0 million development milestone due to Agenus for the LAG-3 program and in September 2018 we recorded a $5.0 million development milestone due to Agenus for the TIM-3 program, which are recorded in research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.

In connection with the Amended Agreement, we also agreed to purchase 10.0 million shares of Agenus Inc. common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $60.0 million in cash, or $6.00 per share.  We completed the purchase of the shares on February 14, 2017, when the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market for Agenus Inc. shares was $4.40 per share.  The shares we acquired were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 on the purchase date and were subject to certain security specific restrictions for a period of time, and accordingly, we estimated a discount for lack of marketability on the shares on the issuance date of $4.5 million, which resulted in a net fair value of the shares on the issuance date of $39.5 million. Therefore, of the total consideration paid of $60.0 million, $39.5 million was allocated to our stock purchase in Agenus Inc. and was recorded within long term investments on the consolidated balance sheets and $20.5 million was allocated to research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017.

We have concluded Agenus Inc. is not a VIE because it has sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support and its at-risk equity holders have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. From the date of our initial stock purchase in February 2015 and up to the date of our second stock purchase in February 2017, we owned between 9% and 11% of the outstanding shares of Agenus Inc. common stock.  As a result of our February 2017 stock purchase, we owned approximately 15% of the outstanding shares of Agenus Inc. common stock as of December 31, 2018. We concluded that we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over Agenus Inc. based primarily on our ownership interest, the fact that we have been the largest Agenus stockholder since the date of our initial stock purchase, the level of intra-entity transactions between us and Agenus related to development expenses, as well as other qualitative factors. We have elected the fair value option to account for our long term investment in Agenus Inc. whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period.  We believe the fair value option to be the most appropriate accounting method to account for securities in publicly held collaborators for which we have significant influence. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded an unrealized loss of $15.6 million, $13.6 million and $3.3 million, respectively, based on the changes in the market price of Agenus Inc.’s common stock during these periods. The fair market value of our long term investment in Agenus Inc. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $42.3 million and $57.9 million, respectively.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, Agenus Inc. reported total revenues of $12.8 million and $30.3 million, respectively, and net losses of $33.7 million and $113.2 million, respectively, within their consolidated financial statements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, Agenus Inc. reported total revenues of $3.4 million and $34.5 million, respectively, and net losses of $36.8 million and $85.7 million, respectively, within their consolidated financial statements. As of September 30, 2018, Agenus Inc. reported current assets of $67.6 million, noncurrent assets of $62.8 million, current liabilities of $58.2 million and noncurrent liabilities of $203.7 million. As of December 31, 2017, Agenus Inc. reported current assets of $73.6 million, noncurrent assets of $64.8 million, current liabilities of $56.4 million and noncurrent liabilities of $157.8 million. At this time, we have no plans to participate in any future equity-based fundraising, and, in the event of any future equity-based fundraising, anticipate dilution of our ownership percentage and a significant permanent decrease in the value of our overall investment.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, also included $4.6 million, $19.5 million and $17.5 million, respectively, of development costs incurred pursuant to the Agenus arrangement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, a total of $2.3 million and $3.2 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

Hengrui

In September 2015, we entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement with Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd. (“Hengrui”).  Under the terms of this agreement, we received exclusive development and commercialization rights worldwide, with the exception of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, to INCSHR1210, an investigational PD-1 monoclonal antibody, and certain back-up compounds.  In February 2018, Incyte and Hengrui agreed to terminate the collaboration, pursuant to the terms of the License and Collaboration Agreement.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, included $1.5 million, $3.2 million and $9.8 million, respectively, of development costs incurred pursuant to the Hengrui agreement.

Merus

In December 2016, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Merus N.V. Under this agreement, which became effective in January 2017, the parties have agreed to collaborate with respect to the research, discovery and development of bispecific antibodies utilizing Merus’ technology platform.  The collaboration encompasses up to eleven independent programs. 

The most advanced collaboration program is MCLA-145, a bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and CD137, for which we received exclusive development and commercialization rights outside of the United States. Merus retained exclusive development and commercialization rights in the United States to MCLA-145.  Each party will share equally the costs of mutually agreed global development activities for MCLA-145, and fund itself any independent development activities in its territory.  Merus will be responsible for commercializing MCLA-145 in the United States and we will be responsible for commercializing it outside of the United States.   

In addition to receiving rights to MCLA-145 outside of the United States, we received worldwide exclusive development and commercialization rights to up to ten additional programs.  Of these ten additional programs, Merus retained the option, subject to certain conditions, to co-fund development of up to two such programs.  If Merus exercises its co-funding option for a program, Merus would be responsible for funding 35% of the associated future global development costs and, for certain of such programs, would be responsible for reimbursing us for certain development costs incurred prior to the option exercise.  Merus will also have the right to participate in a specified proportion of detailing activities in the United States for one of those co-developed programs. All costs related to the co-funded collaboration programs are subject to joint research and development plans and overseen by a joint development committee, but we will have final determination as to such plans in cases of dispute.  We will be responsible for all research, development and commercialization costs relating to all other programs. 

In February 2017, we paid Merus an upfront non-refundable payment of $120.0 million. For each program as to which Merus does not have commercialization or development co-funding rights, Merus will be eligible to receive up to $100.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones, and up to $250.0 million in commercialization milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of global net sales.  For each program as to which Merus exercises its option to co-fund development, Merus will be eligible to receive a 50% share of profits (or sustain 50% of any losses) in the United States and be eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from 6% to 10% of net sales of products outside of the United States.  If Merus opts to cease co-funding a program as to which it exercised its co-development option, then Merus will no longer receive a share of profits in the United States but will be eligible to receive the same milestones from the co-funding termination date and the same tiered royalties described above with respect to programs where Merus does not have a right to co-fund development and, depending on the stage at which Merus chose to cease co-funding development costs, Merus will be eligible to receive additional royalties ranging up to 4% of net sales in the United States.  For MCLA-145, we and Merus will each be eligible to receive tiered royalties on net sales in the other party’s territory at rates ranging from 6% to 10%.  

The Merus agreement will continue on a program-by-program basis until we have no royalty payment obligations with respect to such program or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement or any program in accordance with the terms of the agreement.  The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a program-by-program basis by us for convenience.  The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement.  If the agreement is terminated with respect to one or more programs, all rights in the terminated programs revert to Merus, subject to payment to us of a reverse royalty of up to 4% on sales of future products, if Merus elects to pursue development and commercialization of products arising from the terminated programs. 

In addition, in December 2016, we entered into a Share Subscription Agreement with Merus, pursuant to which we agreed to purchase 3.2 million common shares of Merus for an aggregate purchase price of $80.0 million in cash, or $25.00 per share. 

We agreed to certain standstill provisions whereby we are obligated to refrain from taking certain actions with respect to Merus or Merus’ common shares during a period ending on the earliest of (i) three years from the closing date of our share purchase, (ii) the date Merus publicly announces any merger or similar business combination or another party announces an intention to acquire a substantial portion of Merus’ securities, and (iii) the termination of the Collaboration and License Agreement. The standstill provisions are subject to certain exceptions, including an exception that allows us to maintain our percentage ownership following equity financings by Merus. We also agreed, subject to limited exceptions, not to sell or otherwise transfer any of our Merus shares for a period, referred to as the Lock-Up Period, ending on the earlier of 18 months after the closing date of the sale of the Shares or the end of the standstill period.  In addition, if the standstill period has not been terminated earlier upon the occurrence of certain events, for a period of three years after the Lock-Up Period, we will be restricted from selling or otherwise transferring more than one-third of our Merus shares during any 12-month period or 10% of our Merus shares during any three-month period, unless Merus consents otherwise.  We have further agreed that during the standstill period, we will vote all of our Merus shares in accordance with the recommendation of a majority of Merus’ supervisory board.  However, we may vote our Merus shares at our own discretion for certain extraordinary matters, including a change in control of Merus.  Merus has agreed to customary resale registration rights with respect to our Merus shares; however, any such resales will be subject to the Lock-Up Period and volume limitations on sale and transfer described above. 

We completed the purchase of the shares on January 23, 2017 when the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market for Merus shares was $24.50 per share.  The shares we acquired were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 on the purchase date and were subject to certain security specific restrictions for a period of time, and accordingly, we estimated a discount for lack of marketability on the shares on the issuance date of $5.6 million, which resulted in a net fair value of the shares on the issuance date of $72.8 million.  Of the total consideration paid of $80.0 million, $72.8 million was allocated to our stock purchase in Merus and was recorded as a long term investment on the consolidated balance sheets and $7.2 million was allocated to research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017.  The fair market value of our total long term investment in Merus as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $44.8 million and $62.1 million, respectively.

We have concluded Merus is not a VIE because it has sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support and its at-risk equity holders have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. As of December 31, 2018, we owned approximately 14% of the outstanding shares of Merus common stock and conclude that we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over Merus based primarily on our ownership interest, the level of intra-entity transactions between us and Merus related to development expenses, as well as other qualitative factors.  We have elected the fair value option to account for our long term investment in Merus whereby the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period.  We believe the fair value option to be the most appropriate accounting method to account for securities in publicly held collaborators for which we have significant influence. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded an unrealized loss of $17.3 million and $10.7 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Merus’ common stock during these periods. 

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, Merus reported within its Form 6-K total revenues of approximately €6.5 million and €23.0 million, respectively, and net loss of approximately €10.7 million and €23.7 million, respectively, within its condensed consolidated financial statements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, Merus reported within its Form 6-K total revenues of approximately €5.7 million and €15.8 million, respectively, and net loss of approximately €13.4 million and €52.7 million, respectively, within its condensed consolidated financial statements. As of September 30, 2018, Merus reported within its Form 6-K current assets of €202.6 million, noncurrent assets of €22.1 million, current liabilities of €38.2 million and noncurrent liabilities of €101.5 million. As of December 31, 2017, Merus reported within its Form 6-K current assets of €188.1 million, noncurrent assets of €8.7 million, current liabilities of €27.7 million and noncurrent liabilities of €112.6 million.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 included $10.3 million and $6.5 million, respectively, of additional development costs incurred pursuant to the Merus agreement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, a total of $2.9 million and $2.1 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Calithera

In January 2017, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Calithera Biosciences, Inc. (“Calithera”). Under this agreement, we received an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize small molecule arginase inhibitors, including CB-1158, which is currently in Phase I clinical trials, for hematology and oncology indications. We have agreed to co-fund 70% of the global development costs for the development of the licensed products for hematology and oncology indications. Calithera will have the right to conduct certain clinical development under the collaboration, including combination studies of a licensed product with a proprietary compound of Calithera. We will be entitled to 60% of the profits and losses from net sales of licensed product in the United States, and Calithera will have the right to co-detail licensed products in the United States, and we have agreed to pay Calithera tiered royalties ranging from the low to mid-double digits on net sales of licensed products outside the United States. Calithera may opt out of its co-funding obligation, in which case the U.S. profit sharing will no longer be in effect, and we have agreed to pay Calithera tiered royalties ranging from the low to mid-double digits on net sales of licensed products both in the United States and outside the United States, and additional royalties to reimburse Calithera for previously incurred development costs.

In January 2017, we paid Calithera an upfront license fee of $45.0 million and have agreed to pay potential development, regulatory and sales milestone payments of over $430.0 million if the profit share is in effect, or $750.0 million if the profit share terminates. In March 2017, Calithera earned a $12.0 million milestone payment from us for the achievement of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics goals for CB-1158 which was recorded in research and development expense on our consolidated statement of operations.

The Calithera agreement will continue on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis for so long as we are developing or commercializing products in the United States (if the parties are sharing profits in the United States) and until we have no further royalty payment obligations, unless earlier terminated according to the terms of the agreement. The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a product-by-product and/or a country-by-country basis by us for convenience. The agreement may also be terminated by us for Calithera’s uncured material breach, by Calithera for our uncured material breach and by either party for bankruptcy or patent challenge. If the agreement is terminated early with respect to one or more products or countries, all rights in the terminated products and countries revert to Calithera.

In addition, in January 2017, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Calithera for the purchase of 1.7 million common shares of Calithera for an aggregate purchase price of $8.0 million in cash, or $4.65 per share.  We completed the purchase of the shares on January 30, 2017 when the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market was $6.75 per share.  The shares we acquired were registered under the Securities Act of 1933 on the purchase date and there were no security specific restrictions for these shares, and therefore the value of the 1.7 million shares acquired by us was $11.6 million.  We paid total consideration of $53.0 million to Calithera, composed of the $45.0 million upfront license fee and the $8.0 million stock purchase price.  Of the $53.0 million, $11.6 million was allocated to our stock purchase in Calithera and was recorded within long term investments on the consolidated balance sheets and $41.4 million was allocated to research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017. The fair market value of our long term investment in Calithera as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $6.9 million and $14.4 million, respectively.

We have concluded Calithera is not a VIE because it has sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support and its at-risk equity holders have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest.  As of December 31, 2018, we owned approximately 4.5% of the outstanding shares of Calithera common stock and there are several other stockholders who hold larger positions of Calithera.  As we do not hold a significant position of the voting shares of Calithera and lack the qualitative characteristics associated with the ability to exercise significant influence, our ownership interest does not meet the criteria to be accounted for as an equity method investment. We intend to hold the investment in Calithera for the foreseeable future, and thereby have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Under guidance implemented by ASU No. 2016-01, the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period. Prior to implementation, the unrealized gains and losses on our investment in Calithera were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). To adopt ASU No. 2016-01, the January 1, 2018 accumulated deficit balance decreased by $2.8 million to reflect these prior period unrealized gains. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded an unrealized loss of $7.5 million and an unrealized gain of $2.8 million, respectively, based on the change in fair value of Calithera’s common stock during these periods. 

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 also included $12.0 million and $23.4 million, respectively, of additional development costs incurred pursuant to the Calithera agreement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, a total of $2.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

MacroGenics

In October 2017, we entered into a Global Collaboration and License Agreement with MacroGenics, Inc. (“MacroGenics”). Under this agreement, we received exclusive development and commercialization rights worldwide to MacroGenics’ INCMGA0012 (formerly MGA012), an investigational monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD-1. Except as set forth in the succeeding sentence, we will have sole authority over and bear all costs and expenses in connection with the development and commercialization of INCMGA0012 in all indications, whether as a monotherapy or as part of a combination regimen.  MacroGenics has retained the right to develop and commercialize, at its cost and expense, its pipeline assets in combination with INCMGA0012.  In addition, MacroGenics has the right to manufacture a portion of both companies’ global clinical and commercial supply needs of INCMGA0012.  In December 2017, we paid MacroGenics an upfront payment of $150.0 million which was recorded in research and development expense on our consolidated statement of operations. MacroGenics will be eligible to receive up to $420.0 million in future contingent development and regulatory milestones and up to $330.0 million in commercial milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from 15% to 24% of global net sales.  In September 2018, we recorded $10.0 million and in November 2018 we recorded $5.0 million in aggregate milestones due to MacroGenics for the achievement of certain clinical milestones as part of our collaboration and license agreement, which were recorded in research and development expense on our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The MacroGenics agreement will continue until we are no longer commercializing, developing or manufacturing INCMGA0012 or, if earlier, the termination of the agreement in accordance with its terms.  The agreement may be terminated in its entirety or on a licensed product by licensed product basis by us for convenience.  The agreement may also be terminated by either party under certain other circumstances, including material breach, as set forth in the agreement.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, also included $35.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of additional development costs incurred pursuant to the MacroGenics agreement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, a total of $3.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of such costs were included in accrued and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.  

Syros

In January 2018, we entered into a target discovery, research collaboration and option agreement with Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Syros”). Under this agreement, Syros will use its proprietary gene control platform to identify novel therapeutic targets with a focus in myeloproliferative neoplasms and we have received options to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to intellectual property resulting from the collaboration for up to seven validated targets.  We will have exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize any therapies under the collaboration that modulate those validated targets.  We have agreed to pay Syros up to $54.0 million in target selection and option exercise fees should we decide to exercise all of our options under the agreement. For products resulting from the collaboration against each of the seven selected and validated targets, we have agreed to pay up to $50.0 million in potential development and regulatory milestones and up to $65.0 million in potential commercial milestones. Syros is also eligible to receive low single-digit royalties on net sales of products resulting from the collaboration. In January 2018, we paid Syros an upfront non-refundable (except in the event of a material breach of the agreement by Syros) payment of $10.0 million, which was recorded in research and development expense during the year ended December 31, 2018. 

In addition, in January 2018, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Syros for the purchase of 0.8 million common shares of Syros for an aggregate purchase price of $10.0 million in cash, or $12.61 per share.  We agreed to not sell or otherwise transfer any of our Syros shares for a period, referred to as the Lock-Up Period, of 12 months after the closing date of the sale. We completed the purchase of the shares on January 8, 2018 when the closing price on The Nasdaq Stock Market was $9.77 per share. The shares we acquired were not registered on the purchase date, and accordingly, we estimated a discount for lack of marketability on the shares of $0.1 million, which resulted in a net fair value of the shares on the issuance date of $7.6 million. Of the $10.0 million aggregate purchase price paid, $7.6 million was allocated to our stock purchase in Syros and was recorded within long term investments on the consolidated balance sheet and $2.4 million, representing premium paid on the purchase, was allocated to research and development expense on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018. Also in January 2018, we entered into an Amended Stock Purchase Agreement with Syros for the purchase of an additional 0.1 million common shares of Syros for an aggregate purchase price of $1.4 million in cash, or $9.55 per share.  The shares were acquired in February 2018 and the $1.4 million aggregate purchase price was recorded within long term investments on the consolidated balance sheet. All acquired shares were subsequently registered under the Securities Act of 1933 in February 2018. The fair market value of our long term investment in Syros as of December 31, 2018 was $5.2 million.

We have concluded Syros is not a VIE because it has sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support and its at-risk equity holders have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest.  As of December 31, 2018, we owned approximately 3% of the outstanding shares of Syros common stock and there are several other stockholders who hold larger positions of Syros. As we do not hold a significant position of the voting shares of Syros and lack the qualitative characteristics associated with the ability to exercise significant influence, our ownership interest does not meet the criteria to be accounted for as an equity method investment. We intend to hold the investment in Syros for the foreseeable future and therefore, are accounting for our shares held in Syros at fair value under ASU No. 2016-01, and the investment is marked to market through earnings in each reporting period.  Given our intent to hold the investment for the foreseeable future, we have classified the investment within long term investments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded an unrealized loss of $3.7 million based on the change in the market price of Syros’ common stock during the period. 

Innovent

In December 2018, we entered into a research collaboration and licensing agreement with Innovent Biologics, Inc. (“Innovent”). Under the terms of this agreement, Innovent received exclusive development and commercialization rights to our clinical-stage product candidates pemigatinib, itacitinib and parsaclisib in hematology and oncology in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. In January 2019, we received an upfront payment under this agreement of $40.0 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive $20.0 million in connection with the first related IND filing in China, up to $129.0 million in potential development and regulatory milestones, and up to $202.5 million in potential commercial milestones. We are also eligible to receive tiered royalties from the high-teens to the low-twenties on future sales of products resulting from the collaboration. We retain an option to assist in the promotion of the three product candidates in the Innovent territories.

