kim20181231_10k.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☑	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission file number 1-10899

Kimco Realty Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland

13-2744380

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3333 New Hyde Park Road, New Hyde Park, NY 11042-0020

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(516) 869-9000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

			Name of each exchange on
Title of each class			which registered

Common Stock, par value $.01 per share.			New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing one-thousandth of a share of 6.000% Class I Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $1.00 par value per share.			New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing one-thousandth of a share of 5.500% Class J Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $1.00 par value per share.			New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing one-thousandth of a share of 5.625% Class K Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $1.00 par value per share.			New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing one-thousandth of a share of 5.125% Class L Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $1.00 par value per share.			New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing one-thousandth of a share of 5.250% Class M Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $1.00 par value per share.			New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

Table of Contents

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $7.0 billion based upon the closing price on the New York Stock Exchange for such equity on June 30, 2018.

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE REGISTRANTS)

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

As of February 6, 2019, the registrant had 421,385,972 shares of common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III incorporates certain information by reference to the Registrant's definitive proxy statement to be filed with respect to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders expected to be held on April 30, 2019.

Index to Exhibits begins on page 43.

Page 1 of 96

Table of Contents

This annual report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”), together with other statements and information publicly disseminated by Kimco Realty Corporation (the “Company”) contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company intends such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and includes this statement for purposes of complying with the safe harbor provisions. Forward-looking statements, which are based on certain assumptions and describe the Company’s future plans, strategies and expectations, are generally identifiable by use of the words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “will,” “target,” “forecast” or similar expressions. You should not rely on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are, in some cases, beyond the Company’s control and could materially affect actual results, performances or achievements. Factors which may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, but are not limited to (i) general adverse economic and local real estate conditions, (ii) the inability of major tenants to continue paying their rent obligations due to bankruptcy, insolvency or a general downturn in their business, (iii) financing risks, such as the inability to obtain equity, debt or other sources of financing or refinancing on favorable terms to the Company, (iv) the Company’s ability to raise capital by selling its assets, (v) changes in governmental laws and regulations and management’s ability to estimate the impact of such changes, (vi) the level and volatility of interest rates and managements’ ability to estimate the impact thereof, (vii) risks related to the Company’s international operations, (viii) the availability of suitable acquisition, disposition, development and redevelopment opportunities, and risks related to acquisitions not performing in accordance with our expectations, (ix) valuation and risks related to the Company’s joint venture and preferred equity investments, (x) valuation of marketable securities and other investments, (xi) increases in operating costs, (xii) changes in the dividend policy for the Company’s common and preferred stock and the Company’s ability to pay dividends at current levels, (xiii) the reduction in the Company’s income in the event of multiple lease terminations by tenants or a failure by multiple tenants to occupy their premises in a shopping center, (xiv) impairment charges, (xv) unanticipated changes in the Company’s intention or ability to prepay certain debt prior to maturity and/or hold certain securities until maturity and (xvi) the risks and uncertainties identified under Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K and in the Company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, there is no assurance that the Company’s expectations will be realized. The Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update the forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are advised to refer to any further disclosures the Company makes or related subjects in the Company’s quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K that the Company files with the SEC.

Kimco Realty Corporation, a Maryland corporation, is one of North America’s largest publicly traded owners and operators of open-air shopping centers. The terms “Kimco,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” each refer to Kimco Realty Corporation and our subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise. The Company’s mission is to create destinations for everyday living that inspire a sense of community and deliver value to our many stakeholders.

The Company is a self-administered real estate investment trust (“REIT”) and has owned and operated open-air shopping centers for over 60 years. The Company has not engaged, nor does it expect to retain, any REIT advisors in connection with the operation of its properties. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had interests in 437 shopping center properties (the “Combined Shopping Center Portfolio”), aggregating 76.3 million square feet of gross leasable area (“GLA”), located in 27 states and Puerto Rico. In addition, the Company had 290 other property interests, primarily through the Company’s preferred equity investments and other real estate investments, totaling 4.7 million square feet of GLA. The Company’s ownership interests in real estate consist of its consolidated portfolio and portfolios where the Company owns an economic interest, such as properties in the Company’s investment real estate management programs, where the Company partners with institutional investors and also retains management.

The Company's executive offices are located at 3333 New Hyde Park Road, New Hyde Park, New York 11042-0020 and its telephone number is (516) 869-9000. Nearly all operating functions, including leasing, legal, construction, data processing, maintenance, finance and accounting are administered by the Company from its executive offices in New Hyde Park, New York and supported by the Company’s regional offices. As of December 31, 2018, a total of 533 persons were employed by the Company.

The Company’s website is located at http://www.kimcorealty.com. The information contained on our website does not constitute part of this Form 10-K. On the Company’s website you can obtain, free of charge, a copy of this Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable, after we file such material electronically with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The public may read and obtain a copy of any materials we file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.

The Company began operations through its predecessor, The Kimco Corporation, which was organized in 1966 upon the contribution of several shopping center properties owned by its principal stockholders. In 1973, these principals formed the Company as a Delaware corporation, and, in 1985, the operations of The Kimco Corporation were merged into the Company. The Company completed its initial public stock offering (the “IPO”) in November 1991, and, commencing with its taxable year which began January 1, 1992, elected to qualify as a REIT in accordance with Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). If, as the Company believes, it is organized and operates in such a manner so as to qualify and remain qualified as a REIT under the Code, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax, provided that distributions to its stockholders equal at least the amount of its REIT taxable income, as defined under the Code. The Company maintains certain subsidiaries which made joint elections with the Company to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”), which permit the Company to engage in certain business activities which the REIT may not conduct directly. A TRS is subject to federal and state income taxes on its income, and the Company includes a provision for taxes in its consolidated financial statements. In 1994, the Company reorganized as a Maryland corporation. In March 2006, the Company was added to the S & P 500 Index, an index containing the stock of 500 Large Cap companies, most of which are U.S. corporations. The Company's common stock, Class I Depositary Shares, Class J Depositary Shares, Class K Depositary Shares, Class L Depositary Shares and Class M Depositary Shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the trading symbols “KIM”, “KIMprI”, “KIMprJ”, “KIMprK”, “KIMprL”, and “KIMprM”, respectively.

The Company began to expand its operations through the development of real estate and the construction of shopping centers but revised its growth strategy to focus on the acquisition of existing shopping centers. The Company also expanded internationally within Canada, Mexico, Chile, Brazil and Peru but has since substantially liquidated its investments in Mexico and has completely exited Canada, Chile, Brazil and Peru. More recently the Company, on a selective basis, has embarked on several ground-up development and re-development projects which include residential and mixed-use components.

The Company implemented its investment real estate management format through the establishment of various institutional joint venture programs, in which the Company has noncontrolling interests. The Company earns management fees, acquisition fees, disposition fees as well as promoted interests based on achieving certain performance metrics.

In addition, the Company has capitalized on its established expertise in retail real estate by establishing other ventures in which the Company owns a smaller equity interest and provides management, leasing and operational support for those properties. The Company has also provided preferred equity capital in the past to real estate entrepreneurs and, from time to time, provides real estate capital and management services to both healthy and distressed retailers. The Company has also made selective investments in secondary market opportunities where a security or other investment is, in management’s judgment, priced below the value of the underlying assets, however these investments are subject to volatility within the equity and debt markets.