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Property and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

Note 8. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Office equipment	$	16,955	$	14,665
Laboratory equipment		61,697		45,048
Computer equipment		55,436		48,733
Land		10,122		5,350
Building and leasehold improvements		213,196		209,260
Construction in progress		65,576		11,371
		422,982		334,427
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		(103,231)		(74,664)
Property and equipment, net	$	319,751	$	259,763

Depreciation expense, including amortization expense of leasehold improvements, was $32.3 million, $24.6 million and $14.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

In October 2017, we completed the construction of a 154,000 square foot office building located in Wilmington, Delaware totaling approximately $91.3 million and are depreciating the building over its estimated useful life of 40 years.

In February 2018, we signed an agreement to rent a building in Morges, Switzerland for an initial term of 15 years, with multiple options to extend for an additional 20 years. The building will undergo extensive renovations prior to our occupation and, when completed, will serve as our new European headquarters. The new building will consist of approximately 100,000 square feet of office space. This building will allow for consolidation of our European operations that are currently located in Geneva and Lausanne, Switzerland. Building permits were granted by the local government authorities in September 2018, and construction activity began immediately thereafter. We are responsible for a portion of the renovation and construction costs, and are deemed, for accounting purposes, to be the owner of the building. As a result, we recorded the fair value of the building as a capital asset of approximately $15.8 million and a corresponding financing liability in accrued and other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018. We also recorded approximately $2.9 million in construction costs as a capital asset and corresponding financing liability on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018. Due to new accounting guidance within ASC 842, Leases, the assets and liabilities associated to this lease will be derecognized upon adoption on January 1, 2019. We anticipate beginning our portion of construction activity in July 2019, with completion of the office complex anticipated in the first half of 2020.

In July 2018, we signed an agreement to purchase land located within Y-PARC, Switzerland’s largest technology park in Yverdon. The land was purchased, in cash, for $4.8 million. Upon this parcel, we are constructing a large molecule production facility.  Construction activity commenced in July 2018 and as of December 31, 2018, we have recorded approximately $37.5 million in costs for construction, ground preparation and architectural and engineering studies. We currently anticipate the facility to be completed in the second half of 2020.

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Note 9. Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible Assets, Net

The components of intangible assets were as follows (in thousands, except for useful life):

Balance at December 31, 2018

Balance at December 31, 2017

Weighted-

Gross

Net

Gross

Net

Average Useful

Carrying

Accumulated

Carrying

Carrying

Accumulated

Carrying

Lives (Years)

Amount

Amortization

Amount

Amount

Amortization

Amount

Finite-lived intangible assets:

Licensed IP

12.5

$

271,000

$

55,636

$

215,364

$

271,000

$

34,099

$

236,901

Amortization expense was $21.5 million, $21.5 million and $12.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, and is recorded in cost of product revenues on the consolidated statement of operations.  Estimated aggregate amortization expense based on the current carrying value of amortizable intangible assets will be as follows for the years ending December 31 (in thousands):

		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		Thereafter
Amortization expense	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	107,684

Goodwill

There were no changes to the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

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Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Note 10. Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Royalties	$	25,087	$	21,433
Clinical related costs		98,607		110,037
Sales allowances		44,770		34,679
Construction in progress		7,673		9,945
Financing lease liability		18,696		—
Other current liabilities		34,568		22,807
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$	229,401	$	198,901

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Convertible Notes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Convertible Notes

Convertible Notes

Note 11. Convertible Notes

The components of the convertible notes were as follows (in thousands):

				Carrying Amount
	Interest Rates			December 31,
Debt	December 31, 2018		Maturities	2018		2017
0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2018	0.375	%	2018	$	—	$	7,393
1.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020	1.25	%	2020		17,434		16,608
					17,434		24,001
Less current portion					—		7,393
				$	17,434	$	16,608

Annual maturities of all convertible notes are as follows (in thousands):

2019	$	—
2020		19,094
2021		—
2022		—
Thereafter		—
	$	19,094

The carrying amount and fair value of our convertible notes as of the dates shown were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2018				2017
	Carrying				Carrying
	Amount		Fair Value		Amount		Fair Value
0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2018	$	—	$	—	$	7,393	$	14,129
1.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020		17,434		25,073		16,608		35,431
	$	17,434	$	25,073	$	24,001	$	49,560

The fair values of our 0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2018 (the “2018 Notes”) and 1.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (the “2020 Notes”) are based on data from readily available pricing sources which utilize market observable inputs and other characteristics for similar types of instruments, and, therefore, are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

On November 14, 2013, we issued, in a private placement, $375.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes and $375.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes. Entities affiliated with Julian C. Baker, one of our directors and principal stockholders (the “Baker Entities”), purchased $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes and $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes in this private placement. As of December 31, 2016, the Baker Entities owned $259.0 million and $274.5 million aggregate principal amounts of the 2018 and 2020 Notes, respectively, which were exchanged in 2017 for shares of common stock as described below. The 2018 Notes bore interest at a rate of 0.375% per annum and the 2020 Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.25% per annum, in each case payable semi‑annually in arrears in cash on May 15 and November 15, beginning on May 15, 2014. The 2018 Notes matured on November 15, 2018 and the 2020 Notes will mature on November 15, 2020, unless earlier purchased or converted. We may not redeem the 2020 Notes prior to their relevant scheduled maturity dates.

Prior to May 14, 2014, the 2018 and 2020 Notes were not convertible except in connection with a make-whole fundamental change, as defined in the respective indentures. Beginning on, and including, May 15, 2014, the 2018 Notes were and the 2020 Notes are convertible prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding May 15, 2018, in the case of the 2018 Notes, and May 15, 2020, in the case of the 2020 Notes, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2014 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the 2018 Notes or 2020 Notes, as applicable, on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of 2018 Notes or 2020 Notes, as applicable, for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate for the 2018 Notes or 2020 Notes, as applicable, on each such trading day; or (3) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events. On or after May 15, 2018, in the case of the 2018 Notes, and May 15, 2020, in the case of the 2020 Notes, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the relevant maturity date, the 2018 Notes were and the 2020 Notes are convertible at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares of common stock, at our election. Management’s intent is to settle any conversions of the 2020 Notes in shares of our common stock.

The conversion rate for the 2018 Notes was 19.3207 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount, equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $51.76 per share. The initial conversion rate for the 2020 Notes is 19.3207 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount, equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $51.76 per share. The conversion rate for the 2018 Notes was and the conversion rate for the 2020 Notes will be subject to adjustment for certain events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. Upon the occurrence of certain fundamental changes, the holders of the 2020 Notes may require us to purchase all or a portion of their 2020 Notes for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2020 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, including additional interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change purchase date. In addition, if, and to the extent, a holder elects to convert any 2020 Notes in connection with a make‑whole fundamental change transaction, as defined in the indenture, we will, under certain circumstances, increase the applicable conversion rate by a number of additional shares of our common stock. The 2018 Notes had similar provisions relating to fundamental changes and make-whole fundamental changes.

Since the 2018 Notes could and the 2020 Notes can be settled in cash or common shares or a combination of cash and common shares at our option, we determined the embedded conversion options in the 2018 and 2020 Notes are not required to be separately accounted for as a derivative. However, since the 2018 and 2020 Notes are within the scope of the accounting guidance for cash convertible instruments, we are required to separate the 2018 and 2020 Notes into a liability and equity component. The carrying amount of the liability component is calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the embedded conversion option is determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the initial proceeds. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount is amortized to interest expense over the expected life of a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component using the effective interest method. The equity component is not re‑measured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification in the accounting guidance for contracts in an entity’s own equity.

The liability component of the 2018 Notes on the date of issuance was estimated at $299.4 million, and accordingly, the equity component on the date of issuance was $75.6 million. The discount on the 2018 Notes was amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2018 Notes, using the effective interest method. The 2018 Notes were due on November 15, 2018 and the remaining de minimis principal balance of 2018 Notes that were not converted into common stock were repaid on that date. The carrying value of the 2018 Notes was $7.4 million (net of $0.3 million of debt discount and issuance costs) at December 31, 2017.  

The liability component of the 2020 Notes on the date of issuance was estimated at $274.8 million, and accordingly, the equity component on the date of issuance was $100.2 million. The discount on the 2020 Notes is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2020 Notes, using the effective interest method. The carrying value of the 2020 Notes was $17.4 million and $16.6 million, respectively, (net of $1.7 million and $2.5 million debt discount and issuance costs, respectively) at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, we entered into separately negotiated agreements with certain holders of the 2018 Notes pursuant to which such holders agreed to exchange a total of $367.2 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes for the shares of our common stock into which the 2018 Notes were originally convertible, aggregating 7.1 million shares, an additional 0.1 million of premium shares (equivalent to $12.6 million in value) and $2.0 million in cash. Similarly we entered into separately negotiated agreements with certain holders of the 2020 Notes pursuant to which such holders agreed to exchange a total of $355.6 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes for the shares of our common stock into which the 2020 Notes were originally convertible, aggregating 6.9 million shares, an additional 0.2 million of premium shares (equivalent to $26.8 million in value) and $7.0 million in cash. Included in the agreements were those with the Baker Entities, which agreed to exchange $259.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2018 Notes and $274.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2020 Notes for an aggregate of 10.6 million shares.

Pursuant to the guidance within the ASC 470-20-40-20, we measured the difference between the fair value and carrying value of the liability portion of the 2018 and 2020 Notes which resulted in recording expense related to senior note conversions of $1.4 million related to the 2018 Notes and $5.1 million related to the 2020 Notes.  The estimated fair value of the debt component was determined using a valuation model which is subject to judgement.  Assumptions used within the valuation model include an estimated credit rating and an estimated market-based cost of debt. These assumptions were used to perform a discounted cash flow analysis on the future interest and principal payments to determine the estimated fair value of the debt at inducement.

In addition, the fair value of the premium shares issued pursuant to these agreements as well as the cash paid in connection with the agreements totaled $48.4 million and is also included within expense related to senior note conversions on the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2017.  

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Stockholders’ Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Stockholders’ Equity

Stockholders’ Equity

Note 12. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock.  We are authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, none of which was outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Board of Directors may determine the rights, preferences and privileges of any preferred stock issued in the future.

Common Stock.  We are authorized to issue 400,000,000 shares of common stock. 

On September 7, 2017, we completed a public offering of 4,945,000 shares of our authorized but unissued common stock pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement.  The underwriter had an option for a period of 30 days to purchase a maximum of 741,750 additional shares of our common stock, which expired unexercised.  We sold the shares of common stock to the underwriter at a price of $131.46 per share, resulting in net proceeds, after deducting expenses related to the offering, of approximately $649.4 million.

Stock Compensation Plans.  As of December 31, 2018, we had a total of 7,716,849 shares of our common stock available for future issuance related to our stock plans as described below.

2010 Stock Incentive Plan.  In May 2010 the Board of Directors adopted the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, which was amended and restated in April 2013 (the “2010 Plan”) for issuance of common stock to employees, non‑employee directors, consultants, and scientific advisors. Options are granted to employees, consultants, and scientific advisors under the 2010 Plan, pursuant to a formula determined by our Board of Directors. All options are exercisable at the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant. Non‑employee director options expire after ten years.

In May 2012, our stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan from 12,553,475 to 16,553,475. In May 2013, our stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan from 16,553,475 to 21,753,475. In May 2014, our stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan from 21,753,475 to 24,753,475. In May 2016, our stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan from 24,753,475 to 30,753,475. In May 2018, our stockholders approved an increase in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan from 30,753,475 to 36,753,475.

Option activity under the 2010 Stock Plan was as follows:

		Shares Subject to
		Outstanding Options
	Shares Available		Weighted Average
	for Grant	Shares	Exercise Price
Balance at December 31, 2017	3,909,701	11,206,553	$	68.36
Additional authorization	5,000,000	—		—
Options granted	(3,245,314)	3,245,314	$	78.64
Options exercised	—	(1,353,518)	$	22.42
Options cancelled	813,190	(813,190)	$	94.82
Balance at December 31, 2018	6,477,577	12,285,159	$	74.39

In July 2016, we revised the terms of our annual stock option grants to provide that new option grants would generally have a 10-year term and vest over four years, with 25% vesting after one year and the remainder vesting in 36 equal monthly installments. Previously, our option grants generally had 7-year terms and vested over three years, with 33% vesting after one year and the remainder vesting in 24 equal monthly installments.

Options to purchase a total of 7,194,171,  7,250,283 and 7,995,735 shares as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were exercisable. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $73.9 million, $264.2 million and $137.0 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 the aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and vested options were $118.5 million.

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2018 for the 2010 Plan:

	Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
		Weighted Average	Weighted			Weighted
		Remaining	Average			Average
	Number	Contractual Life	Exercise		Number	Exercise
Range of Exercise Prices	Outstanding	(in years)	Price		Exercisable	Price
$2.80 - $17.79	588,741	0.31	$	16.48	588,741	$	16.48
$17.89 - $18.32	1,474,120	1.09		18.31	1,474,120		18.31
$18.97 - $64.55	1,652,452	3.12		49.41	1,439,924		47.60
$65.36 - $68.40	142,566	8.70		66.34	19,555		67.39
$68.62 - $68.62	1,426,578	9.39		68.62	—		—
$68.82 - $81.16	1,234,047	4.24		73.59	892,781		73.69
$83.83 - $94.63	1,701,957	7.73		88.55	894,810		87.36
$95.34 - $95.76	1,578,529	6.09		95.62	780,898		95.76
$100.81 - $113.64	1,462,739	7.63		112.39	636,592		111.63
$115.19 - $138.52	1,023,430	8.09		128.30	466,750		128.88
	12,285,159				7,194,171

Restricted Stock Units and Performance Shares.

In January 2014, we began granting RSUs and PSUs to our employees at the share price on the date of grant.   Each RSU represents the right to acquire one share of our common stock.  Each RSU granted prior to July 2016 was subject to cliff vesting after three years. In July 2016, we revised the terms of our RSU grants to provide that the awards will vest 25% annually over four years.

Also, in January 2014, Hervé Hoppenot, our President and Chief Executive Officer, was granted a one-time grant of 400,000 RSUs outside of our 2010 Stock Incentive Plan. Vesting of the RSUs will be subject to Mr. Hoppenot’s continued employment on the applicable vesting dates, with one‑sixth of the RSUs vesting at the end of each of the calendar years 2014 through 2019, subject to earlier acceleration of vesting upon the occurrence of certain events in accordance with the terms of his employment agreement. As of December 31, 2018, a total of 266,667 RSUs granted to Mr. Hoppenot vested, leaving 133,333 RSUs outstanding.

In June 2018, we granted 190,000 RSUs and 446,500 PSUs under long term incentive plans with performance and/or service-based milestones with graded and/or cliff vesting over three to four years. For one of the long term incentive plans, under which 106,500 PSUs were granted, the actual number of shares of our common stock into which each PSU may convert are subject to a multiplier of up to 267% based on the level at which the performance conditions are achieved. Compensation expense for the performance-based awards is recorded over the estimated service period for each milestone when the performance conditions are deemed probable of achievement. For the period ended December 31, 2018, the stock compensation expense recorded during the period was for service-based awards and performance conditions deemed probable of achievement. For PSUs containing performance conditions which were not deemed probable of achievement at December 31, 2018, no stock compensation expense was recognized.

In July 2018, we granted 77,243 PSUs to executives with a performance milestone and graded vesting over four years.  The shares of our common stock into which each PSU may convert is subject to a multiplier up to 150% based on the level at which the performance condition is achieved. Compensation expense for the performance-based awards is recorded over the estimated service period when the performance condition is deemed probable of achievement. The actual number of shares of our common stock into which each PSU converted was at a multiplier of 83% based on the performance condition being achieved as of December 31, 2018. 

We did not grant any PSUs during the years ended December, 31, 2017 and 2016.  We granted a total of 55,326 PSUs during the year ended December 31, 2014 which had performance conditions that required expense recognition assessments during the year ended December 31, 2016. At December 31, 2016, we recognized stock compensation expense for those awards that had performance conditions deemed probable of achievement at that date.  For PSUs, containing performance conditions which were not deemed probable of achievement at December 31, 2016, no stock compensation expense was recognized for those awards.  The actual number of shares of our common stock into which each PSU converted was at a multiplier of 100% based on the performance conditions achieved as of December 31, 2016.

Based on our historical experience of employee turnover, we have assumed an annualized forfeiture rate of 5% for our options, PSUs and RSUs. Under the true-up provisions of the stock compensation guidance, we will record additional expense as the awards vest if the actual forfeiture rate is lower than we estimated, and will record a recovery of prior expense if the actual forfeiture is higher than we estimated.

RSU and PSU award activity under the 2010 Stock Plan was as follows:

		Shares Subject to
	Shares Available	Outstanding Awards
	for Grant	Shares	Grant Date Value
Balance at December 31, 2017	769,202	1,178,660	$	98.88
Additional authorization	1,000,000	—		—
RSUs granted	(898,598)	898,598	$	70.39
PSUs granted	(523,743)	523,743	$	66.18
RSUs cancelled	120,591	(120,591)	$	95.33
PSUs cancelled	78,299	(78,299)	$	66.44
RSUs released	—	(358,774)	$	93.64
Balance at December 31, 2018	545,751	2,043,337	$	80.35

Employee Stock Purchase Plan.  On May 21, 1997, our stockholders adopted the 1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). Each regular full‑time and part‑time employee working 20 hours or more per week is eligible to participate after one month of employment. We issued 233,712, 157,277 and 126,648 shares under the ESPP in 2018,  2017 and 2016, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded stock compensation expense of $3.7 million, $3.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively, as the ESPP is considered compensatory under the FASB stock compensation rules. As of December 31, 2018, 693,521 shares remain available for issuance under the ESPP.

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Stock Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Stock Compensation

Stock Compensation

Note 13. Stock Compensation

We recorded $148.2 million, $133.1 million and $96.2 million, respectively, of stock compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we capitalized $0.1 million of stock compensation expense as part of the cost of an asset.  We utilized the Black-Scholes valuation model for estimating the fair value of the stock options granted, with the following weighted‑average assumptions:

	Employee Stock Options						Employee Stock Purchase Plan
	For the year ended December 31,						For the year ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2018		2017		2016
Average risk-free interest rates	2.61	%	1.80	%	1.30	%	2.62	%	1.53	%	0.90	%
Average expected life (in years)	5.26		5.25		4.99		0.50		0.50		0.50
Volatility	45	%	49	%	50	%	46	%	38	%	48	%
Weighted-average fair value (in dollars)	34.20		53.41		39.35		15.80		19.42		18.82

The risk‑free interest rate is derived from the U.S. Federal Reserve rate in effect at the time of grant. The expected life calculation is based on the observed and expected time to the exercise of options by our employees based on historical exercise patterns for similar type options. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over the period commensurate with the expected life of the options. A dividend yield of zero is assumed based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and have no present intention to pay cash dividends.   