Over the past several years, the Company has transformed its portfolio, focusing on major metropolitan-area U.S. markets, predominantly on the East and West coasts and in the Sunbelt region, which are supported by strong demographics, significant projected population growth, and where the Company perceives significant barriers to entry. As of December 31, 2018, the Company derived 81% of its annualized base rent from its top 20 core markets. Since December 2015, when the Company announced this strategic focus, it has disposed of 260 property interests, for an aggregate gross sales price of $3.8 billion, which includes completing its exit from Latin America and Canada and the substantial liquidation of its assets in Mexico.

The Company’s focus on high-quality locations has led to significant opportunities for value creation through the reinvestment in its assets to add density, replace outdated shopping center concepts, and better meet changing consumer demands. Since 2015, the Company has completed 78 redevelopment projects, with a gross investment of $374.8 million and a blended return on investment of 10.0%. In 2018, the Company delivered three Signature Series™ ground-up developments, Grand Parkway Marketplace Phase II, Dania Pointe Phase I, and Lincoln Square, which embody the high-quality characteristics and growth profile of its overall portfolio. The successful completion of Lincoln Square also demonstrates the potential in its residential and mixed-use platform. The Company continues to place strategic emphasis on live/work/play environments and in reinvesting in its existing assets.

The strength and security of the Company’s balance sheet remains central to its strategy. The Company’s strong balance sheet and liquidity position are evidenced by its investment grade unsecured debt ratings (Baa1/BBB+/BBB+) by all three major ratings agencies. The Company maintains one of the longest debt maturity profiles in the REIT industry, now at 10.5 years. The Company has taken meaningful steps to reduce leverage, and its goal is to further improve its debt coverage metrics as redevelopment and development projects continue to come online and contribute additional cash flow growth.

The Company’s primary business objective is to be the premier owner and operator of open-air shopping centers in the U.S. The Company believes it can achieve this objective by:

The Company’s operating strategies are to (i) own and operate its shopping center properties at their highest potential through maximizing and maintaining rental income and occupancy levels, (ii) attract local area customers to its shopping centers, which offer off-price merchandise and day-to-day necessities rather than high-priced luxury items, and (iii) maintain a strong balance sheet.

The Company reduces its operating and leasing risks through diversification achieved by the geographic distribution of its properties and a large tenant base. As of December 31, 2018, no single open-air shopping center accounted for more than 1.8% of the Company's annualized base rental revenues, including the proportionate share of base rental revenues from properties in which the Company has less than a 100% economic interest, or more than 1.7% of the Company’s total shopping center GLA. Furthermore, at December 31, 2018, the Company’s single largest tenant represented only 3.7% and the Company’s five largest tenants aggregated less than 12.2% of the Company’s annualized base rental revenues, including the proportionate share of base rental revenues from properties in which the Company has less than a 100% economic interest.

As one of the original participants in the growth of the shopping center industry and one of the nation's largest owners and operators of open-air shopping centers, the Company has established close relationships with major national and regional retailers and maintains a broad network of industry contacts. Management is associated with and/or actively participates in many shopping center and REIT industry organizations. Notwithstanding these relationships, there are numerous regional and local commercial developers, real estate companies, financial institutions and other investors who compete with the Company for the acquisition of properties and other investment opportunities and in seeking tenants who will lease space in the Company’s properties.

The Company’s investment strategy is to invest capital into high quality assets which are concentrated in major metro markets that provide opportunity for growth while disposing of lesser quality assets in less desirable locations. Through this strategy, the Company has steadily progressed in its transformation of its portfolio and will continue these efforts as deemed necessary to maximize the quality and growth of its portfolio. The properties acquired are primarily located in major metro areas allowing tenants to generate higher foot traffic resulting in higher sales volume. The Company believes that this will enable it to maintain higher occupancy levels, rental rates and rental growth.

The Company’s investment strategy also includes the retail re-tenanting, renovation and expansion of its existing centers and acquired centers, while also pursuing redevelopment opportunities to increase overall value within its portfolio. The Company may selectively acquire established income-producing real estate properties and properties requiring significant re-tenanting and redevelopment, primarily in geographic regions in which the Company presently operates. Additionally, the Company may selectively acquire land parcels in its key markets for real estate development projects for long-term investment. The Company may consider investments in other real estate sectors and in geographic markets where it does not presently operate should suitable opportunities arise. The Company also continues to simplify its business by reducing the number of joint venture investments.

As part of the Company’s investment strategy each property is evaluated for its highest and best use, which may include residential and mixed-use components. In addition, the Company may consider other opportunistic investments related to retailer controlled real estate such as, repositioning underperforming retail locations, retail real estate financing and bankruptcy transaction support. The Company has an active capital recycling program which provides for the disposition of certain properties. If the estimated fair value for any of these assets is less than their net carrying values, the Company would be required to take impairment charges and such amounts could be material.

The Company may either purchase or lease income-producing properties in the future and may also participate with other entities in property ownership through partnerships, joint ventures or similar types of co-ownership. Equity investments may be subject to existing mortgage financing and/or other indebtedness. Financing or other indebtedness may be incurred simultaneously or subsequently in connection with such investments. Any such financing or indebtedness would have priority over the Company’s equity interest in such property.

The Company is focused on building a thriving and sustainable business, one that succeeds by delivering long-term value for its stakeholders. The Company takes pride in how it conducts business, including the positive contribution it makes to communities and its initiatives to safeguard the environment.

By investing in technologies and improved processes, the Company has delivered significant year-over-year reductions in energy consumption across its portfolio of properties, including re-thinking how it controls and lights its parking areas, which reduces negative environmental impacts associated with fossil-fuel based energy sources.

The Company’s responsibility efforts are not limited to promoting operational efficiency. The Company believes that sustainability leadership also requires an understanding of how environmental, social, and governance issues impact both its customers and the organization’s future growth prospects. As a result, it is taking steps to engage with its tenants on these issues and to better understand how the shopping centers it chooses to own and manage can grow in value by viewing them through this unique lens.

To focus the Company’s corporate responsibility efforts, it has established a set of five strategic program priorities:

For the fourth consecutive year, the Company was named to the Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index, remaining the sole U.S. retail owner among eligible companies. The Company also earned the Green Star designation by the Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (“GRESB”) for the fifth year in a row and remains the top-ranked North American company among a peer group of open-air retail property owners. Also, for the first time, the Company achieved perfect scores in the categories of “Management” and “Policy and Disclosure”.

The following table sets forth information with respect to the executive officers of the Company as of December 31, 2018:

We are subject to certain business and legal risks including, but not limited to, the following:

Adverse global market and economic conditions may impede our ability to generate sufficient income and maintain our properties.

Our properties consist primarily of open-air shopping centers and other retail properties. Our performance, therefore, is generally linked to economic conditions in the market for retail space. The economic performance and value of our properties is subject to all of the risks associated with owning and operating real estate, including but not limited to:

Competition may limit our ability to purchase new properties or generate sufficient income from tenants and may decrease the occupancy and rental rates for our properties.

Numerous commercial developers and real estate companies compete with us in seeking tenants for our existing properties and properties for acquisition. New regional malls, open-air lifestyle centers or other retail shopping centers with more convenient locations or better rents may attract tenants or cause them to seek more favorable lease terms at or prior to renewal. Retailers at our properties may face increasing competition from other retailers, e-commerce, outlet malls, discount shopping clubs, direct mail, telemarketing or home shopping networks, all of which could (i) reduce rents payable to us; (ii) reduce our ability to attract and retain tenants at our properties; or (iii) lead to increased vacancy rates at our properties. We may fail to anticipate the effects of changes in consumer buying practices, particularly of growing online sales and the resulting retailing practices and space needs of our tenants or a general downturn in our tenants’ businesses, which may cause tenants to close stores or default in payment of rent.