Total compensation cost of options granted but not yet vested as of December 31, 2018, was $99.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted average period of 1.5 years. Total compensation cost of RSUs granted but not yet vested, as of December 31, 2018, was $61.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted average period of 1.5 years.  Total compensation cost of PSUs granted but not yet vested, as of December 31, 2018, was $29.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted average period of 3.0 years, should the underlying performance conditions be deemed probable of achievement.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Note 14. Income Taxes

We are subject to U.S. federal, state and foreign corporate income taxes. The provision for income taxes is based on income (loss) before provision for income taxes as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
U.S.	$	478,050	$	36,493	$	272,574
Non-U.S.		(362,703)		(348,783)		(165,170)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	$	115,347	$	(312,290)	$	107,404

Our provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Current:
State	$	5,010	$	486	$	2,700
Foreign		1,303		1,171		482
		6,313		1,657		3,182
Deferred:
State		111		(805)		—
Foreign		(570)		—		—
		(459)		(805)		—
Total provision for income taxes	$	5,854	$	852	$	3,182

A reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the provision for income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Provision (benefit) at U.S. federal statutory rate1	$	24,223	$	(109,302)	$	37,591
Unbenefited net operating losses and tax credits		(51,861)		(99,254)		(47,410)
Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation		(8,233)		(81,021)		(29,541)
Deferred tax impact of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017		—		196,751		—
Foreign tax rate differential		37,061		86,777		39,975
Non-deductible officer compensation		4,114		6,351		2,061
Other		550		550		506
Provision for income taxes	$	5,854	$	852	$	3,182

1. Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% in 2018 and 35% in 2017 and 2016.

The foreign tax rate differential in the table above reflects the impact of operations in jurisdictions with tax rates that differ from the U.S. federal statutory rate.

Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forwards	$	148,142	$	259,189
Federal and state research credits		402,798		333,311
Capitalized research and development		53,871		37,044
Deferred revenue and accruals		9,443		11,721
Non-cash compensation		58,194		44,647
Acquisition-related contingent consideration		43,676		41,831
Intangibles, net		93,730		94,249
Long term investments		23,621		12,244
Other		22,211		12,815
Total gross deferred tax assets		855,686		847,051
Less valuation allowance for deferred tax assets		(836,992)		(834,783)
Net deferred tax assets	$	18,694	$	12,268
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	$	(17,424)	$	(11,463)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities		(17,424)		(11,463)
Net deferred income taxes	$	1,270	$	805

The net deferred income tax balance is reported in other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards, research and development credit carryforwards and orphan drug tax credit carryforwards as follows (in thousands):

	Amount		Expiring if not utilized
Net operating loss carryforwards
Federal	$	216,970	2034
State		343,022	2020 through 2037; indefinite
Foreign		757,312	2020 through 2025
Research and development credit carryforwards
Federal		197,400	2019 through 2038
State		25,247	2021 through 2032; indefinite
Orphan drug tax credit carryforwards		210,242	2029 through 2038

Our ability to utilize our federal and state NOLs may be limited under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 (“Section 382”). Section 382 imposes annual limitations on the utilization of NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes upon an ownership change. In general terms, an ownership change may result from transactions that increase the aggregate ownership of certain stockholders in our stock by more than 50 percentage points over a testing period (generally three years). We have completed a Section 382 analysis through the year ended December 31, 2017. Based on this analysis, our NOLs and other tax attributes accumulated through 2017 should not be limited under Section 382. We have not updated our analysis through 2018.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“the Act”) was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code.  The Act contains numerous provisions impacting corporate taxpayers. Changes include a federal corporate tax rate decrease from 35% to 21% effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system and temporary full expensing of certain business assets.  We recorded provisional tax impacts related to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as the temporary full expensing of certain business assets in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. Upon the completion of the 2017 U.S. federal corporate income tax return during the fourth quarter of 2018, we finalized our analysis of the Act and determined no additional adjustments were required.   

The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets increased by approximately $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, increased by approximately $14.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 and increased by approximately $277.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2016.  The net valuation allowance increase during 2018 was primarily due to the generation of U.S. federal R&D credits, orphan drug credits and Swiss NOLs, offset by the utilization of NOLs in the U.S. 

Valuation allowances require an assessment of both positive and negative evidence when determining whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable.  Such assessment is required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis.  The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.

Based upon our analysis of our historical operating results, as well as projections of our future taxable income (losses) during the periods in which the temporary differences will be recoverable, management believes the uncertainty regarding the realization of our U.S. and Swiss net deferred tax assets requires a full valuation allowance against such net assets as of December 31, 2018. When performing our assessment on projections of future taxable income (losses), we consider factors such as the likelihood of regulatory approval and commercial success of products currently under development, among other factors.  

The financial statement recognition of the benefit for a tax position is dependent upon the benefit being more likely than not to be sustainable upon audit by the applicable taxing authority. If this threshold is met, the tax benefit is then measured and recognized at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. If such unrecognized tax benefits were realized and not subject to valuation allowances, we would recognize a tax benefit of $22.4 million. The following table summarizes the gross amounts of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Balance at beginning of year	$	18,022	$	10,798
Additions related to prior periods tax positions		2,098		2,571
Reductions related to prior periods tax positions		—		(821)
Additions related to current period tax positions		2,466		5,555
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations		(130)		(81)
Currency translation adjustment		(61)		—
Balance at end of year	$	22,395	$	18,022

Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recorded interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense of $0.1 million, $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively.  Due to NOL and tax credit carry forwards that remain unutilized, U.S. federal and state income tax returns remain subject to examination for three years after utilization of that year’s NOL carryforward.  The earliest year which generated an NOL included in our current NOL carryforward is 2014 for U.S. federal tax purposes.  All tax years for our foreign subsidiaries are open to audit in their respective jurisdictions.

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Net Income (Loss) Per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Note 15. Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Our basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) by the number of weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. Our diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period assuming potentially dilutive common shares of stock options, RSUs, PSUs and common shares issuable upon conversion of the 2018 Notes and 2020 Notes using the if-converted method.  Common shares issuable upon conversion of the 2018 Notes and 2020 Notes were excluded from the diluted net income (loss) per share computation for all periods presented as their share effect was anti-dilutive.

Net income (loss) per share was calculated as follows for the periods indicated below:

	Year Ended  December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2018		2017		2016
Basic Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic net income (loss)	$	109,493	$	(313,142)	$	104,222
Weighted average common shares outstanding		212,383		204,580		187,873
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.52	$	(1.53)	$	0.55
				0		0
Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Diluted net income (loss)	$	109,493	$	(313,142)	$	104,222
Weighted average common shares outstanding		212,383		204,580		187,873
Dilutive stock options and RSUs		3,252		—		6,252
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share		215,635		204,580		194,125
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.51	$	(1.53)	$	0.54

The potential common shares that were excluded from the diluted net income (loss) per share computation are as follows:

	2018	2017	2016
Outstanding stock options and awards	8,255,992	12,585,213	2,792,424
Common shares issuable upon conversion of the 2018 Notes	—	149,375	7,245,149
Common shares issuable upon conversion of the 2020 Notes	368,939	368,939	7,241,284
Total potential common shares excluded from diluted net income (loss) per share computation	8,624,931	13,103,527	17,278,857

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Employee Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Employee Benefit Plans

Employee Benefit Plans

Note 16. Employee Benefit Plans

Defined Contribution Plans

We have a defined contribution plan qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code covering all U.S. employees and defined contribution plans for other Incyte employees in Europe. Employees may contribute a portion of their compensation, which is then matched by us, subject to certain limitations. Defined contribution expense was $10.5 million, $8.9 million and $6.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  Included in the 2018, 2017 and 2016 defined contribution expense was $1.4 million, $1.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of expense related to matching contributions under the European defined contribution plans.

Defined Benefit Pension Plans

We have defined benefit pension plans for our employees in Europe which provide benefits to employees upon retirement, death or disability. The assets of the pension plans are held in collective investment accounts represented by the cash surrender value of an insurance policy and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

The pension plans assumptions reflect the expected investment return and discount rate on plan assets and disability rate probabilities. The benefit obligation at December 31, 2018 for the plans was determined usinga discount rate of 0.75%, rate of compensation increase of 2.25% and long-term expected return on plan assets of 0.75%.  The 2018 net periodic benefit cost for the plans was determined using discount rates of 0.75% to 1.00%, rates of compensation increase of 2.00% to 2.25% and long-term expected return on plan assets of 0.75%. The benefit obligation at December 31, 2017 for the plans was determined usinga discount rate of 0.75%, rate of compensation increase of 2.00% and long-term expected return on plan assets of 0.75%.  The 2017 net periodic benefit cost for the plans was determined using a discount rate of 0.75%, rate of compensation increase of 1.50% and long-term expected return on plan assets of 0.75%.  

Summarized information regarding changes in the obligations and plan assets, the funded status and the amounts recorded were as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Benefit obligation, beginning of year	$	37,584	$	23,787
Employer service cost		4,450		2,836
Interest cost		278		190
Plan participants' contributions		1,282		1,101
Actuarial loss		698		4,514
Plan change		—		1,430
Transfer of benefits net of payments from fund		2,268		2,853
Expenses paid from assets		(51)		(36)
Translation (gain) loss		(471)		909
Benefit obligation, end of year		46,038		37,584
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year		24,191		16,699
Actual return on plan assets		95		88
Employer contributions		3,133		2,891
Plan participants' contributions		1,282		1,101
Transfer of benefits net of payments from fund		1,910		2,853
Expenses paid from assets		(51)		(36)
Translation (gain) loss		(192)		595
Fair value of plan assets, end of year		30,368		24,191
Unfunded liability, end of year	$	15,670	$	13,393

The unfunded liability is reported in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The accumulated benefit obligation is $39.8 million and $33.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The net periodic benefit cost was as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended  December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Service cost	$	4,450	$	2,836	$	1,225
Interest cost		278		190		76
Expected return on plan assets		(195)		(138)		(59)
Amortization of prior service cost		179		154		—
Amortization of actuarial losses		265		141		—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	4,977	$	3,183	$	1,242

The components of net periodic benefit cost other than the service cost component are included in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.

Other changes in the plans assets and the benefit obligation that is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows, net of tax (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Pension liability, beginning of year	$	8,450	$	2,750	$	—
Plan change		—		1,276		506
Net prior service costs		(179)		(140)		—
Net loss		875		4,564		2,244
Pension liability, end of year	$	9,146	$	8,450	$	2,750

The prior service cost for the pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year is $0.2 million.  The actuarial loss for the pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year is $0.3 million. 

We expect to contribute a total of $3.6 million to the pension plans in 2019. The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid (in thousands):

2019	$	1,647
2020		1,759
2021		2,020
2022		2,131
2023		1,973
2024-2027		11,790
Total	$	21,320

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies

Rent expense for all leases for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, was approximately $9.4 million, $8.2 million and $5.4 million, respectively.

Future non‑cancelable minimum payments are as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,	Operating Leases		Capital Leases		Financing Lease1
2019	$	12,909	$	688	$	—
2020		8,589		472		—
2021		3,899		—		466
2022		2,011		—		2,793
2023		1,155		—		2,793
Thereafter		—		—		35,850
Total minimum lease payments	$	28,563	$	1,160	$	41,902

1. Represents the future minimum lease payments relating to leases where we are deemed, for accounting purposes, to be the owner of the building (see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

We lease approximately 112,000 square feet of office space in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, approximately 100,000 square feet of laboratory and office space in Wilmington, Delaware and approximately 63,000 square feet of office space in Europe and Japan. 

In February 2018, we signed an agreement to rent a building in Morges, Switzerland for an initial term of 15 years, with multiple options to extend for an additional 20 years. The building will undergo extensive renovations prior to our occupation and, when completed, will serve as our new European headquarters. Once construction is complete, our future rental payments over the 15 year term are approximately $41.9 million, which excludes the remaining build-out costs to be paid by us.

We have entered into and may in the future seek to license additional rights relating to technologies or drug development candidates in connection with our drug discovery and development programs. Under these licenses, we may be required to pay upfront fees, milestone payments, and royalties on sales of future products, which are not reflected in the table above.

In December 2018, we received a civil investigative demand from the U.S. Department of Justice for documents and information relating to our speaker programs and patient assistance programs, including our support of non-profit organizations that provide financial assistance to eligible patients. We are cooperating with this inquiry. Given that the investigation is still ongoing and that we have not yet been made aware of the substance of any civil claims, we cannot predict the outcome of the investigation, the timing of the ultimate resolution of this matter, or reasonably estimate the possible range of loss, if any, that may result from this matter.  Accordingly, no reserve has been made with respect to this matter in the 2018 consolidated financial statements.

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Segment Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Segment Information

Segment Information

Note 18. Segment Information

We currently operate in one operating business segment focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of proprietary therapeutics. Our chief operating decision-maker manages the operations of our company as a single operating segment. We do not operate in any material separate lines of business or separate business entities with respect to our products or product development.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, total revenues generated by subsidiaries in the United States was $1.8billion and total revenues generated from subsidiaries in Europe was $79.9 million.  During the year ended December 31, 2017, total revenues generated by subsidiaries in the United States was $1.5 billion and total revenues generated from subsidiaries in Europe was $66.9 million. During the year ended December 31, 2016, total revenues generated by subsidiaries in the United States was $1.1 billion and total revenues generated from subsidiaries in Europe was $29.6 million.  As of December 31, 2018, property and equipment, net was approximately $252.5 million in the United States and approximately $67.3 million in Europe. As of December 31, 2017, property and equipment, net was approximately $252.4 million in the United States and approximately $7.4 million in Europe. 

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Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)

Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)

Note 19. Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)

	Fiscal 2018 Quarter Ended
(in thousands, except per share data)	March 31,		June 30,		September 30,		December 31,
Revenues(1)	$	382,282	$	521,516	$	449,683	$	528,402
Net income (loss)	$	(41,140)	$	52,394	$	29,176	$	69,063
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	(0.19)	$	0.25	$	0.14	$	0.32
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	(0.19)	$	0.24	$	0.14	$	0.32
Shares used in computation of basic net income (loss) per share		211,681		212,210		212,627		213,013
Shares used in computation of diluted net income (loss) per share		211,681		215,103		215,964		216,042

	Fiscal 2017 Quarter Ended
(in thousands, except per share data)	March 31,		June 30,		September 30,		December 31,
Revenues(2)	$	384,082	$	326,444	$	381,534	$	444,156
Net income (loss)	$	(187,083)	$	(12,484)	$	36,054	$	(149,629)
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	(0.96)	$	(0.06)	$	0.17	$	(0.71)
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	(0.96)	$	(0.06)	$	0.17	$	(0.71)
Shares used in computation of basic net income (loss) per share		195,260		205,141		206,796		211,125
Shares used in computation of diluted net income (loss) per share		195,260		205,141		212,610		211,125

(1) The quarters ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018 include $334.5 million, $365.5 million, $367.7 million, and $399.2 million, respectively, of product revenues, net, relating to JAKAFI and ICLUSIG. The quarters ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018 include $47.7 million, $56.0 million, $61.9 million and $69.2 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to the sale of JAKAVI and OLUMIANT outside the United States. In November 2009 and December 2009, we entered into collaborative research and license agreements with Novartis and Lilly, respectively. The quarters ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018 include $0.0 million, $100.0 million, $20.0 million and $60.0 million, respectively, of milestone and contract revenues relating to these agreements.

(2) The quarters ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017 include $264.8 million, $291.7 million, $322.0 million, and $321.8 million, respectively, of product revenues, net, relating to JAKAFI and ICLUSIG. The quarters ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017 include $29.2 million, $34.8 million, $44.5 million and $52.3 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to the sale of JAKAVI and OLUMIANT outside the United States. In November 2009 and December 2009, we entered into collaborative research and license agreements with Novartis and Lilly, respectively. The quarters ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017 include $90.0 million, $0.0 million, $15.0 million and $70.0 million, respectively, of milestone and contract revenues relating to these agreements.

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation.  The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Incyte Corporation and our wholly owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts, transactions, and profits have been eliminated in consolidation.

Acquisitions

Acquisitions.  Acquired businesses are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at fair value, with limited exceptions.  Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.  Transaction costs are expensed as incurred.  The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in our consolidated financial statements after the date of acquisition. Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) is recognized at fair value and initially characterized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset, irrespective of whether the acquired IPR&D has an alternative future use.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation. Operations in non-U.S. entities are recorded in the functional currency of each entity. For financial reporting purposes, the functional currency of an entity is determined by a review of the source of an entity's most predominant cash flows. The results of operations for any non-U.S. dollar functional currency entities are translated from functional currencies into U.S. dollars using the average currency rate during each month. Assets and liabilities are translated using currency rates at the end of the period. Adjustments resulting from translating the financial statements of our foreign entities that use their local currency as the functional currency into U.S. dollars are reflected as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains and losses are recorded in other income (expense), net, in the consolidated statements of operations.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates.  The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Concentrations of Credit Risk.  Cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and trade receivables are financial instruments which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk. The estimated fair value of financial instruments approximates the carrying value based on available market information. We primarily invest our excess available funds in debt securities and, by policy, limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer and to any one type of investment, other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government and money market funds that meet certain guidelines. Our receivables mainly relate to our product sales of JAKAFI, ICLUSIG and collaborative agreements with pharmaceutical companies. We have not experienced any significant credit losses on cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, or trade receivables to date and do not require collateral on receivables.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents.  Cash and cash equivalents are held in banks or in custodial accounts with banks. Cash equivalents are defined as all liquid investments and money market funds with maturity from date of purchase of 90 days or less that are readily convertible into cash.

Marketable Securities-Available-for-Sale

Marketable Securities—Available‑for‑Sale.  Our marketable securities consist of investments in corporate debt securities and U.S. government securities that are classified as available-for-sale. Available‑for‑sale securities are carried at fair value, based on quoted market prices and observable inputs, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. We classify marketable securities that are available for use in current operations as current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other than temporary for available‑for‑sale securities are included in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable.  As of December 31, 2018, we had a de minimus allowance for doubtful accounts and no allowance for the period ended December 31, 2017. We provide an allowance for doubtful accounts based on experience and specifically identified risks. Accounts receivable are carried at fair value and charged off against the allowance for doubtful accounts when we determine that recovery is unlikely and we cease collection efforts.

Inventory

Inventory.  Inventories are determined at the lower of cost and net realizable value with cost determined under the specific identification method and may consist of raw materials, work in process and finished goods.

JAKAFI raw materials and work‑in‑process inventory is not subject to expiration and the shelf life of finished goods inventory is 36 months from the start of manufacturing of the finished goods. ICLUSIG raw materials and work-in-process inventory is not subject to expiration and finished goods inventory has a shelf life of 24 months from the start of manufacturing of the finished goods. We evaluate for potential excess inventory by analyzing current and future product demand relative to the remaining product shelf life. We build demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance and patient usage. We classify inventory as current on the consolidated balance sheets when we expect inventory to be consumed for commercial use within the next twelve months. 

The ICLUSIG inventories were recorded at fair value less costs to sell in connection with the Acquisition, which resulted in a higher cost of ICLUSIG product revenues over a one year period from the acquisition date.