We face competition in the acquisition or development of real property from others engaged in real estate investment that could increase our costs associated with purchasing and maintaining assets. Some of these competitors may have greater financial resources than we do. This could result in competition for the acquisition of properties for tenants who lease or consider leasing space in our existing and subsequently acquired properties and for other real estate investment or development opportunities.

Our performance depends on our ability to collect rent from tenants, including anchor tenants, our tenants’ financial condition and our tenants maintaining leases for our properties.

At any time, our tenants may experience a downturn in their business that may significantly weaken their financial condition. As a result, our tenants may delay a number of lease commencements, decline to extend or renew leases upon expiration, fail to make rental payments when due, close stores or declare bankruptcy. Any of these actions could result in the termination of tenants’ leases and the loss of rental income attributable to these tenants’ leases. In the event of a default by a tenant, we may experience delays and costs in enforcing our rights as landlord under the terms of the leases.

In addition, multiple lease terminations by tenants, including anchor tenants, or a failure by multiple tenants to occupy their premises in a shopping center could result in lease terminations or significant reductions in rent by other tenants in the same shopping centers under the terms of some leases. In that event, we may be unable to re-lease the vacated space at attractive rents or at all, and our rental payments from our continuing tenants could significantly decrease. The occurrence of any of the situations described above, particularly involving a substantial tenant with leases in multiple locations, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

A tenant that files for bankruptcy protection may not continue to pay us rent. A bankruptcy filing by, or relating to, one of our tenants or a lease guarantor would bar all efforts by us to collect pre-bankruptcy debts from the tenant or the lease guarantor, or their property, unless the bankruptcy court permits us to do so. A tenant bankruptcy could delay our efforts to collect past due balances under the relevant leases and could ultimately preclude collection of these sums. If a lease is rejected by a tenant in bankruptcy, we would have only a general unsecured claim for damages. As a result, it is likely that we would recover substantially less than the full value of any unsecured claims we hold, if at all.

We may be unable to sell our real estate property investments when appropriate or on terms favorable to us.

Real estate property investments are illiquid and generally cannot be disposed of quickly. The capitalization rates at which properties may be sold could be higher than historic rates, thereby reducing our potential proceeds from sale. In addition, the Code restricts a REIT’s ability to dispose of properties that are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. Therefore, we may not be able to vary our portfolio in response to economic or other conditions promptly or on terms favorable to us within a timeframe that we would need. All of these factors reduce our ability to respond to changes in the performance of our investments and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Certain properties we own have a low tax basis, which may result in a taxable gain on sale. We intend to utilize 1031 exchanges to mitigate taxable income; however, there can be no assurance that we will identify properties that meet our investment objectives for acquisitions. In the event that we do not utilize 1031 exchanges, we may be required to distribute the gain proceeds to shareholders or pay income tax, which may reduce our cash flow available to fund our commitments.

We may acquire or develop properties or acquire other real estate related companies, and this may create risks.

We may acquire or develop properties or acquire other real estate related companies when we believe that an acquisition or development is consistent with our business strategies. We may not succeed in consummating desired acquisitions or in completing developments on time or within budget. When we do pursue a project or acquisition, we may not succeed in leasing newly developed or acquired properties at rents sufficient to cover the costs of acquisition or development and operations. Difficulties in integrating acquisitions may prove costly or time-consuming and could divert management’s attention from other activities. Acquisitions or developments in new markets or industries where we do not have the same level of market knowledge may result in poorer than anticipated performance. We may also abandon acquisition or development opportunities that management has begun pursuing and consequently fail to recover expenses already incurred and will have devoted management’s time to a matter not consummated. Furthermore, our acquisitions of new properties or companies will expose us to the liabilities of those properties or companies, some of which we may not be aware of at the time of the acquisition. In addition, development of our existing properties presents similar risks.

Newly acquired or re-developed properties may have characteristics or deficiencies currently unknown to us that affect their value or revenue potential. It is also possible that the operating performance of these properties may decline under our management. As we acquire additional properties, we will be subject to risks associated with managing new properties, including lease-up and tenant retention. In addition, our ability to manage our growth effectively will require us to successfully integrate our new acquisitions into our existing management structure. We may not succeed with this integration or effectively manage additional properties, particularly in secondary markets. Also, newly acquired properties may not perform as expected.

Unsuccessful real estate under development activities or a slowdown in real estate under development activities could have a direct impact on our growth, results of operations and cash flows.

Real estate under development is a component of our operating and investment strategy. We intend to continue pursuing select real estate under development opportunities for long-term investment and construction of retail, residential and/or mixed-use properties as opportunities arise. We expect to phase in construction until sufficient preleasing is reached. Our real estate under development and construction activities include the following risks:

Additionally, new real estate under development activities typically require substantial time and attention from management, and the time frame required for development, construction and lease-up of these properties could require several years to realize any significant cash return. The foregoing risks could hinder our growth and have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We face risks associated with the development of mixed-use commercial properties.

We operate, are currently developing, and may in the future develop, properties either alone or through joint ventures with other persons that are known as “mixed-use” developments. This means that in addition to the development of retail space, the project may also include space for residential, office, hotel or other commercial purposes. We have less experience in developing and managing non-retail real estate than we do with retail real estate. As a result, if a development project includes a non-retail use, we may seek to develop that component ourselves, sell the rights to that component to a third-party developer with experience developing properties for such use or partner with such a developer. If we do not sell the rights or partner with such a developer, or if we choose to develop the other component ourselves, we would be exposed not only to those risks typically associated with the development of commercial real estate generally, but also to specific risks associated with the development and ownership of non-retail real estate. In addition, even if we sell the rights to develop the other component or elect to participate in the development through a joint venture, we may be exposed to the risks associated with the failure of the other party to complete the development as expected. These include the risk that the other party would default on its obligations necessitating that we complete the other component ourselves (including providing any necessary financing). In the case of residential properties, these risks include competition for prospective residents from other operators whose properties may be perceived to offer a better location or better amenities or whose rent may be perceived as a better value given the quality, location and amenities that the resident seeks. We will also compete against condominiums and single-family homes that are for sale or rent. In the case of office properties, the risks also include changes in space utilization by tenants due to technology, economic conditions and business culture, declines in financial condition of these tenants and competition for credit worthy office tenants. In the case of hotel properties, the risks also include increases in inflation and utilities that may not be offset by increases in room rates. We are also dependent on business and commercial travelers and tourism. Because we have less experience with residential, office and hotel properties than with retail properties, we expect to retain third parties to manage our residential properties. If we decide to not sell or participate in a joint venture and instead hire a third-party manager, we would be dependent on them and their key personnel who provide services to us and we may not find a suitable replacement if the management agreement is terminated, or if key personnel leave or otherwise become unavailable to us.

Construction and development projects are subject to risks that materially increase the costs of completion.

In the event that we decide to develop and construct new properties or redevelop existing properties, we will be subject to risks and uncertainties associated with construction and development. These risks include, but are not limited to, risks related to obtaining all necessary zoning, land-use, building occupancy and other governmental permits and authorizations, risks related to the environmental concerns of government entities or community groups, risks related to changes in economic and market conditions between development commencement and stabilization, risks related to construction labor disruptions, adverse weather, acts of God or shortages of materials which could cause construction delays and risks related to increases in the cost of labor and materials which could cause construction costs to be greater than projected and adversely impact the amount of our development fees or our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We do not have exclusive control over our joint venture and preferred equity investments, such that we are unable to ensure that our objectives will be pursued.