Variable Interest Entities

Variable Interest Entities. We perform an initial and ongoing evaluation of the entities with which we have variable interests, such as equity ownership, in order toidentify entities (i) that do not have sufficient equity investment at risk to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or (ii) in which the equity investors lack an essential characteristic of a controlling financial interest as variable interest entities (“VIE” or “VIEs”). If an entity is identified as a VIE, we perform an assessment to determine whether we have both (i) the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) have the obligation to absorb losses from or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. If both of these criteria are satisfied, we are identified as the primary beneficiary of the VIE.  As of December 31, 2018, there were no entities in which we held a variable interest which we determined to be VIEs.

Long Term Equity Investments

Long Term Investments. Our long term investments consist of equity investments in common stock of publicly held companies with whom we have entered into collaboration and license agreements. We classify all of our equity investments in common stock of publicly held companies as long term investments on our consolidated balance sheets. Our equity investments are accounted for at fair value using readily determinable pricing available on a securities exchange on our consolidated balance sheets. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the change in fair value of our equity investment in Calithera Biosciences, Inc. was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, which is further described below under “Recent Accounting Pronouncements”. For the year ended December 31, 2018, all changes in fair value are reported in our consolidated statements of operations as an unrealized loss on long term investments. 

In assessing whether we exercise significant influence over any of the companies in which we hold equity investments, we consider the nature and magnitude of our investment, any voting and protective rights we hold, any participation in the governance of the other company, and other relevant factors such as the presence of a collaboration or other business relationship. Currently, none of our equity investments in publicly-held companies are considered relationships in which we are able to assert control.

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment.  Property and equipment is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is recorded using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the assets or lease term.

Lease Accounting

Lease Accounting.  We account for operating leases by recording rent expense on a straight‑line basis over the expected life of the lease, commencing on the date we gain possession of leased property. We include tenant improvement allowances and rent holidays received from landlords and the effect of any rent escalation clauses to determine the straight‑line rent expense over the expected life of the lease.

Capital leases are reflected as a liability at the inception of the lease based on the present value of the minimum lease payments or, if lower, the fair value of the property. Assets under capital leases are recorded in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets and depreciated in a manner similar to other property and equipment.

For leases under which we are responsible for paying a portion of the renovation and construction costs, we are deemed, for accounting purposes, to be the owner of the building. As a result, Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 840, Leases, defines these payments as automatic indicators of ownership and requires us to capitalize the asset and related construction costs with a corresponding financing lease liability.  

Other Intangible Assets, net

Other Intangible Assets, net. Other intangible assets, net consist of licensed intellectual property rights acquired in business combinations, which are reported at acquisition date fair value, less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method.

In-Process Research and Development

In-Process Research and Development. The fair value of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) acquired through business combinations is capitalized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until the completion or abandonment of the related research and development activities.  When the related research and development is completed, the asset will be assigned a useful life and amortized.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets.  Long-lived assets with finite lives are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable.  If indicators of impairment are present, the asset is tested for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset to the related estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be derived from the asset.  If the expected cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, then the asset is considered to be impaired and its carrying value is written down to fair value, based on the related estimated discounted future cash flows.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets, including IPR&D, are tested for impairment annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances between annual tests indicate that the asset may be impaired.  Impairment losses on indefinite-lived intangible assets are recognized based solely on a comparison of the fair value of the asset to its carrying value. Due to the discontinuation of the OPTIC-2L study described in Note 3 below, we considered our indefinite-lived IPR&D asset to be impaired and recorded a $12.0 million impairment charge in research and development expense on the consolidated statements of operations during the third quarter of 2017.

Goodwill

Goodwill.  Goodwill is calculated as the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the consideration transferred and the values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.  Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually as of October 1 or when a triggering event occurs that could indicate a potential impairment by assessing qualitative factors or performing a quantitative analysis in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of net assets are below their carrying amounts.  A reporting unit is the same as, or one level below, an operating segment. Our operations are currently comprised of a single, entity wide reporting unit. We completed our most recent annual impairment assessment as of October 1, 2018 and determined that the carrying value of our goodwill was not impaired.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes.  We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts reportable for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit that is recorded for these positions is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We adjust the level of the liability to reflect any subsequent changes in the relevant facts surrounding the uncertain positions. Any interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions are included within the tax provision.

Financing Costs Related to Long-term Debt

Financing Costs Related to Long‑term Debt.  Costs associated with obtaining long‑term debt are deferred and amortized over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method. Such costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the long-term debt liability, consistent with debt discounts, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Grant Accounting

Grant Accounting.  Grant amounts received from government agencies for operations are deferred and are amortized into income over the service period of the grant. Grant amounts received for purchases of capital assets are deferred and amortized into other income (expense), net over the useful life of the related capital assets. Such amounts are recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Net Income (Loss) Per Share.  Our basic and diluted net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during all periods presented. Options to purchase stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units and shares issuable upon the conversion of convertible debt are included in diluted earnings per share calculations, unless the effects are anti‑dilutive.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).  Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consists of unrealized gains or losses on marketable securities that are classified as available-for-sale, foreign currency translation gains or losses and defined benefit pension obligations.  For the year ended December 31, 2017 and interim periods therein, accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) included unrealized gains and losses on our long-term investment classified as available-for-sale in Calithera Biosciences, Inc. Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, we recorded a $2.8 million adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018, which is further described below under “Recent Accounting Pronouncements.”

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition.  The new accounting standard for the recognition of revenue, ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, was adopted for the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2018. Per the new standard, revenue-generating contracts are assessed to identify distinct performance obligations, allocating transaction prices to those performance obligations, and criteria for satisfaction of a performance obligation. The new standard allows for recognition of revenue only when we have satisfied a performance obligation through transferring control of the promised good or service to a customer. Control, in this instance, may mean the ability to prevent other entities from directing the use of, and receiving benefit from, a good or service. The standard indicates that an entity must determine at contract inception whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time through analysis of the following criteria: (i) the entity has a present right to payment, (ii) the customer has legal title, (iii) the customer has physical possession, (iv) the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership and (v) the customer has accepted the asset. We assess collectability based primarily on the customer’s payment history and on the creditworthiness of the customer. Overall, the adoption of the new standard did not significantly alter our methodology for recognition of revenue.

Product Revenues

Our product revenues consist of U.S. sales of JAKAFI and European sales of ICLUSIG.  Product revenues are recognized once we satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time under the revenue recognition criteria as described above. In November 2011, we began shipping JAKAFI to our customers in the U.S., which include specialty pharmacies and wholesalers. In June 2016, we acquired the right to and began shipping ICLUSIG to our customers in the European Union and certain other jurisdictions, which include retail pharmacies, hospital pharmacies and distributors.

We recognize revenues for product received by our customers net of allowances for customer credits, including estimated rebates, chargebacks, discounts, returns, distribution service fees, patient assistance programs, and government rebates, such as Medicare Part D coverage gap reimbursements in the U.S. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $44.8 million and $34.7 million, respectively, of accrued sales allowances were included in accrued and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of product revenues.

Customer Credits:  Our customers are offered various forms of consideration, including allowances, service fees and prompt payment discounts. We expect our customers will earn prompt payment discounts and, therefore, we deduct the full amount of these discounts from total product sales when revenues are recognized. Service fees are also deducted from total product sales as they are earned.

Rebates and Discounts:  Allowances for rebates include mandated discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program in the U.S. and mandated discounts in Europe in markets where government-sponsored healthcare systems are the primary payers for healthcare. Rebates are amounts owed after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant and are based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector benefit providers. The accrual for rebates is based on statutory discount rates and expected utilization as well as historical data we have accumulated since product launches. Our estimates for expected utilization of rebates are based on data received from our customers. Rebates are generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarters’ unpaid rebates. If actual future rebates vary from estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Chargebacks:  Chargebacks are discounts that occur when certain contracted customers, which currently consist primarily of group purchasing organizations, Public Health Service institutions, non‑profit clinics, and Federal government entities purchasing via the Federal Supply Schedule, purchase directly from our wholesalers. Contracted customers generally purchase the product at a discounted price. The wholesalers, in turn, charges back to us the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesalers and the discounted price paid by the contracted customers. In addition to actual chargebacks received we maintain an accrual for chargebacks based on the estimated contractual discounts on the inventory levels on hand in our distribution channel. If actual future chargebacks vary from these estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Medicare Part D Coverage Gap:  Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit mandates manufacturers to fund 50% of the Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap for prescription drugs sold to eligible patients. Our estimates for the expected Medicare Part D coverage gap are based on historical invoices received and in part from data received from our customers. Funding of the coverage gap is generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consists of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarters. If actual future funding varies from estimates, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, which would affect revenue in the period of adjustment.

Co‑payment Assistance:  Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co‑payment assistance. We accrue a liability for co‑payment assistance based on actual program participation and estimates of program redemption using data provided by third‑party administrators.

Product Royalty Revenues

Royalty revenues on commercial sales for ruxolitinib (marketed as JAKAVI® outside the United States) by Novartis Pharmaceutical International Ltd. (“Novartis”) are based on net sales of licensed products in licensed territories as provided by Novartis. Royalty revenues on commercial sales for baricitinib (marketed as OLUMIANT) by Eli Lilly and Company (“Lilly”) are based on net sales of licensed products in licensed territories as provided by Lilly. We recognize royalty revenues in the period the sales occur.

Cost of Product Revenues

Cost of product revenues includes all JAKAFI related product costs as well as ICLUSIG related product costs. The acquired ICLUSIG inventories were recorded at fair value less costs to sell in connection with the Acquisition, and resulted in a higher cost of ICLUSIG product revenues over a one year period from the acquisition date.  In addition, cost of product revenues include low single-digit royalties under our collaboration and license agreement to Novartis on all future sales of JAKAFI in the United States. Subsequent to the Acquisition on June 1, 2016, cost of product revenues also includes the amortization of our licensed intellectual property for ICLUSIG using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 12.5 years.    

Milestone and Contract Revenues

Our license agreements, which fall within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, include distinct drug compound out-licensing, collection of upfront payments, milestones or royalty revenues from a counterparty, and provision of commercially available products to suppliers. Our agreements often include contractual milestones, which typically relate to the achievement of pre-specified development, regulatory and commercialization events outside of our control, such as regulatory approval of a compound, first patient dosing or achievement of sales-based thresholds. For such cases, we believe that revenue related to these events should not be recognized until the milestone has been achieved.

Some contracts form collaborative arrangements of various types with third-parties. We assess whether the nature of the arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements, in conjunction with the new revenue guidance to determine the nature of the performance obligations and associated transaction prices. A collaborative relationship may exist when we participate in an activity or process with another party, such as performance of research and development services or the exchange of intellectual property for use in clinical trials, when both parties share in the risks and rewards that result from the activity or participate and govern contract activities through a joint steering committee.

The regulatory review and approval process, which includes preclinical testing and clinical trials of each drug candidate, is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. Securing approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to the FDA for each indication to establish a drug candidate’s safety and efficacy. The approval process takes many years, requires the expenditure of substantial resources, involves post‑marketing surveillance and may involve ongoing requirements for post‑marketing studies. Before commencing clinical investigations of a drug candidate in humans, we must submit an Investigational New Drug application (“IND”), which must be reviewed by the FDA.

The steps generally required before a drug may be marketed in the United States include preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies, submission to the FDA of an IND for human clinical testing, performance of adequate and well‑controlled clinical trials in three phases, as described below, to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug for each indication, submission of a new drug application (“NDA”) or biologics license application (“BLA”) to the FDA for review and FDA approval of the NDA or BLA.

Similar requirements exist within foreign regulatory agencies as well. The time required satisfying the FDA requirements or similar requirements of foreign regulatory agencies may vary substantially based on the type, complexity and novelty of the product or the targeted disease.

Preclinical testing includes laboratory evaluation of product pharmacology, drug metabolism, and toxicity, which includes animal studies, to assess potential safety and efficacy as well as product chemistry, stability, formulation, development, and testing. The results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND. The FDA may raise safety concerns or questions about the conduct of the clinical trials included in the IND, and any of these concerns or questions must be resolved before clinical trials can proceed. We cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational drug or the marketed drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators and in accordance with good clinical practices regulations covering the protection of human subjects. Clinical trials typically are conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap or be combined. Phase I usually involves the initial introduction of the investigational drug into healthy volunteers to evaluate its safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. Phase II usually involves clinical trials in a limited patient population to evaluate dosage tolerance and optimal dosage, identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, and evaluate and gain preliminary evidence of the efficacy of the drug for specific indications. Phase III clinical trials usually further evaluate clinical efficacy and safety by testing the drug in its final form in an expanded patient population, providing statistical evidence of efficacy and safety, and providing an adequate basis for labeling. We cannot guarantee that Phase I, Phase II or Phase III testing will be completed successfully within any specified period of time, if at all. Furthermore, we, the institutional review board for a trial, or the FDA may suspend clinical trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

Generally, the milestone events contained in our collaboration agreements coincide with the progression of our drugs from development, to regulatory approval and then to commercialization. The process of successfully discovering a new development candidate, having it approved and successfully commercialized is highly uncertain. As such, the milestone payments we may earn from our partners involve a significant degree of risk to achieve. Therefore, as a drug candidate progresses through the stages of its life‑cycle, the value of the drug candidate generally increases.

Research and Development Costs

Research and Development Costs.  Our policy is to expense research and development costs as incurred. We often contract with clinical research organizations (“CROs”) to facilitate, coordinate and perform agreed upon research and development of a new drug. To ensure that research and development costs are expensed as incurred, we record monthly accruals for clinical trials and preclinical testing costs based on the work performed under the contract.

These CRO contracts typically call for the payment of fees for services at the initiation of the contract and/or upon the achievement of certain clinical trial milestones. In the event that we prepay CRO fees, we record the prepayment as a prepaid asset and amortize the asset into research and development expense over the period of time the contracted research and development services are performed. Most professional fees, including project and clinical management, data management, monitoring, and medical writing fees are incurred throughout the contract period. These professional fees are expensed based on their percentage of completion at a particular date. Our CRO contracts generally include pass through fees. Pass through fees include, but are not limited to, regulatory expenses, investigator fees, travel costs, and other miscellaneous costs, including shipping and printing fees. We expense the costs of pass through fees under our CRO contracts as they are incurred, based on the best information available to us at the time. The estimates of the pass through fees incurred are based on the amount of work completed for the clinical trial and are monitored through correspondence with the CROs, internal reviews and a review of contractual terms. The factors utilized to derive the estimates include the number of patients enrolled, duration of the clinical trial, estimated patient attrition, screening rate and length of the dosing regimen. CRO fees incurred to set up the clinical trial are expensed during the setup period.

Under our clinical trial collaboration agreements we may be reimbursed for certain development costs incurred.  Such costs are recorded as a reduction of research and development expense in the period in which the related expense is incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we incurred research and development expenses of $1.2 billion, $1.3 billion and $581.9 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $98.6 million and $110.0 million, respectively, of accrued clinical research and development costs were included in accrued and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Stock Compensation and Long-term Incentive Plans

Stock Compensation.    Share-based payment transactions with employees, which include stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance shares (“PSUs”), are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period based on their estimated fair values as well as expected forfeiture rates.  The stock compensation process requires significant judgment and the use of estimates, particularly surrounding Black-Scholes assumptions such as stock price volatility over the option term and expected option lives, as well as expected forfeiture rates and the probability of PSUs vesting.  The fair value of stock options, which are subject to graded vesting, are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.  The fair value of RSUs that are subject to cliff vesting are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the straight-line attribution method, and the fair value of RSUs that are subject to graded vesting are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method.  The fair value of PSUs are recognized as compensation expense beginning at the time in which the performance conditions are deemed probable of achievement, which we assess as of the end of each reporting period. Once a performance condition is considered probable, we record compensation expense based on the portion of the service period elapsed to date with respect to that award, with a cumulative catch-up, net of estimated forfeitures, and recognize any remaining compensation expense, if any, over the remaining requisite service period using the straight-line attribution method for PSUs that are subject to cliff vesting and using the accelerated attribution method for PSUs that are subject to graded vesting.

Long term Incentive Plans. We have long term incentive plans which provide eligible employees with the opportunity to receive performance and service-based incentive compensation, which may be comprised of cash, stock options, restricted stock units and/or performance shares. The payment of cash and the grant or vesting of equity may be contingent upon the achievement of pre-determined regulatory, sales and internal performance milestones.

Acquisition-Related Contingent Consideration

Acquisition-Related Contingent Consideration. Acquisition-related contingent consideration, which consists of our future royalty and certain potential milestone obligations to Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, which acquired ARIAD (“Takeda”), is recorded on the acquisition date at the estimated fair value of the obligation, in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting.  The fair value measurement is based on significant inputs that are unobservable in the market and thus represents a Level 3 measurement. The fair value of the acquisition-related contingent consideration is remeasured each reporting period, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which replaced numerous requirements in U.S. GAAP, including industry-specific requirements.  This guidance provides a five step model to be applied to all contracts with customers, with an underlying principle that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. 

We performed an impact assessment which consisted of a review of a representative sample of contracts, discussions with key stakeholders, and cataloging of potential impacts on our financial statements, accounting policies, financial controls, and operations. The guidance did not have a material impact on our revenue recognition practices for product and royalty revenues.  The adoption only impacted two areas in our recognition methodology for milestone and contract revenues generated by our collaborative research and license agreements:

(i)Changes in the model for distinct licenses of functional intellectual property which may result in a timing difference of revenue recognition.  Whereas revenue from these arrangements was previously recognized over a period of time pursuant to revenue recognition guidance that was in place for our arrangements at the time such arrangements commenced, revenue from new arrangements we enter into may now be recognized at a point in time.

(ii)Assessments of milestone payments linked to events that are in our control, may result in variable consideration that may be recognized at an earlier point in time, when it is probable that the milestone will be achieved without a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue expected.

We adopted the new standard for the fiscal period beginning January 1, 2018, utilizing the “modified retrospective” adoption methodology on all contracts for which performance had not been completed as of the date of adoption, and applied the guidance to report new disclosures surrounding our recognition of revenues. There was no cumulative effect of adopting the standard at the date of initial application in retained earnings. We implemented a controls process to identify and evaluate all revenue-generating contracts with third-party customers on an on-going basis and have provided enhanced disclosures within this Form 10-K to provide greater detail on our revenue-generating activities.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” The standard requires several changes including that equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of the investee) be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in results of operations. These provisions will not impact the accounting for our investments in corporate debt and U.S. government securities. The new guidance also changes certain disclosure requirements and other aspects of current U.S. GAAP. Amendments are to be applied as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The adoption of this standard resulted in a $2.8 million decrease in our accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2018 related to our investment in Calithera Biosciences, Inc.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” that requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for most leases including operating leases. In 2018, the FASB issued clarifying guidance to the topic in ASUs No. 2018-10 and No. 2018-11, which clarified certain aspects of the new leases standard and provided an optional transition method. The guidance requires that the lessees classify leases as either a finance or operating lease and lessors classify all leases as sales-type, direct financing or operating leases. The statement of operations presentation and expense recognition for lessees for finance leases is similar to that of capital leases under ASC 840 with separate interest and amortization expense with higher periodic expense in the earlier periods of a lease. For operating leases, the statement of operations presentation and expense recognition is similar to that of operating leases under ASC 840 with a single lease cost recognized on a straight-line basis. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein. We adopted ASC 842 as of January 1, 2019 and will first report utilizing the new guidance within the March 31, 2019 Form 10-Q. We have implemented a third-party software to facilitate activities for the new accounting and disclosure requirements and have implemented new internal control procedures to support the new accounting and reporting processes associated with adopting the guidance. We have elected the package of practical expedients and adopted utilizing the optional transition method defined within ASU No. 2018-11. We did not elect the hindsight expedient. As a result of adoption in January 2019, we estimate we will record approximately $26 million of operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities. In addition, our capital lease assets and liabilities will be classified as financing lease assets and liabilities upon adoption in 2019. The capital asset and corresponding financing liability of $18.7 million recorded in 2018 related to the Morges office building and construction described more fully in Note 8 below will be derecognized. 

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance applies to all entities and impacts how entities account for credit losses for most financial assets and other instruments. For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to recognize an allowance for credit losses rather than a reduction to the carrying value of the asset. For trade receivables, loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, entities will be required to estimate lifetime expected credit losses. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods therein.  Early adoption is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein. We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2016-13 on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash,” which requires entities to show the changes in total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. As a result, entities will no longer present transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. When cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are presented in more than one line item on the balance sheet, the new guidance requires a reconciliation of the totals in the statement of cash flows to the related captions on the balance sheet. The reconciliation can be presented either on the face of the statement of cash flows or in the notes to the financial statements. We adopted the new standard for the period beginning January 1, 2018.  Due to the retrospective adoption of the standard, the cash flows from financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, no longer present the transfer of restricted investments to cash and cash equivalents. The change in total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments is now presented in the consolidated statement of cash flows and reconciles to the related captions on the consolidated balance sheet.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles–Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Under the new standard, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The new standard is effective for public business entities that are SEC filers for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and is to be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017.  We have elected to early adopt the standard for our annual goodwill impairment testing as of October 1, 2018 and concluded there to be no impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, “Compensation–Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost,” which requires the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost to be presented in the same income statement line as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period and the other components of net periodic benefit cost to be presented separately from the income statement lines that include service cost and outside of any subtotal of operating income. We adopted the new standard for the period beginning January 1, 2018, resulting in no change in presentation of the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost, which has historically been reported in research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses along with other employee compensation costs. The retrospective adoption resulted in a change in presentation of the other components of net periodic benefit cost for the year ended December 31, 2017, which reclassed these costs out of operating income and into other income (expense), net on the consolidated statement of operations. There was a de minimus impact to the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. The components of net periodic benefit cost are presented separately within our employee benefit plans footnote.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting.” The guidance clarifies the application of modification accounting for stock-based compensation agreements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We occasionally modify existing stock-based compensation agreements with employees under certain circumstances. We adopted the standard for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018 and concluded there to be no impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Act”). In accordance with SAB 118, we recorded provisional tax impacts related to the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as the temporary full expensing of certain business assets in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. Upon the completion of the 2017 U.S. federal corporate income tax return during the fourth quarter of 2018, we finalized our analysis of the Act and determined no additional adjustments were required.   

In January 2018, the FASB released guidance on the accounting for tax on the global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") provisions of the Act. The GILTI provisions impose a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. The guidance indicates that either accounting for deferred taxes related to GILTI inclusions or to treat any taxes on GILTI inclusions as period cost are both acceptable methods subject to an accounting policy election. Effective the first quarter of 2018, we have elected to treat any potential GILTI inclusions as a period charge in the future period in which it is incurred.  We have determined there to be no impact associated with GILTI on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018.  

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” which allows reclassification of certain tax effects created as a result of changing methodologies, laws and tax rates legislated in the Act. This new standard allows for stranded income tax effects resulting from the Act to be reclassified into retained earnings to allow for their tax effect to reflect the appropriate tax rate.  Due to the full valuation allowance on our U.S. net deferred tax assets, a reclassification of stranded tax effects to retained earnings was not required.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” This guidance expanded the scope of ASC 718 to include share-based payments granted to nonemployees in exchange for goods or services and supersedes the guidance in ASC 505-50. Under this new standard, nonemployee awards are measured on the grant date by estimating the fair value of the equity instruments to be issued rather than the fair value of the goods or services received. Entities may use the expected term when estimating the fair value of a nonemployee option or elect to use the contractual term as the expected term, on an award-by-award basis. The cumulative effect of the transition adjustment is to be recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the annual period of adoption.  This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein.  We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-07 and do not anticipate the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, “Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General,” an update to Subtopic ASC 715-20. The guidance amended year-end disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension plans, and does not affect interim disclosures. The guidance is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, and is permitted for early adoption. The standard is to be applied on a retrospective basis. Incyte sponsors defined benefit plans for employees located in Europe. We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-14 on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software,” an update to Subtopic ASC 350-40. The guidance directs accounting for service contracts for cloud computing arrangements to follow guidance within ASC 350-40 to determine capitalization of implementation costs. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and is permitted for early adoption. The standard may be applied on either a retrospective or prospective basis. We are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-15 on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, “Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606.” The guidance clarifies the interactions between Topic 808 and Topic 606, including clarifications on revenue recognition, unit of account, and reporting disclosure requirements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and is permitted for early adoption. The standard is to be applied on a retrospective basis to the date of the initial application of Topic 606. We utilize collaborative arrangements as described in our license agreement footnote and are currently analyzing the impact of ASU No. 2018-18 on our consolidated financial statements.

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Revenues (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Revenues

Schedule of disaggregated revenue

The following table presents our disaggregated revenue for the periods presented (in thousands):

	For the Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
JAKAFI revenues, net	$	1,386,964	$	1,133,392	$	852,816
ICLUSIG revenues, net		79,936		66,920		29,588
Total product revenues, net		1,466,900		1,200,312		882,404
JAKAVI product royalty revenues		194,694		151,684		110,711
OLUMIANT product royalty revenues		40,086		9,107		—
Total product royalty revenues		234,780		160,791		110,711
Milestone and contract revenues		180,000		175,000		112,512
Other revenues		203		113		92
Total revenues	$	1,881,883	$	1,536,216	$	1,105,719

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Business Combination (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Business Combination

Schedule of unaudited pro forma information

The following unaudited pro forma information presents condensed consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016, as if the Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2015 (in thousands):

	For the Year Ended
	December 31, 2016
Pro forma revenues	$	1,148,006
Pro forma net income	$	102,619

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Marketable Securities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Marketable Securities

Summary of marketable securities portfolio

The following is a summary of our marketable security portfolio for the periods presented (in thousands):

			Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Estimated
	Cost		Losses		Fair Value
December 31, 2018
Debt securities (corporate and government)	$	275,405	$	(1,062)	$	274,343
December 31, 2017
Debt securities (corporate and government)	$	271,401	$	(1,265)	$	270,136

Schedule of fair value of assets measured on recurring basis

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,163,980	$	—	$	—	$	1,163,980
Debt securities (corporate and government)		—		274,343		—		274,343
Long term investments (Note 7)		99,199		—		—		99,199
Total assets	$	1,263,179	$	274,343	$	—	$	1,537,522

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	899,509	$	—	$	—	$	899,509
Debt securities (corporate and government)		—		270,136		—		270,136
Long term investment (Note 7)		134,356		—		—		134,356
Total assets	$	1,033,865	$	270,136	$	—	$	1,304,001

Schedule of fair value of liabilities measured on recurring basis

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of our financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2018
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	287,001	$	287,001
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	287,001	$	287,001

	Fair Value Measurement at Reporting Date Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant
	Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Balance as of
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		December 31, 2017
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	$	—	$	—	$	287,000	$	287,000
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	287,000	$	287,000

Schedule of roll forward of Level 3 liabilities

The following is a roll forward of our Level 3 liabilities (in thousands):

	2018		2017
Balance at January 1,	$	287,000	$	301,000
Contingent consideration earned during the period but not yet paid		(13,184)		(6,618)
Payments made during the period		(12,988)		(15,086)
Change in fair value of contingent consideration		26,173		7,704
Balance at December 31,	$	287,001	$	287,000

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Concentrations of Credit Risk (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Schedule of concentration of credit risk related to collaborative partners

	Percentage of Total Milestone and
	Contract Revenues for the
	Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Collaboration Partner A	33	%	37	%	40	%
Collaboration Partner B	67	%	63	%	60	%

Schedule of concentration of credit risk related to specialty pharmacy customers

	Percentage of Total Net
	Product Revenues for the
	Years Ended,
	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Customer A	20	%	24	%	25	%
Customer B	14	%	15	%	17	%
Customer C	15	%	13	%	13	%
Customer D	11	%	8	%	9	%

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Inventory (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Inventory

Schedule of inventory

	December 31,
	2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Raw materials	$	481	$	1,062
Work-in-process		3,488		8,615
Finished goods		6,436		4,771
		10,405		14,448
Inventories-current		6,967		6,482
Inventories-non-current	$	3,438	$	7,966

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Property and Equipment

Schedule of property and equipment, net

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Office equipment	$	16,955	$	14,665
Laboratory equipment		61,697		45,048
Computer equipment		55,436		48,733
Land		10,122		5,350
Building and leasehold improvements		213,196		209,260
Construction in progress		65,576		11,371
		422,982		334,427
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization		(103,231)		(74,664)
Property and equipment, net	$	319,751	$	259,763

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Schedule of intangible assets, net

The components of intangible assets were as follows (in thousands, except for useful life):

Balance at December 31, 2018

Balance at December 31, 2017

Weighted-

Gross

Net

Gross

Net

Average Useful

Carrying

Accumulated

Carrying

Carrying

Accumulated

Carrying

Lives (Years)

Amount

Amortization

Amount

Amount

Amortization

Amount

Finite-lived intangible assets:

Licensed IP

12.5

$

271,000

$

55,636

$

215,364

$

271,000

$

34,099

$

236,901

Schedule of estimated aggregate amortization expense

Estimated aggregate amortization expense based on the current carrying value of amortizable intangible assets will be as follows for the years ending December 31 (in thousands):

		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		Thereafter
Amortization expense	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	21,536	$	107,684

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Accrued and Other Current Liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Schedule of accrued and other current liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	December 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Royalties	$	25,087	$	21,433
Clinical related costs		98,607		110,037
Sales allowances		44,770		34,679
Construction in progress		7,673		9,945
Financing lease liability		18,696		—
Other current liabilities		34,568		22,807
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$	229,401	$	198,901

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Convertible Notes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Convertible Notes

Schedule of components of convertible notes

The components of the convertible notes were as follows (in thousands):

				Carrying Amount
	Interest Rates			December 31,
Debt	December 31, 2018		Maturities	2018		2017
0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2018	0.375	%	2018	$	—	$	7,393
1.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020	1.25	%	2020		17,434		16,608
					17,434		24,001
Less current portion					—		7,393
				$	17,434	$	16,608

Schedule of annual maturities of convertible notes

Annual maturities of all convertible notes are as follows (in thousands):

2019	$	—
2020		19,094
2021		—
2022		—
Thereafter		—
	$	19,094

Schedule of carrying amount and fair value of convertible notes

The carrying amount and fair value of our convertible notes as of the dates shown were as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2018				2017
	Carrying				Carrying
	Amount		Fair Value		Amount		Fair Value
0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2018	$	—	$	—	$	7,393	$	14,129
1.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020		17,434		25,073		16,608		35,431
	$	17,434	$	25,073	$	24,001	$	49,560

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Stockholders’ Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Stockholders’ Equity

Schedule of option activity under the 2010 Stock Plan

		Shares Subject to
		Outstanding Options
	Shares Available		Weighted Average
	for Grant	Shares	Exercise Price
Balance at December 31, 2017	3,909,701	11,206,553	$	68.36
Additional authorization	5,000,000	—		—
Options granted	(3,245,314)	3,245,314	$	78.64
Options exercised	—	(1,353,518)	$	22.42
Options cancelled	813,190	(813,190)	$	94.82
Balance at December 31, 2018	6,477,577	12,285,159	$	74.39

Schedule of stock options outstanding and exercisable by exercise price range

	Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
		Weighted Average	Weighted			Weighted
		Remaining	Average			Average
	Number	Contractual Life	Exercise		Number	Exercise
Range of Exercise Prices	Outstanding	(in years)	Price		Exercisable	Price
$2.80 - $17.79	588,741	0.31	$	16.48	588,741	$	16.48
$17.89 - $18.32	1,474,120	1.09		18.31	1,474,120		18.31
$18.97 - $64.55	1,652,452	3.12		49.41	1,439,924		47.60
$65.36 - $68.40	142,566	8.70		66.34	19,555		67.39
$68.62 - $68.62	1,426,578	9.39		68.62	—		—
$68.82 - $81.16	1,234,047	4.24		73.59	892,781		73.69
$83.83 - $94.63	1,701,957	7.73		88.55	894,810		87.36
$95.34 - $95.76	1,578,529	6.09		95.62	780,898		95.76
$100.81 - $113.64	1,462,739	7.63		112.39	636,592		111.63
$115.19 - $138.52	1,023,430	8.09		128.30	466,750		128.88
	12,285,159				7,194,171

Schedule of activity summarized under all stock plans other than options

		Shares Subject to
	Shares Available	Outstanding Awards
	for Grant	Shares	Grant Date Value
Balance at December 31, 2017	769,202	1,178,660	$	98.88
Additional authorization	1,000,000	—		—
RSUs granted	(898,598)	898,598	$	70.39
PSUs granted	(523,743)	523,743	$	66.18
RSUs cancelled	120,591	(120,591)	$	95.33
PSUs cancelled	78,299	(78,299)	$	66.44
RSUs released	—	(358,774)	$	93.64
Balance at December 31, 2018	545,751	2,043,337	$	80.35

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Stock Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Stock Compensation

Schedule of valuation assumptions used for valuation of fair value of stock compensation granted

	Employee Stock Options						Employee Stock Purchase Plan
	For the year ended December 31,						For the year ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2018		2017		2016
Average risk-free interest rates	2.61	%	1.80	%	1.30	%	2.62	%	1.53	%	0.90	%
Average expected life (in years)	5.26		5.25		4.99		0.50		0.50		0.50
Volatility	45	%	49	%	50	%	46	%	38	%	48	%
Weighted-average fair value (in dollars)	34.20		53.41		39.35		15.80		19.42		18.82

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income Taxes

Income (loss) from operations before income taxes

The provision for income taxes is based on income (loss) before provision for income taxes as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
U.S.	$	478,050	$	36,493	$	272,574
Non-U.S.		(362,703)		(348,783)		(165,170)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	$	115,347	$	(312,290)	$	107,404

Schedule of provision (benefit) for income taxes

Our provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Current:
State	$	5,010	$	486	$	2,700
Foreign		1,303		1,171		482
		6,313		1,657		3,182
Deferred:
State		111		(805)		—
Foreign		(570)		—		—
		(459)		(805)		—
Total provision for income taxes	$	5,854	$	852	$	3,182

Schedule of reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the provision for income taxes

A reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the provision for income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Provision (benefit) at U.S. federal statutory rate1	$	24,223	$	(109,302)	$	37,591
Unbenefited net operating losses and tax credits		(51,861)		(99,254)		(47,410)
Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation		(8,233)		(81,021)		(29,541)
Deferred tax impact of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017		—		196,751		—
Foreign tax rate differential		37,061		86,777		39,975
Non-deductible officer compensation		4,114		6,351		2,061
Other		550		550		506
Provision for income taxes	$	5,854	$	852	$	3,182

Schedule of significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities

Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forwards	$	148,142	$	259,189
Federal and state research credits		402,798		333,311
Capitalized research and development		53,871		37,044
Deferred revenue and accruals		9,443		11,721
Non-cash compensation		58,194		44,647
Acquisition-related contingent consideration		43,676		41,831
Intangibles, net		93,730		94,249
Long term investments		23,621		12,244
Other		22,211		12,815
Total gross deferred tax assets		855,686		847,051
Less valuation allowance for deferred tax assets		(836,992)		(834,783)
Net deferred tax assets	$	18,694	$	12,268
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	$	(17,424)	$	(11,463)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities		(17,424)		(11,463)
Net deferred income taxes	$	1,270	$	805

Schedule of operating loss and tax credit carryforwards

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards, research and development credit carryforwards and orphan drug tax credit carryforwards as follows (in thousands):

	Amount		Expiring if not utilized
Net operating loss carryforwards
Federal	$	216,970	2034
State		343,022	2020 through 2037; indefinite
Foreign		757,312	2020 through 2025
Research and development credit carryforwards
Federal		197,400	2019 through 2038
State		25,247	2021 through 2032; indefinite
Orphan drug tax credit carryforwards		210,242	2029 through 2038

Unrecognized tax benefits

The following table summarizes the gross amounts of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Balance at beginning of year	$	18,022	$	10,798
Additions related to prior periods tax positions		2,098		2,571
Reductions related to prior periods tax positions		—		(821)
Additions related to current period tax positions		2,466		5,555
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations		(130)		(81)
Currency translation adjustment		(61)		—
Balance at end of year	$	22,395	$	18,022

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Net Income (Loss) Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Schedule of calculation of net income (loss) per share

	Year Ended  December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2018		2017		2016
Basic Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic net income (loss)	$	109,493	$	(313,142)	$	104,222
Weighted average common shares outstanding		212,383		204,580		187,873
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.52	$	(1.53)	$	0.55
				0		0
Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Diluted net income (loss)	$	109,493	$	(313,142)	$	104,222
Weighted average common shares outstanding		212,383		204,580		187,873
Dilutive stock options and RSUs		3,252		—		6,252
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share		215,635		204,580		194,125
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.51	$	(1.53)	$	0.54

Schedule of antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share

The potential common shares that were excluded from the diluted net income (loss) per share computation are as follows:

	2018	2017	2016
Outstanding stock options and awards	8,255,992	12,585,213	2,792,424
Common shares issuable upon conversion of the 2018 Notes	—	149,375	7,245,149
Common shares issuable upon conversion of the 2020 Notes	368,939	368,939	7,241,284
Total potential common shares excluded from diluted net income (loss) per share computation	8,624,931	13,103,527	17,278,857

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Employee Benefit Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Employee Benefit Plans

Schedule of changes in the obligations and plan assets, the funded status and the amounts recorded

Summarized information regarding changes in the obligations and plan assets, the funded status and the amounts recorded were as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Benefit obligation, beginning of year	$	37,584	$	23,787
Employer service cost		4,450		2,836
Interest cost		278		190
Plan participants' contributions		1,282		1,101
Actuarial loss		698		4,514
Plan change		—		1,430
Transfer of benefits net of payments from fund		2,268		2,853
Expenses paid from assets		(51)		(36)
Translation (gain) loss		(471)		909
Benefit obligation, end of year		46,038		37,584
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year		24,191		16,699
Actual return on plan assets		95		88
Employer contributions		3,133		2,891
Plan participants' contributions		1,282		1,101
Transfer of benefits net of payments from fund		1,910		2,853
Expenses paid from assets		(51)		(36)
Translation (gain) loss		(192)		595
Fair value of plan assets, end of year		30,368		24,191
Unfunded liability, end of year	$	15,670	$	13,393