We have invested in some properties as a co-venturer or partner, instead of owning directly. In these investments, we do not have exclusive control over the development, financing, leasing, management and other aspects of these investments. As a result, the co-venturer or partner might have interests or goals that are inconsistent with ours, take action contrary to our interests or otherwise impede our objectives. These investments involve risks and uncertainties. The co-venturer or partner may fail to provide capital or fulfill its obligations, which may result in certain liabilities to us for guarantees and other commitments. Conflicts arising between us and our partners may be difficult to manage and/or resolve and it could be difficult to manage or otherwise monitor the existing business arrangements. The co-venturer or partner also might become insolvent or bankrupt, which may result in significant losses to us.

In addition, joint venture arrangements may decrease our ability to manage risk and implicate additional risks, such as:

Our joint venture and preferred equity investments generally own real estate properties for which the economic performance and value is subject to all the risks associated with owning and operating real estate as described above.

We may not be able to recover our investments in mortgage receivables or other investments, which may result in significant losses to us.

In the event of a default by a borrower, it may be necessary for us to foreclose our mortgage or engage in costly negotiations. Delays in liquidating defaulted mortgage loans and repossessing and selling the underlying properties could reduce our investment returns. Furthermore, in the event of default, the actual value of the property securing the mortgage may decrease. A decline in real estate values will adversely affect the value of our loans and the value of the mortgages securing our loans.

Our mortgage receivables may be or become subordinated to mechanics' or materialmen's liens or property tax liens. In these instances, we may need to protect a particular investment by making payments to maintain the current status of a prior lien or discharge it entirely. Where that occurs, the total amount we recover may be less than our total investment, resulting in a loss. In the event of a major loan default or several loan defaults resulting in losses, our investments in mortgage receivables would be materially and adversely affected.

The economic performance and value of our other investments which we do not control and are in retail operations, are subject to risks associated with owning and operating retail businesses, including:

A decline in the value of our other investments may require us to recognize an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) against such assets. When the fair value of an investment is determined to be less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date, we assess whether the decline is temporary or other-than-temporary. If we intend to sell an impaired asset, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the impaired asset before any anticipated recovery, then we must recognize an OTTI through charges to earnings equal to the entire difference between the asset’s amortized cost and its fair value at the balance sheet date. When an OTTI is recognized through earnings, a new cost basis is established for the asset and the new cost basis may not be adjusted through earnings for subsequent recoveries in fair value.

We intend to continue to sell our non-strategic assets and may not be able to recover our investments, which may result in significant losses to us.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to recover the current carrying amount of all of our non-strategic properties and investments and those of our unconsolidated joint ventures in the future. Our failure to do so would require us to recognize impairment charges for the period in which we reached that conclusion, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have substantially completed our efforts to exit our investments in Mexico, South America and Canada, however, we cannot predict the impact of laws and regulations affecting these international operations, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the potential that we may face regulatory sanctions.

Our international operations have included properties in Canada, Mexico, Chile, Brazil and Peru and are subject to a variety of United States and foreign laws and regulations, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and foreign tax laws and regulations. Although we have substantially completed our efforts to exit our investments in Mexico, South America and Canada, we cannot assure you that our past or any current international operations will continue to be found to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. In addition, we cannot predict the manner in which such laws or regulations might be administered or interpreted, or when, or the potential that we may face regulatory sanctions or tax audits as a result of our international operations.

We face risks relating to cybersecurity attacks which could adversely affect our business, cause loss of confidential information and disrupt operations.

A cyber incident is considered to be any adverse event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information resources. More specifically, a cyber incident is an intentional attack or an unintentional event that can include gaining unauthorized access to systems to disrupt operations, corrupt data, or steal confidential information. We may face cyber incidents and security breaches through malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a cybersecurity breach or disruption, particularly through a cyber incident, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging.

While we maintain some of our own critical information technology systems, we also depend on third parties to provide important information technology services relating to several key business functions, such as payroll, human resources, electronic communications and certain finance functions. Our measures to prevent, detect and mitigate these threats, including password protection, firewalls, backup servers, threat monitoring and periodic penetration testing, may not be successful in preventing a data breach or limiting the effects of a breach. Furthermore, the security measures employed by third-party service providers may prove to be ineffective at preventing breaches of their systems.

The primary risks that could directly result from the occurrence of a cyber incident include operational interruption, damage to our relationship with our tenants, and private data exposure. Our financial results may be negatively impacted by such an incident or resulting negative media attention.

Moreover, cyber incidents perpetrated against our tenants, including unauthorized access to customers’ credit card data and other confidential information, could diminish consumer confidence and consumer spending and negatively impact our business.

We may be subject to liability under environmental laws, ordinances and regulations.

Under various federal, state, and local laws, ordinances and regulations, we may be considered an owner or operator of real property and may be responsible for paying for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances released on or in our property, as well as certain other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including governmental fines and injuries to persons and property). This liability may be imposed whether or not we knew about, or were responsible for, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances.

Natural disasters and severe weather conditions could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our operations are located in areas that are subject to natural disasters and severe weather conditions such as hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes, snow storms, floods and fires. The occurrence of natural disasters or severe weather conditions can delay new development projects, increase investment costs to repair or replace damaged properties, increase operation costs, increase costs for future property insurance, negatively impact the tenant demand for lease space and cause substantial damages or losses to our properties which could exceed any applicable insurance coverage. If insurance is unavailable to us or is unavailable on acceptable terms, or if our insurance is not adequate to cover business interruption or losses from these events, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.

We may be unable to obtain financing through the debt and equities market, which would have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, our results of operations and our financial condition.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to access the credit and/or equity markets to obtain additional debt or equity financing or that we will be able to obtain financing on terms favorable to us. The inability to obtain financing on a timely basis could have negative effects on our business, such as:

Adverse changes in our credit ratings could impair our ability to obtain additional debt and equity financing on terms favorable to us, if at all, and could significantly reduce the market price of our publicly traded securities.

We are subject to financial covenants that may restrict our operating and acquisition activities.

Our revolving credit facility and the indentures under which our senior unsecured debt is issued contain certain financial and operating covenants, including, among other things, certain coverage ratios and limitations on our ability to incur debt, make dividend payments, sell all or substantially all of our assets and engage in mergers and consolidations and certain acquisitions. These covenants may restrict our ability to pursue certain business initiatives or certain acquisition transactions that might otherwise be advantageous. In addition, failure to meet any of the financial covenants could cause an event of default under our revolving credit facility and the indentures and/or accelerate some or all of our indebtedness, which would have a material adverse effect on us.

Impacts from transition away from London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”).

A portion of our long-term indebtedness bears interest at fluctuating interest rates based on LIBOR for deposits of U.S. dollars. LIBOR and certain other interest “benchmarks” may be subject to regulatory guidance and/or reform that could cause interest rates under our current or future debt agreements to perform differently than in the past or cause other unanticipated consequences. The United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, has announced that it intends to stop encouraging or requiring banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021, and it is unclear if LIBOR will cease to exist or if new methods of calculating LIBOR will evolve. If LIBOR ceases to exist or if the methods of calculating LIBOR change from their current form, interest rates on our current or future indebtedness may be adversely affected.

Changes in market conditions could adversely affect the market price of our publicly traded securities.