Schedule of net periodic benefit cost

The net periodic benefit cost was as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended  December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Service cost	$	4,450	$	2,836	$	1,225
Interest cost		278		190		76
Expected return on plan assets		(195)		(138)		(59)
Amortization of prior service cost		179		154		—
Amortization of actuarial losses		265		141		—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	4,977	$	3,183	$	1,242

Schedule of changes recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)

Other changes in the plans assets and the benefit obligation that is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows, net of tax (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Pension liability, beginning of year	$	8,450	$	2,750	$	—
Plan change		—		1,276		506
Net prior service costs		(179)		(140)		—
Net loss		875		4,564		2,244
Pension liability, end of year	$	9,146	$	8,450	$	2,750

Schedule of expected benefit payments

The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid (in thousands):

2019	$	1,647
2020		1,759
2021		2,020
2022		2,131
2023		1,973
2024-2027		11,790
Total	$	21,320

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Commitments and Contingencies

Schedule of future non-cancellable minimum payments under operating, direct financing and capital leases

Future non‑cancelable minimum payments are as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,	Operating Leases		Capital Leases		Financing Lease1
2019	$	12,909	$	688	$	—
2020		8,589		472		—
2021		3,899		—		466
2022		2,011		—		2,793
2023		1,155		—		2,793
Thereafter		—		—		35,850
Total minimum lease payments	$	28,563	$	1,160	$	41,902

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Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)

Schedule of Interim Consolidated Financial Information

Note 19. Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)

	Fiscal 2018 Quarter Ended
(in thousands, except per share data)	March 31,		June 30,		September 30,		December 31,
Revenues(1)	$	382,282	$	521,516	$	449,683	$	528,402
Net income (loss)	$	(41,140)	$	52,394	$	29,176	$	69,063
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	(0.19)	$	0.25	$	0.14	$	0.32
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	(0.19)	$	0.24	$	0.14	$	0.32
Shares used in computation of basic net income (loss) per share		211,681		212,210		212,627		213,013
Shares used in computation of diluted net income (loss) per share		211,681		215,103		215,964		216,042

	Fiscal 2017 Quarter Ended
(in thousands, except per share data)	March 31,		June 30,		September 30,		December 31,
Revenues(2)	$	384,082	$	326,444	$	381,534	$	444,156
Net income (loss)	$	(187,083)	$	(12,484)	$	36,054	$	(149,629)
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	(0.96)	$	(0.06)	$	0.17	$	(0.71)
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	(0.96)	$	(0.06)	$	0.17	$	(0.71)
Shares used in computation of basic net income (loss) per share		195,260		205,141		206,796		211,125
Shares used in computation of diluted net income (loss) per share		195,260		205,141		212,610		211,125

(1) The quarters ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018 include $334.5 million, $365.5 million, $367.7 million, and $399.2 million, respectively, of product revenues, net, relating to JAKAFI and ICLUSIG. The quarters ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018 include $47.7 million, $56.0 million, $61.9 million and $69.2 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to the sale of JAKAVI and OLUMIANT outside the United States. In November 2009 and December 2009, we entered into collaborative research and license agreements with Novartis and Lilly, respectively. The quarters ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018, September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018 include $0.0 million, $100.0 million, $20.0 million and $60.0 million, respectively, of milestone and contract revenues relating to these agreements.

(2) The quarters ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017 include $264.8 million, $291.7 million, $322.0 million, and $321.8 million, respectively, of product revenues, net, relating to JAKAFI and ICLUSIG. The quarters ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017 include $29.2 million, $34.8 million, $44.5 million and $52.3 million, respectively, of product royalty revenues related to the sale of JAKAVI and OLUMIANT outside the United States. In November 2009 and December 2009, we entered into collaborative research and license agreements with Novartis and Lilly, respectively. The quarters ended March 31, 2017, June 30, 2017, September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017 include $90.0 million, $0.0 million, $15.0 million and $70.0 million, respectively, of milestone and contract revenues relating to these agreements.

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Jan. 01, 2018 USD ($)
Organization and Business
Number of operating segments | item		1
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Number of issuer to which company limits the amount of credit exposure other than US Government guaranteed securities | item		1
Number of financial investment to which company limits the amount of credit exposure other than US Government guaranteed securities | item		1
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Write-off of the acquired IPR&D	$ 12,000		$ 12,000
Revenue Recognition
Accrued sales allowances		$ 44,800	34,700
Percentage of Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap mandate to be funded by manufacturers		50.00%
Research and development expense		$ 1,197,957	1,326,134	$ 581,861
Accrued research and development costs		98,600	$ 110,000
ASU No. 2016-02
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Financing lease right-of-use assets		26,000
Financing liability		$ 18,700
Calithera | ASU 2016-01
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Decrease in accumulated deficit					$ 2,800
JAKAFI
Inventory
Shelf life for finished goods inventory, maximum		36 months
ICLUSIG
Inventory
Shelf life for finished goods inventory, maximum		24 months
ICLUSIG | Licensed IP
Revenue Recognition
Amortization period		12 years 6 months

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Revenues (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Revenues
Total revenues	$ 528,402	$ 449,683	$ 521,516	$ 382,282	$ 444,156	$ 381,534	$ 326,444	$ 384,082	$ 1,881,883
Before topic 606
Revenues
Total revenues										$ 1,536,216	$ 1,105,719
Product revenues, net
Revenues
Total revenues	399,200	367,700	365,500	334,500	321,800	322,000	291,700	264,800	1,466,900	1,200,312	882,404
JAKAFI
Revenues
Total revenues									1,386,964	1,133,392	852,816
ICLUSIG
Revenues
Total revenues									79,936	66,920	29,588
Product royalty revenues
Revenues
Total revenues									234,780	160,791	110,711
JAKAVI Royalty Revenues
Revenues
Total revenues									194,694	151,684	110,711
OLUMIANT Royalty Revenues
Revenues
Total revenues									40,086	9,107
Milestone and contract revenues
Revenues
Total revenues	$ 60,000	$ 20,000	$ 100,000	$ 0	$ 70,000	$ 15,000	$ 0	$ 90,000	180,000	175,000	112,512
Other revenues
Revenues
Total revenues									$ 203	$ 113	$ 92

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Business Combination - Narratives (Details) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 01, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Maximum
Business combinations
Potential future oncology development and regulatory approval milestone payments	$ 135.0
ARIAD
Business combinations
Upfront Payment	147.5
Fair value of consideration transferred
Fair value of consideration transferred	440.5
Cash	147.5
Contingent consideration	$ 293.0
ARIAD | Contingent Consideration
Fair value of consideration transferred
Probability of technical success (“PTS”) (as a percent)	25.00%
Projected cash flows period	18 years
ARIAD | Contingent Consideration | Discount rate
Fair value of consideration transferred
Discount rate (as a percent)	10
ARIAD | Minimum
Business combinations
Royalties paid (as a percentage)	32.00%
ARIAD | Maximum
Business combinations
Royalties paid (as a percentage)	50.00%
Development costs		$ 7.0	$ 7.0

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Business Combination - Pro Forma Impact of Business Combination (Details) - ARIAD - USD ($) $ in Thousands	7 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Unaudited pro forma information
Acquisition-Related Costs		$ 1,600
Revenue of ARIAD	$ 29,600
Net loss of ARIAD	(48,700)
Pro forma revenues		1,148,006
Pro forma net income		102,619
Deferred Revenue	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Marketable Securities - Marketable securities portfolio (Details) - Debt securities (corporate and government) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Summary of marketable security portfolio
Amortized Cost	$ 275,405	$ 271,401
Net Unrealized Losses	(1,062)	(1,265)
Estimated Fair Value	$ 274,343	$ 270,136
Minimum
Summary of marketable security portfolio
Contractual maturity dates	12 months
Maximum
Summary of marketable security portfolio
Contractual maturity dates	18 months

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Marketable Securities - Fair value on a recurring basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Jun. 01, 2016
Fair value of financial instruments
Assets transfers from Level 1 to Level 2	$ 0			$ 0
Assets transfers from Level 2 to Level 1	0			0
Assets transfers into Level 3				0
Assets transfers out of Level 3				0
Liabilities transfers from Level 1 to Level 2	0			0
Liabilities transfers from Level 2 to Level 1	0			0
Liabilities transfers into Level 3				0
Liabilities transfers out of Level 3				0
Long term investments	99,199			99,199	$ 134,356
ARIAD
Fair value of financial instruments
Acquisition-related contingent consideration						$ 293,000
Roll forward of Level 3 liabilities
Contingent consideration earned during the period but not yet paid				13,200
ARIAD | Account payable
Roll forward of Level 3 liabilities
Contingent consideration earned during the period but not yet paid		$ (6,700)
ARIAD | Accrued and other current liabilities
Roll forward of Level 3 liabilities
Contingent consideration earned during the period but not yet paid	(6,500)				(6,600)
Level 3
Fair value of financial instruments
Lack of expected future sales royalties payable			$ 24,000
Level 3 | Fair Value
Roll forward of Level 3 liabilities
Balance at the beginning of the period				287,000	301,000
Contingent consideration earned during the period but not yet paid				(13,184)	(6,618)
Payments made during the period				(12,988)	(15,086)
Change in fair value of contingent consideration				26,173	7,704
Balance at the end of the period	287,001			287,001	287,000
Recurring | Fair Value
Fair value of financial instruments
Cash and cash equivalents	1,163,980			1,163,980	899,509
Debt securities (corporate and government)	274,343			274,343	270,136
Long term investments	99,199			99,199	134,356
Total assets	1,537,522			1,537,522	1,304,001
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	287,001			287,001	287,000
Total liabilities	287,001			287,001	287,000
Recurring | Level 1
Fair value of financial instruments
Cash and cash equivalents	1,163,980			1,163,980	899,509
Long term investments	99,199			99,199	134,356
Total assets	1,263,179			1,263,179	1,033,865
Recurring | Level 2
Fair value of financial instruments
Debt securities (corporate and government)	274,343			274,343	270,136
Total assets	274,343			274,343	270,136
Recurring | Level 3
Fair value of financial instruments
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	287,001			287,001	287,000
Total liabilities	$ 287,001			$ 287,001	$ 287,000

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Concentrations of Credit Risk (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Milestone Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk | Collaboration Partner A
Concentration of risk
Percentage of concentration risk	33.00%	37.00%	40.00%
Milestone Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk | Collaboration Partner B
Concentration of risk
Percentage of concentration risk	67.00%	63.00%	60.00%
Net Product Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk | Customer A
Concentration of risk
Percentage of concentration risk	20.00%	24.00%	25.00%
Net Product Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk | Customer B
Concentration of risk
Percentage of concentration risk	14.00%	15.00%	17.00%
Net Product Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk | Customer C
Concentration of risk
Percentage of concentration risk	15.00%	13.00%	13.00%
Net Product Revenues | Customer Concentration Risk | Customer D
Concentration of risk
Percentage of concentration risk	11.00%	8.00%	9.00%
Accounts Receivable | Credit Concentration Risk | Collaboration Partner A and B
Concentration of risk
Percentage of concentration risk	42.00%	47.00%
Accounts Receivable | Credit Concentration Risk | Customer A, B, C and D
Concentration of risk
Percentage of concentration risk	30.00%	25.00%

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Inventory (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Raw materials	$ 481	$ 1,062
Work-in-process	3,488	8,615
Finished goods	6,436	4,771
Total inventories	10,405	14,448
Inventories - current	6,967	6,482
Inventories - non -current	$ 3,438	$ 7,966
JAKAFI
Shelf life for finished goods inventory, maximum	36 months
ICLUSIG
Shelf life for finished goods inventory, maximum	24 months

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License Agreements - Novartis (Details) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended				3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended									110 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2016 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2010 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2009 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2009 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2014 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2013 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2012 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2011 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2010 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
License agreements
Revenues					$ 528,402	$ 449,683	$ 521,516	$ 382,282	$ 444,156	$ 381,534	$ 326,444	$ 384,082	$ 1,881,883
Europe
License agreements
Revenues													79,900	$ 66,900	$ 29,600
U.S.
License agreements
Revenues													1,800,000	1,500,000	1,100,000
JAKAFI
License agreements
Revenues													1,386,964	1,133,392	852,816
Novartis
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement				$ 210,000
Upfront payment received under license agreement			$ 150,000
Immediate milestone payment received under license agreement		$ 60,000
Revenues													60,000	65,000	45,000
Number of deliverables under license agreement | item				2
Reimbursable costs recorded as deferred revenue			$ 10,900
Reimbursable costs included in accounts receivable					700				1,600				700	1,600								$ 700
Research and development expenses reimbursed													3,200	3,000	700
Product royalties in accounts receivable					55,400				47,700				55,400	47,700								55,400
Novartis | Pre-specified Events | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement				$ 1,200,000
Novartis | Development Milestones
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone																						132,000
Novartis | Development Milestones | Phase III
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone																					$ 50,000
Novartis | Development Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement				174,000
Novartis | Regulatory Milestones
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone																						215,000
Novartis | Regulatory Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement				495,000
Novartis | Commercialization Milestones
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone																						120,000
Novartis | Commercialization Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement				$ 500,000
Novartis | LY3009104 | Development Milestones
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone																$ 5,000	$ 7,000	$ 25,000		$ 15,000
Novartis | GVHD | Development Milestones | Phase III
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone														25,000
Novartis | GVHD | Development and Regulatory Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement	$ 75,000
Novartis | GVHD | Development and Commercialization Milestones
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone															5,000
Novartis | JAKAFI | U.S.
License agreements
Revenues													63,000	50,500	36,800
Royalties payable					$ 18,600				$ 14,800				18,600	14,800								$ 18,600
Novartis | JAKAFI | Regulatory Milestones | U.S.
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone																				$ 10,000
Novartis | JAKAVI
License agreements
Revenues													$ 194,700	151,700	110,700
Novartis | JAKAVI | Minimum
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)													12.00%
Novartis | JAKAVI | Maximum
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)													14.00%
Novartis | JAKAVI | Regulatory Milestones | Europe
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone															$ 40,000	25,000	60,000		$ 40,000
Novartis | JAKAVI | Regulatory Milestones | JAPAN
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone																15,000	$ 25,000
Novartis | JAKAVI | Commercialization Milestones
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone													$ 60,000	40,000		20,000
Revenues													$ 900,000	$ 600,000		$ 300,000

XML

License Agreements - Lilly (Details) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended					109 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Jul. 31, 2010	Dec. 31, 2009 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2012 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2010 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
License agreements
Research and Development Expense												$ 1,197,957	$ 1,326,134	$ 581,861
Revenues				$ 528,402	$ 449,683	$ 521,516	$ 382,282	$ 444,156	$ 381,534	$ 326,444	$ 384,082	1,881,883
U.S.
License agreements
Revenues												1,800,000	1,500,000	1,100,000
Europe
License agreements
Revenues												79,900	66,900	29,600
Product royalty revenues
License agreements
Revenues												$ 234,780	160,791	110,711
Product royalty revenues | Non-U.S.
License agreements
Revenues				69,200	$ 61,900	$ 56,000	$ 47,700	52,300	$ 44,500	$ 34,800	$ 29,200
Eli Lilly
License agreements
Upfront payment received under license agreement			$ 90,000
Associated future global development costs from the initiation of a Phase IIb trial, if elected to co-develop (as a percentage)												30.00%
Research and Development Expense												$ 68,600	40,800	27,300
Number of deliverables under license agreement | item			2
Revenues												120,000	110,000	67,500
Product royalties in accounts receivable				14,000				4,600				14,000	4,600				$ 14,000
Eli Lilly | Non-U.S.
License agreements
Revenues												40,100	9,100
Eli Lilly | Phase IIB
License agreements
Associated future global development costs from the initiation of a Phase IIb trial, if elected to co-develop (as a percentage)		30.00%	30.00%
Eli Lilly | Pre-specified Events | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement			$ 665,000
Eli Lilly | Development Milestones
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone												20,000	30,000				149,000
Eli Lilly | Development Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement			150,000
Eli Lilly | Development Milestones | Phase III
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone															$ 50,000
Eli Lilly | Development Milestones | Phase IIA
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone																$ 30,000
Eli Lilly | Development Milestones | Phase IIB
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone																$ 19,000
Eli Lilly | Regulatory Milestones
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone												$ 100,000		35,000			235,000
Eli Lilly | Regulatory Milestones | JAPAN
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone													15,000
Eli Lilly | Regulatory Milestones | Europe
License agreements
Amount recognized and received for the achievement of a predefined milestone													65,000	$ 20,000
Eli Lilly | Regulatory Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement			365,000
Eli Lilly | Commercialization Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement			$ 150,000
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)												20.00%
Eli Lilly | Accrued and other liabilities
License agreements
Accrued and other liabilities				$ 23,100				$ 13,600				$ 23,100	13,600				$ 23,100
Eli Lilly | GVHD
License agreements
Upfront payment received under license agreement	$ 35,000
Research and development expenses reimbursed													$ 35,000
Additional milestone payment received under license agreement	$ 40,000

XML

License Agreements - Agenus (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands, shares in Millions				1 Months Ended					3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 14, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares	Feb. 01, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 18, 2015 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2017 USD ($) item	Nov. 30, 2015 item	Feb. 28, 2015	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
License agreements
Long term investment													$ 99,199	$ 134,356
Research and development expense													1,197,957	1,326,134	$ 581,861
Unrealized gain (loss) on long term investments													(44,093)	(24,275)	(3,261)
Current assets													1,832,254	1,504,854
Current liabilities													425,277	375,396
Cash and cash equivalents													$ 1,163,980	899,509
Agenus
License agreements
Number of program targets | item						4	3
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)													15.00%
Research and development expense													$ 4,600	19,500	17,500
Agenus | Accrued and other liabilities
License agreements
Accrued and other liabilities													$ 2,300	3,200
Agenus | Development, Regulatory and Commercialization Milestones | Minimum
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)													6.00%
Agenus | Development, Regulatory and Commercialization Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)													12.00%
Additional milestone payments under the license agreement						$ 510,000
Agenus | Development Milestones
License agreements
Upfront payment under license agreement				$ 5,000	$ 5,000	$ 20,000
Agenus
License agreements
Long term investment													$ 42,300	57,900
Shares owned following stock purchase (as a percent)						11.00%		9.00%
Ownership percentage (as a percent)													15.00%
Unrealized gain (loss) on long term investments													$ (15,600)	(13,600)	$ (3,300)
Total revenues									$ 12,800	$ 3,400	$ 30,300	$ 34,500
Net income (loss)									(33,700)	$ (36,800)	(113,200)	$ (85,700)
Current assets				67,600					67,600		67,600			73,600
Noncurrent assets				62,800					62,800		62,800			64,800
Current liabilities				58,200					58,200		58,200			56,400
Noncurrent liabilities				$ 203,700					$ 203,700		$ 203,700			157,800
Agenus | Stock purchase agreement
License agreements
Purchase of common stock under Stock Purchase Agreement (in shares ) | shares		10.0
Purchase price of common stock		$ 60,000
Per share price | $ / shares	$ 4.40	$ 6.00
Discount for lack of marketability	$ 4,500
Fair value of shares on the issuance date	39,500
Total consideration paid	$ 60,000		$ 60,000
Long term investment														39,500
Research and development expense														$ 20,500