The market price of our publicly traded securities depends on various market conditions, which may change from time-to-time. Among the market conditions that may affect the market price of our publicly traded securities are the following:

The decision to declare and pay dividends on our common stock in the future, as well as the timing, amount and composition of any such future dividends, will be at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings, operating cash flows, liquidity, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual prohibitions or other limitations under our indebtedness including preferred stock, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code, state law and such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant or are requirements under the Code or state or federal laws. Any negative change in our dividend policy could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT and Related U.S. Federal Income Tax Matters

Loss of our tax status as a REIT or changes in U.S. federal income tax laws, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions relating to REITs could have significant adverse consequences to us and the value of our securities.

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the Code. We believe that we are organized and operate in a manner that has allowed us to qualify and will allow us to remain qualified as a REIT under the Code. However, there can be no assurance that we have qualified or will continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions, for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. The rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and U.S. Department of the Treasury. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect our investors or us. New legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively change the tax laws with respect to qualification as a REIT, the U.S. federal income tax consequences of such qualification or the desirability of an investment in a REIT relative to other investments.

In order to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy a number of requirements, including requirements regarding the composition of our assets and a requirement that at least 95% of our gross income in any year be derived from qualifying sources, such as “rents from real property.” Also, we must make distributions to stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains. Furthermore, we own a direct or indirect interest in certain subsidiary REITs which elected to be taxed as REITs for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the Code. Provided that each subsidiary REIT qualifies as a REIT, our interest in such subsidiary REIT will be treated as a qualifying real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests. To qualify as a REIT, the subsidiary REIT must independently satisfy all of the REIT qualification requirements. The failure of a subsidiary REIT to qualify as a REIT could have an adverse effect on our ability to comply with the REIT income and asset tests, and thus our ability to qualify as a REIT.

If we lose our REIT status, we will face serious tax consequences that will substantially reduce the funds available to pay dividends to stockholders for each of the years involved because:

Moreover, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted on December 22, 2017, has significantly changed the U.S. federal income taxation of U.S. businesses and their owners, including REITs and their stockholders. Changes made by the legislation that could affect us and our stockholders include:

Many of these changes are effective immediately, without any transition periods or grandfathering for existing transactions. The legislation is unclear in many respects and could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections, as well as interpretations and implementing regulations by the Treasury and IRS, any of which could lessen or increase certain adverse impacts of the legislation. In addition, it is unclear how these U.S. federal income tax changes will affect state and local taxation, which often uses U.S. federal taxable income as a starting point for computing state and local tax liabilities.

While some of the changes made by the tax legislation may adversely affect us in one or more reporting periods and prospectively, other changes may be beneficial on a going forward basis. We continue to work with our tax advisors to determine the full impact that the recent tax legislation as a whole will have on us. We urge our investors to consult with their legal and tax advisors with respect to such legislation and the potential tax consequences of investing in our common stock.

Our failure to qualify as a REIT or new legislation or changes in U.S. federal income tax laws (including interpretations and regulations with respect to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act), and with respect to qualification as a REIT or the tax consequences of such qualification, could also impair our ability to expand our business or raise capital and have a materially adverse effect on the value of our securities.

To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions, and the unavailability of such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, may cause us to curtail our investment activities and/or to dispose of assets at inopportune times, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and per share trading price of our common stock.

To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our net taxable income each year, excluding net capital gains, and we will be subject to regular corporate income taxes on the amount we distribute that is less than 100% of our net taxable income each year, including capital gains. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions paid by us in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. While we have historically satisfied these distribution requirements by making cash distributions to our stockholders, a REIT is permitted to satisfy these requirements by making distributions of cash or other property, including, in limited circumstances, its own stock. Assuming we continue to satisfy these distribution requirements with cash, we may need to borrow funds to meet the REIT distribution requirements and avoid the payment of income and excise taxes even if the then prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. These borrowing needs could result from differences in timing between the actual receipt of cash and inclusion of income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or the effect of non-deductible capital expenditures, the creation of cash reserves or required debt or amortization payments. These sources, however, may not be available on favorable terms or at all. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends on a number of factors, including the market's perception of our growth potential, our current debt levels, the market price of our common stock, and our current and potential future earnings. We cannot assure you that we will have access to such capital on favorable terms at the desired times, or at all, which may cause us to curtail our investment activities and/or to dispose of assets at inopportune times, and could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and per share trading price of our common stock.

The tax imposed on REITs engaging in “prohibited transactions” may limit our ability to engage in transactions which would be treated as sales for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

A REIT's net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although we do not intend to hold any properties that would be characterized as held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business, unless a sale or disposition qualifies under certain statutory safe harbors, such characterization is a factual determination and no guarantee can be given that the IRS would agree with our characterization of our properties or that we will always be able to make use of the available safe harbors.

Real Estate Portfolio. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had interests in 437 shopping center properties aggregating 76.3 million square feet of GLA located in 27 states and Puerto Rico. In addition, the Company had 290 other property interests, primarily through the Company’s preferred equity investments and other real estate investments, totaling 4.7 million square feet of GLA. The Company’s portfolio is used by its single reportable segment. Open-air shopping centers comprise the primary focus of the Company's current portfolio. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s Combined Shopping Center Portfolio, including noncontrolling interests, was 95.6% leased.

The Company's open-air shopping center properties, which are generally owned and operated through subsidiaries or joint ventures, had an average size of 174,108 square feet as of December 31, 2018. The Company generally retains its shopping centers for long-term investment and consequently pursues a program of regular physical maintenance together with redevelopment, major renovations and refurbishing to preserve and increase the value of its properties. This includes renovating existing facades, installing uniform signage, resurfacing parking lots and enhancing parking lot lighting. During 2018, the Company expended $290.9 million in connection with these property improvements as well as tenant improvements while expensing $29.7 million to operations.

The Company's management believes its experience in the real estate industry and its relationships with numerous national and regional tenants gives it an advantage in an industry where ownership is fragmented among a large number of property owners. The Company's open-air shopping centers are usually "anchored" by a grocery store, off-price retailer, discounter or service-oriented tenant. As one of the original participants in the growth of the shopping center industry and one of the nation's largest owners and operators of shopping centers, the Company has established close relationships with a large number of major national and regional retailers. Some of the major national and regional companies that are tenants in the Company's shopping center properties include TJX Companies, The Home Depot, Ahold Delhaize, Petsmart, Albertsons, Ross Stores, Whole Foods Market, Walmart, Bed Bath & Beyond and Kohl’s.

The Company reduces its operating and leasing risks through diversification achieved by the geographic distribution of its properties and a large tenant base. As of December 31, 2018, no single open-air shopping center accounted for more than 1.8% of the Company's annualized base rental revenues, including the proportionate share of base rental revenues from properties in which the Company has less than a 100% economic interest, or more than 1.7% of the Company’s total shopping center GLA. At December 31, 2018, the Company’s five largest tenants were TJX Companies, The Home Depot, Ahold Delhaize, Petsmart and Albertsons, which represented 3.7%, 2.6%, 2.2%, 1.9% and 1.8%, respectively, of the Company’s annualized base rental revenues, including the proportionate share of base rental revenues from properties in which the Company has less than a 100% economic interest.

A substantial portion of the Company's income consists of rent received under long-term leases. Most of the leases provide for the payment of fixed-base rentals monthly in advance and for the payment by tenants of an allocable share of the real estate taxes, insurance, utilities and common area maintenance expenses incurred in operating the shopping centers (certain of the leases provide for the payment of a fixed-rate reimbursement of these such expenses). Although many of the leases require the Company to make roof and structural repairs as needed, a number of tenant leases place that responsibility on the tenant, and the Company's standard small store lease provides for reimbursements by the tenant as part of common area maintenance. Additionally, many of the leases provide for reimbursements by the tenant of capital expenditures.

Minimum base rental revenues and operating expense reimbursements accounted for 98% and other revenues, including percentage rents, accounted for 2% of the Company's total revenues from rental properties for the year ended December 31, 2018. The Company's management believes that the base rent per leased square foot for many of the Company's existing leases is generally lower than the prevailing market-rate base rents in the geographic regions where the Company operates, reflecting the potential for future growth. Additionally, a majority of the Company’s leases have provisions requiring contractual rent increases. The Company’s leases may also include escalation clauses, which provide for increases based upon changes in the consumer price index or similar inflation indices.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s consolidated operating portfolio, comprised of 53.0 million square feet of GLA, was 95.8% leased. The consolidated operating portfolio consists entirely of properties located in the U.S., inclusive of Puerto Rico. For the period January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018, the Company increased the average base rent per leased square foot, which includes the impact of tenant concessions, in its consolidated portfolio of open-air shopping centers from $15.43 to $16.22, an increase of $0.79. This increase primarily consists of (i) a $0.32 increase relating to new leases signed net of leases vacated and rent step-ups within the portfolio, (ii) a $0.38 increase relating to dispositions, and (iii) a $0.09 increase relating to acquisitions and stabilized development projects.

The Company has a total of 5,624 leases in the consolidated operating portfolio. The following table sets forth the aggregate lease expirations for each of the next ten years, assuming no renewal options are exercised. For purposes of the table, the Total Annual Base Rent Expiring represents annualized rental revenue, excluding the impact of straight-line rent, for each lease that expires during the respective year. Amounts in thousands except for number of lease data:

During 2018, the Company executed 1,046 leases totaling over 7.6 million square feet in the Company’s consolidated operating portfolio comprised of 388 new leases and 658 renewals and options. The leasing costs associated with these leases are estimated to aggregate $73.4 million or $27.63 per square foot. These costs include $56.3 million of tenant improvements and $17.1 million of leasing commissions. The average rent per square foot on new leases was $18.03 and on renewals and options was $17.00. The Company will seek to obtain rents that are higher than amounts within its expiring leases, however, there are many variables and uncertainties which can significantly affect the leasing market at any time; as such, the Company cannot guarantee that future leases will continue to be signed for rents that are equal to or higher than current amounts.

Ground-Leased Properties. The Company has interests in 31 consolidated shopping center properties that are subject to long-term ground leases where a third party owns and has leased the underlying land to the Company to construct and/or operate a shopping center. The Company pays rent for the use of the land and generally is responsible for all costs and expenses associated with the building and improvements. At the end of these long-term leases, unless extended, the land together with all improvements reverts to the landowner (See Footnote 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K, New Accounting Pronouncements- Leases).

More specific information with respect to each of the Company's property interests is set forth in Exhibit 99.1, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The Company is not presently involved in any litigation nor, to its knowledge, is any litigation threatened against the Company or its subsidiaries that, in management's opinion, would result in any material adverse effect on the Company's ownership, management or operation of its properties taken as a whole, or which is not covered by the Company's liability insurance.

Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information: The Company’s common stock is traded on the NYSE under the trading symbol "KIM".

Holders: The number of holders of record of the Company's common stock, par value $0.01 per share, was 2,122 as of January 31, 2019.

Dividends: Since the IPO, the Company has paid regular quarterly cash dividends to its stockholders. While the Company intends to continue paying regular quarterly cash dividends, future dividend declarations will be paid at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on the actual cash flows of the Company, its financial condition, capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. The Company’s Board of Directors will continue to evaluate the Company’s dividend policy on a quarterly basis as they monitor sources of capital and evaluate operating fundamentals. The Company is required by the Code to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income. The actual cash flow available to pay dividends will be affected by a number of factors, including the revenues received from operating properties, the operating expenses of the Company, the interest expense on its borrowings, the ability of lessees to meet their obligations to the Company, the ability to refinance near-term debt maturities and any unanticipated capital expenditures.

In addition to its common stock offerings, the Company has capitalized on the growth in its business through the issuance of unsecured fixed and floating-rate medium-term notes, underwritten bonds, unsecured bank debt, mortgage debt and construction loans, convertible preferred stock and perpetual preferred stock. Borrowings under the Company's revolving credit facility have also been an interim source of funds to both finance the purchase of properties and other investments and meet any short-term working capital requirements. The various instruments governing the Company's issuance of its unsecured public debt, bank debt, mortgage debt and preferred stock impose certain restrictions on the Company regarding dividends, voting, liquidation and other preferential rights available to the holders of such instruments. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Footnotes 12, 13 and 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.

The Company does not believe that the preferential rights available to the holders of its Class I Preferred Stock, Class J Preferred Stock, Class K Preferred Stock, Class L Preferred Stock and Class M Preferred Stock, the financial covenants contained in its public bond indentures, as amended, or its revolving credit agreements will have an adverse impact on the Company's ability to pay dividends in the normal course to its common stockholders or to distribute amounts necessary to maintain its qualification as a REIT.

The Company maintains a dividend reinvestment and direct stock purchase plan (the "Plan") pursuant to which common and preferred stockholders and other interested investors may elect to automatically reinvest their dividends to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock or, through optional cash payments, purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company may, from time-to-time, either (i) purchase shares of its common stock in the open market or (ii) issue new shares of its common stock for the purpose of fulfilling its obligations under the Plan.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities: During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased 278,566 shares for an aggregate purchase price of $4.3 million (weighted average price of $15.44 per share) in connection with common shares surrendered or deemed surrendered to the Company to satisfy statutory minimum tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards under the Company’s equity-based compensation plans. In addition, during February 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program, which is effective for a term of two years, pursuant to which the Company may repurchase shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, with an aggregate gross purchase price of up to $300.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased 5,100,000 shares for an aggregate purchase price of $75.1 million (weighted average price of $14.72 per share). These repurchased shares are no longer outstanding.

Total Stockholder Return Performance: The following performance chart compares, over the five years ended December 31, 2018, the cumulative total stockholder return on the Company’s common stock with the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Index and the cumulative total return of the FTSE NAREIT All Equity REITs Index (the “FTSE NAREIT Equity REITs”) prepared and published by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”). The FTSE NAREIT Equity REITs is a free-float adjusted, market capitalization-weighted index of U.S. equity REITs. Constituents of the index include all tax-qualified REITs with more than 50% of total assets in qualifying real estate assets other than mortgages secured by real property.

Stockholder return performance, presented annually for the five years ended December 31, 2018, is not necessarily indicative of future results. All stockholder return performance assumes the reinvestment of dividends. The information in this paragraph and the following performance chart are deemed to be furnished, not filed.

The following table sets forth selected, historical, consolidated financial data for the Company and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and Notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in this Form 10-K.

The Company believes that the book value of its real estate assets, which reflects the historical costs of such real estate assets less accumulated depreciation, is not indicative of the current market value of its properties. Historical operating results are not necessarily indicative of future operating performance.