XML

License Agreements - Hengrui (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
License agreements
Research and development expense	$ 1,197,957	$ 1,326,134	$ 581,861
Hengrui
License agreements
Research and development expense	$ 1,500	$ 3,200	$ 9,800

XML

License Agreements - Merus (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands, € in Millions, shares in Millions		1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jan. 23, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares	Feb. 28, 2017 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2017 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2018 EUR (€)	Sep. 30, 2017 EUR (€)	Sep. 30, 2018 EUR (€)	Sep. 30, 2017 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2017 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)
License agreements
Long term investment									$ 99,199				$ 134,356
Research and development expense									1,197,957	$ 1,326,134	$ 581,861
Unrealized gain (loss) on long term investments									(44,093)	(24,275)	(3,261)
Current assets									1,832,254				1,504,854
Current liabilities									425,277				375,396
Merus
License agreements
Number of independent programs | item			11
Upfront payment under license agreement		$ 120,000
Research and development expense									10,300	6,500
Merus | Accrued and other liabilities
License agreements
Accrued and other liabilities									2,900				2,100
Merus | U.S.
License agreements
Profit sharing (as a percent)			50.00%
Percentage of profit (losses)			50.00%
Merus | Minimum
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)			6.00%
Merus | Minimum | U.S.
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)			6.00%
Merus | Minimum | Non-U.S.
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)			6.00%
Merus | Maximum
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)			10.00%
Percentage of additional royalties			4.00%
Percentage of reverse royalty			4.00%
Merus | Maximum | U.S.
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)			10.00%
Merus | Maximum | Non-U.S.
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)			10.00%
Merus | Maximum | Development and Regulatory Milestones
License agreements
Additional milestone payments under the license agreement			$ 100,000
Merus | Maximum | Commercialization Milestones
License agreements
Additional milestone payments under the license agreement			$ 250,000
Merus
License agreements
Number of programs under the resulting products are co-funded for development | item			2
Associated future global development costs , if elected to co-develop (as a percent)			35.00%
Total revenues | €					€ 6.5	€ 5.7	€ 23.0	€ 15.8
Net income (loss) | €					(10.7)	€ (13.4)	(23.7)	€ (52.7)
Current assets | €					202.6		202.6					€ 188.1
Noncurrent assets | €					22.1		22.1					8.7
Current liabilities | €					38.2		38.2					27.7
Noncurrent liabilities | €					€ 101.5		€ 101.5					€ 112.6
Merus | Stock purchase agreement
License agreements
Purchase of common stock under Stock Purchase Agreement (in shares ) | shares				3.2
Purchase price of common stock				$ 80,000							$ 80,000
Per share price | $ / shares	$ 24.50			$ 25.00							$ 25.00
Lock-up period	18 months
Standstill period	3 years
Percentage of total shares allowed to sell during any 12-month period (as a percent)	33.00%
Percentage of total shares allowed to sell during any three-month period (as a percent)	10.00%
Discount for lack of marketability	$ 5,600
Fair value of shares on the issuance date	72,800
Total consideration paid	$ 80,000
Long term investment													72,800
Research and development expense										7,200
Fair market value of our long term investments									$ 44,800				$ 62,100
Ownership percentage (as a percent)									14.00%
Unrealized gain (loss) on long term investments									$ (17,300)	$ (10,700)

XML

License Agreements - Calithera (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands, shares in Millions			1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2018	Jan. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Jan. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Jan. 01, 2017
License agreements
Long term investment					$ 99,199				$ 134,356				$ 99,199	$ 134,356
Research and development expense													1,197,957	1,326,134	$ 581,861
Net income					69,063	$ 29,176	$ 52,394	$ (41,140)	(149,629)	$ 36,054	$ (12,484)	$ (187,083)	109,493	(313,142)	104,222
Unrealized gain (loss) on long term investments													(44,093)	(24,275)	$ (3,261)
Calithera
License agreements
Funding of future development costs (as a percent)				70.00%
Upfront payment made under license agreement				$ 45,000
Potential milestone payments to be made with profit sharing in effect				430,000
Potential milestone payments to be made with profit sharing terminated				$ 750,000
Milestone payment made under license agreement			$ 12,000
Research and development expense													12,000	23,400
Calithera | Accrued and other liabilities
License agreements
Accrued and other liabilities					2,600				900				2,600	900
Calithera | U.S.
License agreements
Percentage of profit (losses)				60.00%
Calithera
License agreements
Total consideration paid		$ 53,000
Calithera | Stock purchase agreement
License agreements
Purchase of common stock under Stock Purchase Agreement (in shares )				1.7
Purchase price of common stock																$ 8,000
Per share price		$ 6.75														$ 4.65
Fair market value of our long term investments		$ 11,600
Fair value of shares on the issuance date					$ 6,900				14,400				$ 6,900	14,400
Total consideration paid		53,000
Upfront license fees		45,000
Stock purchase price		$ 8,000
Long term investment									$ 11,600					11,600
Research and development expense														41,400
Ownership percentage (as a percent)					4.50%								4.50%
Unrealized gain (loss) on long term investments													$ (7,500)	$ 2,800
Calithera | ASU 2016-01
License agreements
Net income	$ 2,800

XML

License Agreements - MacroGenics (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
License agreements
Research and development				$ 1,197,957	$ 1,326,134	$ 581,861
MacroGenics
License agreements
Upfront payment under license agreement			$ 150,000
Research and development	$ 5,000	$ 10,000		35,400	1,100
MacroGenics | Accrued and other liabilities
License agreements
Accrued and other liabilities			$ 1,100	$ 3,200	1,100
Minimum | MacroGenics
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)			15.00%
Maximum | MacroGenics
License agreements
Royalty payments on future global net sales (as a percent)			24.00%
Development and Regulatory Milestones | Maximum | MacroGenics
License agreements
Additional milestone payments under the license agreement			$ 420,000		420,000
Commercialization Milestones | Maximum | MacroGenics
License agreements
Additional milestone payments under the license agreement			$ 330,000		$ 330,000

XML

License Agreements - Syros (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands, shares in Millions	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2018 USD ($) item $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Jan. 08, 2018 $ / shares
License agreements
Long term investment		$ 99,199	$ 134,356
Research and development expense		1,197,957	1,326,134	$ 581,861
Unrealized gain (loss) on long term investments		(44,093)	$ (24,275)	$ (3,261)
Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
License agreements
Number of program targets | item	7
Upfront payment under license agreement	$ 10,000
Fair value of shares on the issuance date		$ 5,200
Ownership percentage (as a percent)		3.00%
Unrealized gain (loss) on long term investments		$ (3,700)
Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Stock purchase agreement
License agreements
Purchase of common stock under Stock Purchase Agreement (in shares ) | shares	0.8
Purchase price of common stock	$ 10,000
Per share price | $ / shares	$ 12.61				$ 9.77
Lock-up period	12 months
Discount for lack of marketability	$ 100
Fair value of shares on the issuance date	7,600
Long term investment	7,600
Research and development expense	$ 2,400
Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Amended stock purchase agreement
License agreements
Purchase of common stock under Stock Purchase Agreement (in shares ) | shares	0.1
Purchase price of common stock	$ 1,400
Per share price | $ / shares	$ 9.55
Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Maximum
License agreements
Target selection and option exercise fee payment	$ 54,000
Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Development and Regulatory Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Additional milestone payments under the license agreement	50,000
Syros Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Commercialization Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Additional milestone payments under the license agreement	$ 65,000

XML

License Agreements - Innovent (Details) - Innovent $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) item
License agreements
Product candidates | item		3
Subsequent Event
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement	$ 40.0
Regulatory Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement		$ 20.0
Development and Regulatory Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement		129.0
Commercialization Milestones | Maximum
License agreements
Upfront and immediate milestone payment to be received under license agreement		$ 202.5

XML

Property and Equipment - Property and equipment, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Property and equipment, net
Property and Equipment, gross	$ 422,982	$ 334,427
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(103,231)	(74,664)
Property and Equipment, net	319,751	259,763
Depreciation expense including amortization expense of leasehold improvements	32,300	24,600	$ 14,200
Office equipment
Property and equipment, net
Property and Equipment, gross	16,955	14,665
Laboratory equipment
Property and equipment, net
Property and Equipment, gross	61,697	45,048
Computer equipment
Property and equipment, net
Property and Equipment, gross	55,436	48,733
Land
Property and equipment, net
Property and Equipment, gross	10,122	5,350
Building and leasehold improvements
Property and equipment, net
Property and Equipment, gross	213,196	209,260
Construction in Progress
Property and equipment, net
Property and Equipment, gross	$ 65,576	$ 11,371

XML

Property and Equipment - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2018 ft²	Jul. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2018 ft²	Oct. 31, 2017 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)
Property and equipment, net
Costs for architectural and engineering studies and initial ground preparation					$ 422,982	$ 334,427
Land
Property and equipment, net
Costs for architectural and engineering studies and initial ground preparation					10,122	5,350
Construction in Progress
Property and equipment, net
Costs for architectural and engineering studies and initial ground preparation					65,576	11,371
Building and leasehold improvements
Property and equipment, net
Costs for architectural and engineering studies and initial ground preparation					213,196	$ 209,260
Office Building in Wilmington, Delaware | Building
Property and equipment, net
Square footage | ft²				154,000
Office building				$ 91,300
Estimated useful life				P40Y
Office Building in Morges, Switzerland | Building and leasehold improvements
Property and equipment, net
Initial term of agreement to rent	15 years		15 years
Renewal term of agreement to rent	20 years		20 years
Pending Land and Building Acquisition | Office Building in Morges, Switzerland
Property and equipment, net
Square footage | ft²	100,000		100,000
Pending Land and Building Acquisition | Office Building in Morges, Switzerland | Construction in Progress
Property and equipment, net
Capital assets					2,900
Pending Land and Building Acquisition | Office Building in Morges, Switzerland | Building and leasehold improvements
Property and equipment, net
Capital assets					15,800
Pending Land and Building Acquisition | Land in Y-PARC, Switzerland's largest technology park, Yverdon | Land
Property and equipment, net
Purchase price		$ 4,800
Pending Land and Building Acquisition | Land in Y-PARC, Switzerland's largest technology park, Yverdon | Construction in Progress
Property and equipment, net
Office building					$ 37,500

XML

Intangible Assets and Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Intangible Assets, Net
Amortization expense	$ 21,500	$ 21,500	$ 12,600
Amortization Expense
2019	21,536
2020	21,536
2021	21,536
2022	21,536
2023	21,536
Thereafter	107,684
Changes to carrying amount of goodwill
Changes to the carry amount of goodwill	$ 0	0
Licensed IP
Intangible assets
Weighted Average Useful Lives (Years)	12 years 6 months
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 271,000	271,000
Accumulated Amortization	55,636	34,099
Net Carrying Amount	$ 215,364	$ 236,901

XML

Accrued and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Accrued and Other Current Liabilities
Royalties	$ 25,087	$ 21,433
Clinical related costs	98,607	110,037
Sales allowances	44,770	34,679
Construction in progress	7,673	9,945
Financing lease liability	18,696
Other current liabilities	34,568	22,807
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$ 229,401	$ 198,901
Finance Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Accrued Liabilities, Current	Accrued Liabilities, Current

XML

Convertible Notes - Components and Maturities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Convertible Notes
Less current portion		$ 7,393
Convertible senior notes noncurrent	$ 17,434	16,608
Annual maturities of Convertible Notes
2020	19,094,000
Total debt	19,094,000
Carrying Amount
Convertible Notes
Convertible senior notes	17,434	24,001
Less current portion		7,393
Convertible senior notes noncurrent	$ 17,434	$ 16,608
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018
Convertible Notes
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)	0.375%	0.375%	0.375%
Convertible senior notes		$ 7,400
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018 | Carrying Amount
Convertible Notes
Convertible senior notes		$ 7,393
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020
Convertible Notes
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)	1.25%	1.25%	1.25%
Convertible senior notes	$ 17,400	$ 16,600
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020 | Carrying Amount
Convertible Notes
Convertible senior notes	$ 17,434	$ 16,608

XML

Convertible Notes - Carrying Amount and Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Carrying Amount
Convertible Notes
Convertible senior notes	$ 17,434	$ 24,001
Fair Value
Convertible Notes
Convertible senior notes	$ 25,073	$ 49,560
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018
Convertible Notes
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)	0.375%	0.375%	0.375%
Convertible senior notes		$ 7,400
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018 | Carrying Amount
Convertible Notes
Convertible senior notes		7,393
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018 | Fair Value
Convertible Notes
Convertible senior notes		$ 14,129
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020
Convertible Notes
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)	1.25%	1.25%	1.25%
Convertible senior notes	$ 17,400	$ 16,600
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020 | Carrying Amount
Convertible Notes
Convertible senior notes	17,434	16,608
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020 | Fair Value
Convertible Notes
Convertible senior notes	$ 25,073	$ 35,431

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Convertible Notes - Narrative (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
	Nov. 14, 2013 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) shares
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018 and Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020
Convertible Notes
Number of days within 30 consecutive trading days in which the price of the entity's common stock must exceed the conversion price for the notes to be converted	20 days
Number of consecutive trading days during which the closing price of the entity's common stock must exceed the conversion price for at least 20 days in order for the notes to be convertible	30 days
Percentage of the closing sales price of common stock that the conversion price must exceed in order for the notes to be convertible (as a percent)	130.00%
Number of consecutive business days immediately after any five consecutive trading day period during the note measurement period | item	5
Number of consecutive trading days before five consecutive business days during the note measurement period | item	5
Conversion ratio, principal amount, denominator	1,000
Percentage of the trading price to the product of the last reported sale price of the common stock and the conversion rate, maximum (as a percent)	98.00%
Fair value of premium stock issued and cash paid			$ 48.4
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018 and Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020 | Director
Convertible Notes
Common stock issued in exchange of notes (in shares) | shares			10,600,000
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018
Convertible Notes
Aggregate principal amount of notes	$ 375.0
Carrying value of notes			$ 7.4
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)		0.375%	0.375%	0.375%
Conversion ratio, number of shares per principal amount		0.1932070
Conversion ratio, principal amount, denominator		1,000
Conversion price per share (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 51.76
Liability on notes on the date of issuance	299.4
Equity component in convertible notes	75.6
Debt discount and issuance costs			$ 0.3
Aggregate principal amount of notes converted			$ 367.2
Common stock issued in exchange of notes (in shares) | shares		148,761	7,201,058	114
Premium stock issued in exchange of notes (in shares) | shares			100,000
Value of premium shares issued			$ 12.6
Cash used to fund redemption of notes			2.0
Debt exchange expense		$ 1.4
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018 | Director
Convertible Notes
Aggregate principal amount of notes	250.0
Carrying value of notes				$ 259.0
Aggregate principal amount of notes converted			259.0
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020
Convertible Notes
Aggregate principal amount of notes	375.0
Carrying value of notes		$ 17.4	$ 16.6
Interest rate of debt (as a percent)		1.25%	1.25%	1.25%
Conversion ratio, number of shares per principal amount		0.1932070
Conversion ratio, principal amount, denominator		1,000
Conversion price per share (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 51.76
Repurchase price as a percentage of principal		100.00%
Liability on notes on the date of issuance	274.8
Equity component in convertible notes	100.2
Debt discount and issuance costs		$ 1.7	$ 2.5
Aggregate principal amount of notes converted			$ 355.6
Common stock issued in exchange of notes (in shares) | shares			7,095,350	77
Premium stock issued in exchange of notes (in shares) | shares			200,000
Value of premium shares issued			$ 26.8
Cash used to fund redemption of notes			7.0
Debt exchange expense		$ 5.1
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020 | Director
Convertible Notes
Aggregate principal amount of notes	$ 250.0
Carrying value of notes				$ 274.5
Aggregate principal amount of notes converted			$ 274.5

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Stockholders’ Equity - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 07, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018
Preferred stock, shares authorized		5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding		0	0
Common stock, shares authorized		400,000,000	400,000,000
Public issuance of common stock		4,945,000
Net proceeds from sale of stock		$ 649,387
Public Offering
Public issuance of common stock	4,945,000
Per share price	$ 131.46
Net proceeds from sale of stock	$ 649,400
Over-Allotment Option | Maximum
Underwriter purchase option period	30 days
Shares available for purchase by underwriter (in shares)	741,750

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Stockholders’ Equity - Narartive 2 (Details) - shares	1 Months Ended	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Dec. 31, 2018	May 31, 2018	May 31, 2016	May 31, 2014	May 31, 2013	May 31, 2012	May 31, 2011
Stock Compensation Plans
Shares reserved for future issuance related to stock plans			7,716,849
Stock Incentive Plan 2010
Stock Compensation Plans
Shares authorized for issuance				36,753,475	30,753,475	24,753,475	21,753,475	16,553,475	12,553,475
Stock Options
Stock Compensation Plans
Expiration period	10 years	7 years
Stock Options | Stock Incentive Plan 2010 | Non-employee Director
Stock Compensation Plans
Expiration period			10 years

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Stockholders’ Equity - Option activity (Details) - Stock Options - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Shares Available For Grant
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)			3,909,701
Additional authorization (in shares)			5,000,000
Options granted (in shares)			(3,245,314)
Options cancelled (in shares)			813,190
Outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)			6,477,577	3,909,701
Shares Subject to Outstanding Options, Shares
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)			11,206,553
Options granted (in shares)			3,245,314
Options exercised (in shares)			(1,353,518)
Options cancelled (in shares)			(813,190)
Outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)			12,285,159	11,206,553
Shares Subject to Outstanding Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share)			$ 68.36
Options granted (in dollars per share)			78.64
Options exercised (in dollars per share)			22.42
Options cancelled (in dollars per share)			94.82
Outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share)			$ 74.39	$ 68.36
Termination period	10 years	7 years
Vesting period	4 years	3 years
Stock option, other disclosures
Options exercisable and vested (in shares)			7,194,171	7,250,283	7,995,735
Intrinsic value of options exercised			$ 73.9	$ 264.2	$ 137.0
Intrinsic value of vested options			$ 118.5
Vesting after one year
Shares Subject to Outstanding Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price
Vesting period	1 year	1 year
Vesting Percentage	25.00%	33.00%
Remainder vesting
Shares Subject to Outstanding Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price
Vesting period	36 months	24 months