(2) Amounts exclude noncontrolling interests and amounts reflected in discontinued operations.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in this Form 10-K. Historical results and percentage relationships set forth in the Consolidated Statements of Income contained in the Consolidated Financial Statements, including trends, should not be taken as indicative of future operations.

The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and all entities in which the Company has a controlling interest, including where the Company has been determined to be a primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity in accordance with the consolidation guidance of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). The Company applies these provisions to each of its joint venture investments to determine whether the cost, equity or consolidation method of accounting is appropriate. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes. In preparing these financial statements, management has made its best estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. These estimates are based on, but not limited to, historical results, industry standards and current economic conditions, giving due consideration to materiality. The most significant assumptions and estimates relate to revenue recognition and the recoverability of trade accounts receivable, depreciable lives, valuation of real estate, including real estate under development, and intangible assets and liabilities, valuation of joint venture investments and other investments, and realizability of deferred tax assets and uncertain tax positions. Application of these assumptions requires the exercise of judgment as to future uncertainties, and, as a result, actual results could materially differ from these estimates.

The Company is required to make subjective assessments as to whether there are impairments in the value of its real estate properties, investments in joint ventures, marketable securities and other investments. The Company’s reported net earnings are directly affected by management’s estimate of impairments.

The Company’s primary source of revenue is derived from property leases which produce the Company’s Revenues from rental properties, Reimbursement income and Other rental property income. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), using the modified retrospective method. The adoption of this standard did not result in any material changes to the Company’s revenue recognition (See Footnote 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K).

Revenues from rental properties are comprised of minimum base rent, percentage rent, lease termination fee income, amortization of above-market and below-market rent adjustments and straight-line rent adjustments. Base rental revenues from rental properties are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases. Certain of these leases also provide for percentage rents based upon the level of sales achieved by the lessee. These percentage rents are recognized once the required sales level is achieved. Rental income may also include payments received in connection with lease termination agreements. Lease termination fee income is recognized when the lessee provides consideration in order to terminate an existing lease agreement and has vacated the leased space. The performance obligation of the Company is the termination of the lease agreement which occurs upon consideration received and execution of the termination agreement. Upon acquisition of real estate operating properties, the Company estimates the fair value of identified intangible assets and liabilities (including above-market and below-market leases, where applicable). The capitalized above-market or below-market intangible asset or liability is amortized to rental income over the estimated remaining term of the respective leases, which includes the expected renewal option period for below-market leases.

Leases typically provide for reimbursement to the Company of common area maintenance costs (“CAM”), real estate taxes and other operating expenses. Operating expense reimbursements are recognized as earned.

The Company makes estimates of the uncollectable trade accounts receivables related to base rents, straight-line rent, expense reimbursements and other revenues. The Company analyzes accounts receivable and historical bad debt levels, customer credit worthiness and current economic trends when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. In addition, tenants in bankruptcy are analyzed and estimates are made in connection with the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims. The Company’s reported net earnings are directly affected by management’s estimate of the collectability of trade accounts receivable.

The Company’s investments in real estate properties are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. Significant renovations and replacements, which improve and extend the life of the asset, are capitalized.

The Company capitalizes acquisition costs related to real estate operating properties, which qualify as asset acquisitions. Also, upon acquisition of real estate operating properties, the Company estimates the fair value of acquired tangible assets (consisting of land, building, building improvements and tenant improvements) and identified intangible assets and liabilities (consisting of above and below-market leases, in-place leases, and tenant relationships, where applicable), assumed debt and redeemable units issued at the date of acquisition, based on evaluation of information and estimates available at that date. Fair value is determined based on a market approach, which contemplates the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

Depreciation and amortization are provided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

The Company is required to make subjective assessments as to the useful lives of its properties for purposes of determining the amount of depreciation to reflect on an annual basis with respect to those properties. These assessments have a direct impact on the Company’s net earnings.

Valuation of real estate, including real estate under development, and intangible assets and liabilities

On a continuous basis, management assesses whether there are any indicators, including property operating performance, changes in anticipated holding period, general market conditions and delays of development, that the value of the real estate properties (including any related amortizable intangible assets or liabilities) may be impaired. A property value is considered impaired only if management’s estimate of current and projected operating cash flows, net of anticipated construction and leasing costs, (undiscounted and unleveraged) of the property over its anticipated hold period is less than the net carrying value of the property. Such cash flow projections consider factors such as expected future costs of materials and labor, operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other factors. To the extent impairment has occurred, the carrying value of the property would be adjusted to reflect the estimated fair value of the property. The Company’s estimated fair values are based upon a discounted cash flow model for each property that includes all estimated cash inflows and outflows over a specified holding period. Capitalization rates, discount rates and credit spreads utilized in these models are based upon rates that the Company believes to be within a reasonable range of current market rates.

When a real estate asset is identified by management as held-for-sale, the Company ceases depreciation of the asset and estimates the sales price of such asset net of selling costs. If, in management’s opinion, the net sales price of the asset is less than the net book value of such asset, an adjustment to the carrying value would be recorded to reflect the estimated fair value of the property.

The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures under the equity method of accounting as the Company exercises significant influence, but does not control, these entities. These investments are recorded initially at cost and are subsequently adjusted for cash contributions and distributions. Earnings for each investment are recognized in accordance with each respective investment agreement and, where applicable, are based upon an allocation of the investment’s net assets at book value as if the investment was hypothetically liquidated at the end of each reporting period.

The Company’s joint ventures and other real estate investments primarily consist of co-investments with institutional and other joint venture partners in open-air shopping center properties, consistent with its core business. These joint ventures typically obtain non-recourse third-party financing on their property investments, thus contractually limiting the Company’s exposure to losses to the amount of its equity investment, and, due to the lender’s exposure to losses, a lender typically will require a minimum level of equity in order to mitigate its risk. From time to time the joint ventures will obtain unsecured debt, which may be guaranteed by the joint venture. The Company’s exposure to losses associated with its unconsolidated joint ventures is primarily limited to its carrying value in these investments.

On a continuous basis, management assesses whether there are any indicators, including property operating performance and general market conditions, that the value of the Company’s investments in unconsolidated joint ventures may be impaired. An investment’s value is impaired only if management’s estimate of the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value of the investment and such difference is deemed to be other-than-temporary. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss will be measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the investment over the estimated fair value of the investment.

The Company’s estimated fair values are based upon a discounted cash flow model for each joint venture that includes all estimated cash inflows and outflows over a specified holding period and, where applicable, any estimated debt premiums. Capitalization rates, discount rates and credit spreads utilized in these models are based upon rates that the Company believes to be within a reasonable range of current market rates.

The Company is subject to federal, state and local income taxes on the income from its activities relating to its TRS activities and subject to local taxes on certain non-U.S. investments. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized based on future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply in the years in which temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period when the changes are enacted.

A reduction of the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance is required, if based on the evidence available, it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance, which requires significant judgement from management, should be sufficient to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The Company’s reported net earnings are directly affected by management’s judgement in determining a valuation allowance.

The Company recognizes and measures benefits for uncertain tax positions, which requires significant judgment from management. Although the Company believes it has adequately reserved for any uncertain tax positions, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different. The Company adjusts these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. Changes in the recognition or measurement of uncertain tax positions could result in material increases or decreases in the Company’s income tax expense in the period in which a change is made, which could have a material impact on operating results (see Footnote 21 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K).

Kimco Realty Corporation is one of North America’s largest publicly traded owners and operators of open-air shopping centers. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had interests in 437 shopping center properties aggregating 76.3 million square feet of GLA located in 27 states and Puerto Rico. In addition, the Company had 290 other property interests, primarily through the Company’s preferred equity investments and other real estate investments, totaling 4.7 million square feet of GLA.