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Stockholders’ Equity - Stock options outstanding (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 $ / shares shares
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	12,285,159
Options Exercisable
Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	7,194,171
Range of Exercise Prices $2.80 - $17.79
Stock options outstanding
Exercise price, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 2.80
Exercise price, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 17.79
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	588,741
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	3 months 22 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 16.48
Options Exercisable
Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	588,741
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 16.48
Range of Exercise Prices $17.89 - $18.32
Stock options outstanding
Exercise price, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	17.89
Exercise price, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 18.32
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	1,474,120
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	1 year 1 month 2 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 18.31
Options Exercisable
Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	1,474,120
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 18.31
Range of Exercise Prices $18.97 - $64.55
Stock options outstanding
Exercise price, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	18.97
Exercise price, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 64.55
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	1,652,452
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	3 years 1 month 13 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 49.41
Options Exercisable
Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	1,439,924
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 47.60
Range of Exercise Prices $65.36 - $68.40
Stock options outstanding
Exercise price, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	65.36
Exercise price, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 68.40
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	142,566
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	8 years 8 months 12 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 66.34
Options Exercisable
Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	19,555
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 67.39
Range of Exercise Prices $68.62 - $68.62
Stock options outstanding
Exercise price, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	68.62
Exercise price, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 68.62
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	1,426,578
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	9 years 4 months 21 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 68.62
Range of Exercise Prices $68.82 - $81.16
Stock options outstanding
Exercise price, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	68.82
Exercise price, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 81.16
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	1,234,047
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	4 years 2 months 27 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 73.59
Options Exercisable
Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	892,781
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 73.69
Range of Exercise Prices $83.83 - $94.63
Stock options outstanding
Exercise price, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	83.83
Exercise price, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 94.63
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	1,701,957
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	7 years 8 months 23 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 88.55
Options Exercisable
Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	894,810
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 87.36
Range of Exercise Prices $95.34 - $95.76
Stock options outstanding
Exercise price, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	95.34
Exercise price, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 95.76
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	1,578,529
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	6 years 1 month 2 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 95.62
Options Exercisable
Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	780,898
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 95.76
Range of Exercise Prices $100.81 - $113.64
Stock options outstanding
Exercise price, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	100.81
Exercise price, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 113.64
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	1,462,739
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	7 years 7 months 17 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 112.39
Options Exercisable
Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	636,592
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 111.63
Range of Exercise Prices $115.19 - $138.52
Stock options outstanding
Exercise price, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	115.19
Exercise price, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 138.52
Options Outstanding
Number Outstanding (in shares) | shares	1,023,430
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	8 years 1 month 2 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 128.30
Options Exercisable
Number Exercisable (in shares) | shares	466,750
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 128.88

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Stockholders’ Equity - RSU and PSU Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended				6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended				60 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2018 shares	Jun. 30, 2018 shares	Jul. 31, 2016	Jan. 31, 2014 shares	Dec. 31, 2018 shares	Jun. 30, 2016	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2014 shares	Dec. 31, 2018 shares
Stock Compensation Plans
Allocated Share-based Compensation Expense | $							$ 148.2	$ 133.1	$ 96.2
Outstanding (in shares)					545,751		545,751	769,202			545,751
Stock Options
Stock Compensation Plans
Vesting period			4 years			3 years
Assumed annualized forfeiture rate (as a percent)							5.00%
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Stock Compensation Plans
Number of shares awarded for each RSU (in shares)							1
Percentage of units vesting at the end of each calendar year (as a percent)							25.00%
Vesting period						3 years	4 years
Granted (in shares)		190,000					898,598
Assumed annualized forfeiture rate (as a percent)							5.00%
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) | President And Chief Executive Officer
Stock Compensation Plans
Granted (in shares)				400,000
Number of units vesting at the end of each of the calendar years 2014 through 2019				0.1667
Vested (in shares)											266,667
Outstanding (in shares)					133,333		133,333				133,333
Performance Stock Units (PSUs)
Stock Compensation Plans
Vesting period	4 years
Allocated Share-based Compensation Expense | $									$ 0.0
Multiplier conversion rate of units into common stock (as a percent)					83.00%				100.00%
Granted (in shares)	77,243	446,500					523,743	0	0	55,326
Assumed annualized forfeiture rate (as a percent)							5.00%
Performance Stock Units (PSUs) | Minimum
Stock Compensation Plans
Vesting period		3 years
Performance Stock Units (PSUs) | Maximum
Stock Compensation Plans
Vesting period		4 years
Multiplier conversion rate of units into common stock (as a percent)	150.00%
Performance Stock Units (PSUs) | Long term incentive plan
Stock Compensation Plans
Granted (in shares)		106,500
Performance Stock Units (PSUs) | Long term incentive plan | Maximum
Stock Compensation Plans
Multiplier conversion rate of units into common stock (as a percent)		267.00%

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Stockholders’ Equity - RSU and PSU award activity (Details) - $ / shares	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2014
Shares Available For Grant
Shares Available for Grant Beginning Balance (in shares)			769,202
Additional authorization (in shares)			1,000,000
Shares Available for Grant Ending Balance (in shares)			545,751	769,202
Shares Subject to Outstanding Options, Shares
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)			1,178,660
Outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)			2,043,337	1,178,660
Shares Subject to Outstanding Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share)			$ 98.88
Outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share)			$ 80.35	$ 98.88
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Shares Available For Grant
Granted (in shares)			(898,598)
Cancelled (in shares)			120,591
Shares Subject to Outstanding Options, Shares
Granted (in shares)		190,000	898,598
Cancelled (in shares)			(120,591)
Released (in shares)			(358,774)
Shares Subject to Outstanding Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price
Granted (in dollars per share)			$ 70.39
Cancelled (in dollars per share)			95.33
Released (in dollars per share)			$ 93.64
Performance Stock Units (PSUs)
Shares Available For Grant
Granted (in shares)			(523,743)
Cancelled (in shares)			78,299
Shares Subject to Outstanding Options, Shares
Granted (in shares)	77,243	446,500	523,743	0	0	55,326
Cancelled (in shares)			(78,299)
Shares Subject to Outstanding Options, Weighted Average Exercise Price
Granted (in dollars per share)			$ 66.18
Cancelled (in dollars per share)			$ 66.44

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Stockholders’ Equity - Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Stock Compensation Plans
Number of shares issued	233,712	157,277	126,648
Stock compensation expense	$ 148.2	$ 133.1	$ 96.2
Employee Stock
Stock Compensation Plans
Employment period for eligibility to participate in the plan	1 month
Number of shares issued	233,712	157,277	126,648
Stock compensation expense	$ 3.7	$ 3.2	$ 2.4
Remaining shares available	693,521
Employee Stock | Minimum
Stock Compensation Plans
Number of employee working hours per week for eligibility to participate in the plan	20 hours

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Stock Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Stock compensation
Stock compensation expense	$ 148.2	$ 133.1	$ 96.2
Stock Compensation Expense Capitalized	$ 0.1
Weighted-average fair value assumptions
Valuation method	Black-Scholes valuation model
Employee Stock
Stock compensation
Stock compensation expense	$ 3.7	$ 3.2	$ 2.4
Weighted-average fair value assumptions
Average risk-free interest rates (as a percent)	2.62%	1.53%	0.90%
Average expected life (in years)	6 months	6 months	6 months
Volatility (as a percent)	46.00%	38.00%	48.00%
Weighted-average fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 15.80	$ 19.42	$ 18.82
Stock Options
Weighted-average fair value assumptions
Average risk-free interest rates (as a percent)	2.61%	1.80%	1.30%
Average expected life (in years)	5 years 3 months 4 days	5 years 3 months	4 years 11 months 27 days
Volatility (as a percent)	45.00%	49.00%	50.00%
Weighted-average fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 34.20	$ 53.41	$ 39.35
Dividend yield (as a percent)	0.00%
Unrecognized compensation
Unrecognized compensation cost for nonvested option (in dollars)	$ 99.7
Vesting period of recognition of the unrecognized compensation cost of nonvested awards	1 year 6 months
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Unrecognized compensation
Unrecognized compensation cost for nonvested option (in dollars)	$ 61.4
Vesting period of recognition of the unrecognized compensation cost of nonvested awards	1 year 6 months
Performance Stock Units (PSUs)
Stock compensation
Stock compensation expense			$ 0.0
Unrecognized compensation
Unrecognized compensation cost for nonvested option (in dollars)	$ 29.1
Vesting period of recognition of the unrecognized compensation cost of nonvested awards	3 years

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Income Taxes - Income before provision (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Income (loss) from operations before income taxes
Income (loss) before income taxes	$ 115,347	$ (312,290)	$ 107,404
U.S.
Income (loss) from operations before income taxes
Income (loss) before income taxes	478,050	36,493	272,574
Non-U.S.
Income (loss) from operations before income taxes
Income (loss) before income taxes	$ (362,703)	$ (348,783)	$ (165,170)

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Income Taxes - Provision for income taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Current:
State	$ 5,010	$ 486	$ 2,700
Foreign	1,303	1,171	482
Current provision for income taxes	6,313	1,657	3,182
Deferred:
State	111	(805)
Foreign	(570)
Deferred provision for income taxes	(459)	(805)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$ 5,854	$ 852	$ 3,182

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Income Taxes - Reconciliation of income taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the provision for income taxes
Provision (benefit) at U.S. federal statutory rate	$ 24,223	$ (109,302)	$ 37,591
Unbenefited net operating losses and tax credits	(51,861)	(99,254)	(47,410)
Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation	(8,233)	(81,021)	(29,541)
Deferred tax impact of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017		196,751
Foreign tax rate differential	37,061	86,777	39,975
Non-deductible officer compensation	4,114	6,351	2,061
Other	550	550	506
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$ 5,854	$ 852	$ 3,182
Federal corporate tax rate (as a percent)	21.00%	35.00%
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forwards	$ 148,142	$ 259,189
Federal and state research credits	402,798	333,311
Capitalized research and development	53,871	37,044
Deferred revenue and accruals	9,443	11,721
Non-cash compensation	58,194	44,647
Acquisition-related contingent consideration	43,676	41,831
Intangibles, net	93,730	94,249
Long term investments	23,621	12,244
Other	22,211	12,815
Total gross deferred tax assets	855,686	847,051
Less valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	(836,992)	(834,783)
Net deferred tax assets	18,694	12,268
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	(17,424)	(11,463)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	(17,424)	(11,463)
Net deferred income taxes	$ 1,270	$ 805

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Income Taxes - NOL (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Federal
Operating Loss Carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	$ 216,970
State
Operating Loss Carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	343,022
Foreign
Operating Loss Carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	$ 757,312

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Income Taxes - Tax Credit Carryforwards (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Orphan drug tax credit carryforwards
Tax Credit Carryforward
Tax credit carryforward	$ 210,242
Federal | Research and development
Tax Credit Carryforward
Tax credit carryforward	197,400
State | Research and development
Tax Credit Carryforward
Tax credit carryforward	$ 25,247

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Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Income Taxes
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance	$ 2,200	$ 14,600	$ 277,300
Deferred tax impact of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017		196,751
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits
Balance at beginning of period	18,022	10,798
Additions related to prior periods tax positions	2,098	2,571
Reductions related to prior periods tax positions		(821)
Additions related to current period tax positions	2,466	5,555
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations	(130)	(81)
Currency translation adjustment	(61)
Balance at end of period	22,395	18,022	10,798
Interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense	$ 100	$ 300	$ 300

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Net Income (Loss) Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Basic Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic net income (loss)									$ 109,493	$ (313,142)	$ 104,222
Weighted average common shares outstanding	213,013,000	212,627,000	212,210,000	211,681,000	211,125,000	206,796,000	205,141,000	195,260,000	212,383,000	204,580,000	187,873,000
Basic net income (loss) per share	$ 0.32	$ 0.14	$ 0.25	$ (0.19)	$ (0.71)	$ 0.17	$ (0.06)	$ (0.96)	$ 0.52	$ (1.53)	$ 0.55
Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Diluted net income (loss)									$ 109,493	$ (313,142)	$ 104,222
Weighted average common shares outstanding	213,013,000	212,627,000	212,210,000	211,681,000	211,125,000	206,796,000	205,141,000	195,260,000	212,383,000	204,580,000	187,873,000
Dilutive stock options and RSU’s									3,252,000		6,252,000
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share	216,042,000	215,964,000	215,103,000	211,681,000	211,125,000	212,610,000	205,141,000	195,260,000	215,635,000	204,580,000	194,125,000
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$ 0.32	$ 0.14	$ 0.24	$ (0.19)	$ (0.71)	$ 0.17	$ (0.06)	$ (0.96)	$ 0.51	$ (1.53)	$ 0.54
Anti-dilutive securities
Potential common shares excluded from diluted net loss per share computation									8,624,931	13,103,527	17,278,857
Stock Options
Anti-dilutive securities
Potential common shares excluded from diluted net loss per share computation									8,255,992	12,585,213	2,792,424
Convertible Senior Notes 0.375 Percent Due 2018
Anti-dilutive securities
Potential common shares excluded from diluted net loss per share computation										149,375	7,245,149
Convertible Senior Notes 1.25 Percent Due 2020
Anti-dilutive securities
Potential common shares excluded from diluted net loss per share computation									368,939	368,939	7,241,284

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Employee Benefit Plans - Defined Contribution Plan (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Defined Contribution Plan
Defined contribution expense	$ 10.5	$ 8.9	$ 6.6
European defined contribution plans
Defined Contribution Plan
Defined contribution expense	$ 1.4	$ 1.0	$ 0.3

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Employee Benefit Plans - Defined Benefit Pension Plann (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Benefit obligation assumptions
Discount rate ( as a percentage)	0.75%	0.75%
Rate of compensation increase ( as a percentage)	2.25%	2.00%
Expected return on plan assets (as a percentage)	0.75%	0.75%
Periodic benefit cost assumptions
Discount rate ( as a percentage)		0.75%
Rate of compensation increase ( as a percentage)		1.50%
Expected return on plan assets (as a percentage)	0.75%	0.75%
Changes in the obligations
Benefit obligation, beginning of the year	$ 37,584	$ 23,787
Employer Service cost	4,450	2,836	$ 1,225
Interest cost	278	190	76
Plan participants contributions	1,282	1,101
Actuarial loss	698	4,514
Plan change		1,430
Benefit payments from fund	2,268	2,853
Expenses paid from assets	51	36
Translation (gain) loss	(471)	909
Benefit obligation, end of the year	46,038	37,584	23,787
Changes in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	24,191	16,699
Actual return on plan assets	95	88
Employer contributions	3,133	2,891
Plan participants contributions	1,282	1,101
Benefit payments from fund	1,910	2,853
Expenses paid from assets	51	36
Translation gain (loss)	(192)	595
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	30,368	24,191	$ 16,699
Unfunded liability, end of year	15,670	13,393
Accumulated benefit obligation	$ 39,800	$ 33,100
Minimum
Periodic benefit cost assumptions
Discount rate ( as a percentage)	0.75%
Rate of compensation increase ( as a percentage)	2.00%
Maximum
Periodic benefit cost assumptions
Discount rate ( as a percentage)	1.00%
Rate of compensation increase ( as a percentage)	2.25%

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Employee Benefit Plans - Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Net periodic benefit cost
Service cost	$ 4,450	$ 2,836	$ 1,225
Interest cost	278	190	76
Expected return on plan assets	(195)	(138)	(59)
Amortization of prior service cost	179	154
Amortization of actuarial losses	265	141
Net periodic benefit cost	$ 4,977	$ 3,183	$ 1,242

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Employee Benefit Plans - Other changes in the plan assets and benefit obligation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Other changes recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Pension liability, beginning of year	$ 8,450	$ 2,750
Plan change		1,276	$ 506
Net prior service cost	(179)	(140)
Net loss	875	4,564	2,244
Pension liability, end of year	9,146	$ 8,450	$ 2,750
Amortization into next prior service cost over the next fiscal year	200
Amortization of actuarial loss over the next fiscal year	$ 300

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Employee Benefit Plans - Expected benefit payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Expected employer contributions
Expected contributions	$ 3,600
Expected benefit payments
2019	1,647
2020	1,759
2021	2,020
2022	2,131
2023	1,973
2024-2027	11,790
Total	$ 21,320

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Rent expense	$ 9,400	$ 8,200	$ 5,400
Future non-cancelable minimum payments under operating leases
2019	12,909
2020	8,589
2021	3,899
2022	2,011
2023	1,155
Total minimum lease payments	28,563
Future non-cancelable minimum payments under capital leases
2019	688
2020	472
Total minimum lease payments	1,160
Future non-cancelable minimum payments under direct financing
2021	466
2022	2,793
2023	2,793
Thereafter	35,850
Total minimum lease payments	$ 41,902
Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania
Office leases
Square footage | ft²	112,000
Wilmington, Delaware
Office leases
Square footage | ft²	100,000
Europe and Japan
Office leases
Square footage | ft²	63,000

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Segment Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) item	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Number of operating segments | item									1
Total revenues	$ 528,402	$ 449,683	$ 521,516	$ 382,282	$ 444,156	$ 381,534	$ 326,444	$ 384,082	$ 1,881,883
Property and equipment, net	319,751				259,763				319,751	$ 259,763
U.S.
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenues									1,800,000	1,500,000	$ 1,100,000
Property and equipment, net	252,500				252,400				252,500	252,400
Europe
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenues									79,900	66,900	$ 29,600
Property and equipment, net	$ 67,300				$ 7,400				$ 67,300	$ 7,400

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Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)
Revenues	$ 528,402	$ 449,683	$ 521,516	$ 382,282	$ 444,156	$ 381,534	$ 326,444	$ 384,082	$ 1,881,883
Net income (loss)	$ 69,063	$ 29,176	$ 52,394	$ (41,140)	$ (149,629)	$ 36,054	$ (12,484)	$ (187,083)	$ 109,493	$ (313,142)	$ 104,222
Basic net income (loss) per share	$ 0.32	$ 0.14	$ 0.25	$ (0.19)	$ (0.71)	$ 0.17	$ (0.06)	$ (0.96)	$ 0.52	$ (1.53)	$ 0.55
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$ 0.32	$ 0.14	$ 0.24	$ (0.19)	$ (0.71)	$ 0.17	$ (0.06)	$ (0.96)	$ 0.51	$ (1.53)	$ 0.54
Shares used in computation of basic net income (loss) per share	213,013,000	212,627,000	212,210,000	211,681,000	211,125,000	206,796,000	205,141,000	195,260,000	212,383,000	204,580,000	187,873,000
Shares used in computation of diluted net income (loss) per share	216,042,000	215,964,000	215,103,000	211,681,000	211,125,000	212,610,000	205,141,000	195,260,000	215,635,000	204,580,000	194,125,000

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Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited) - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)
Revenues	$ 528,402	$ 449,683	$ 521,516	$ 382,282	$ 444,156	$ 381,534	$ 326,444	$ 384,082	$ 1,881,883
Product revenues, net
Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)
Revenues	399,200	367,700	365,500	334,500	321,800	322,000	291,700	264,800	1,466,900	$ 1,200,312	$ 882,404
Product royalty revenues
Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)
Revenues									234,780	160,791	110,711
Product royalty revenues | Non-U.S.
Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)
Revenues	69,200	61,900	56,000	47,700	52,300	44,500	34,800	29,200
Milestone and contract revenues
Interim Consolidated Financial Information (Unaudited)
Revenues	$ 60,000	$ 20,000	$ 100,000	$ 0	$ 70,000	$ 15,000	$ 0	$ 90,000	$ 180,000	$ 175,000	$ 112,512