The executive officers are engaged in the day-to-day management and operation of real estate exclusively with the Company, with nearly all operating functions, including leasing, asset management, maintenance, construction, legal, finance and accounting, administered by the Company.

The following highlights the Company’s significant transactions, events and results that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2018:

Acquisition and Development Activity (see Footnotes 3 and 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K):

Disposition Activity (see Footnote 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K):

Capital Activity (for additional details see Liquidity and Capital Resources below):

The Company faces external factors which may influence its future results from operations. The convenience and availability of e-commerce has continued to have an impact on the retail sector, which could affect our ability to increase or maintain rental rates and our ability to renew expiring leases and/or lease available space. To mitigate the effect of e-commerce on its business, the Company’s strategy has been to attract local area customers to its properties by providing a diverse and robust tenant base across a variety of retailers, including grocery stores, off-price retailers, discounters or service-oriented tenants, which offer off-price merchandise and day-to-day necessities rather than high-priced luxury items. In addition, the Company’s strategy includes investing capital into high quality assets, which are concentrated in major metro markets, allowing our tenants to generate higher foot traffic resulting in higher sales volume while also disposing of lesser quality assets in less desirable locations. For a further discussion of these and other factors that could impact our future results, performance or transactions, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

The Company continues to take steps to strengthen its portfolio in the rapidly changing retail environment. The Company intends to continue to dispose of assets outside its core markets, which will allow it to concentrate its presence in target coastal markets by completing development projects underway and continuing to invest in redevelopment, ultimately producing a stronger portfolio for sustained long-term growth.

The following table presents the comparative results from the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to the corresponding period in 2017 (in thousands, except per share data):

Net income available to the Company’s common shareholders was $439.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $372.5 million for the comparable period in 2017. On a diluted per share basis, net income available to the Company’s common shareholders for year ended December 31, 2018, was $1.02 as compared to $0.87 for the comparable period in 2017. For additional disclosure, see Footnote 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.

The following describes the changes of certain line items included in Net income available to the Company’s common shareholders on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income, which it believes represent items that have significant changes during the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to the corresponding periods in 2017:

The decrease in Revenues from rental properties of $30.3 million is primarily from the combined effect of (i) a decrease in revenues of $63.2 million from properties sold during 2018 and 2017, partially offset by (ii) the completion of certain development/redevelopment projects, tenant buyouts and net growth in the current portfolio, which provided incremental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 of $21.6 million, as compared to the corresponding period in 2017, and (iii) the acquisition/consolidation of operating properties during 2018 and 2017, which provided incremental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 of $11.3 million, as compared to the corresponding period in 2017.

Real estate taxes decreased $3.9 million primarily due to (i) a decrease of $12.0 million resulting from properties sold during 2018 and 2017, partially offset by (ii) an overall net increase of $6.4 million primarily due to increases in property tax rates and assessments during 2018, as compared to 2017 and (iii) an increase of $1.7 million related to the acquisition/consolidation of operating properties during 2018 and 2017.

The decrease in Operating and maintenance of $5.3 million is primarily from the combined effect of (i) a decrease in operating costs of $9.4 million from properties sold during 2018 and 2017, partially offset by (ii) an increase of $2.5 million related to the acquisition/consolidation of operating properties and (iii) an increase of $1.6 million primarily related to snow removal costs.

The decrease in General and administrative costs of $3.9 million is primarily due to a decrease in personnel costs and consulting fees.

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized impairment charges related to adjustments to property carrying values of $79.2 million and $67.3 million, respectively, for which the Company’s estimated fair values were primarily based upon (i) signed contracts or letters of intent from third party offers, (ii) discounted cash flow models or (iii) third party appraisal. These adjustments to property carrying values were recognized in connection with the Company’s efforts to market certain properties, including a property which the Company discontinued its plan to develop and now intends to market it for sale as is, and management’s assessment as to the likelihood and timing of such potential transactions. Certain of the calculations to determine fair value utilized unobservable inputs and as such are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. For additional disclosure, see Footnotes 6 and 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.

The decrease in Depreciation and amortization of $50.4 million is primarily due to (i) a decrease of $29.1 million related to the acceleration of depreciable lives of assets due to demolition within the Company’s redevelopment projects during 2017, as compared to 2018, (ii) a decrease of $15.6 million resulting from property dispositions in 2018 and 2017 and (iii) a decrease related to tenant vacates and write-offs of depreciable assets of $14.5 million, partially offset by (iv) an increase of $8.8 million related to the acquisition/consolidation of operating properties during 2017.

During 2018, the Company disposed of 54 operating properties (including the deconsolidation of one property) and seven out-parcels, in separate transactions, for an aggregate sales price of $1.2 billion. These transactions resulted in aggregate gains of $229.8 million and aggregate impairment charges of $19.7 million. During 2017, the Company disposed of 25 operating properties and nine parcels, in separate transactions, for an aggregate sales price of $352.2 million. These transactions resulted in aggregate gains of $93.5 million and aggregate impairment charges of $17.1 million.

The increase in Other income, net of $10.5 million is primarily due to (i) the recognition of gain on forgiveness of debt of $4.3 million and relief of accrued interest expense of $3.4 million resulting from the foreclosure of an encumbered property during 2018, (ii) the recognition of $4.2 million in income resulting from the receipt of casualty insurance claims in excess of the value of the assets written off, (iii) a reduction in demolition related costs of $3.5 million and (iv) an increase in gains on land sales of $2.9 million, partially offset by (v) the recognition of a net loss on changes in fair value of available-for-sale marketable securities of $3.5 million during 2018 and (vi) an increase in deal costs of $3.2 million related to transactions the Company is no longer pursuing.

The decrease in Interest expense of $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to the corresponding period in 2017, is primarily the result of the repayment of maturing debt during 2018 and 2017 and lower levels of borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to the corresponding period in 2017.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred early extinguishment of debt charges of $12.8 million in connection with the optional make-whole provisions of unsecured notes that were repaid prior to maturity. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company incurred early extinguishment of debt charges of $1.8 million in connection with the tender premium on Medium Term Notes that were partially tendered prior to maturity.

The increase in Equity in income of joint ventures, net of $10.9 million is primarily due to (i) an increase in net gains of $13.8 million resulting from the sales of properties and ownership interests within various joint venture investments during 2018 as compared to 2017 and (ii) the recognition during 2017 of a cumulative foreign currency translation loss of $4.8 million as a result of the substantial liquidation of the Company’s investments in Canada, partially offset by (iii) lower equity in income of $5.6 million primarily resulting from the sales of properties within various joint venture investments and the acquisition of partnership interests in joint ventures by the Company during 2018 and 2017 and (iv) an increase in impairment charges of $2.1 million recognized during 2018 as compared to 2017.

The decrease in Equity in income from other real estate investments, net of $37.9 million is primarily due to (i) a decrease of $34.6 million in equity in income from the Albertsons joint venture resulting from cash distributions received in excess of the Company’s carrying basis during 2017 and (ii) the recognition in 2017 of a cumulative foreign currency translation gain of $14.8 million as a result of the substantial liquidation of the Company’s investments in Canada during 2017, partially offset by (iii) an increase in earnings and profit participation from capital transactions related to Company’s Preferred Equity Program of $11.4 million during 2018, as compared to the corresponding period in 2017.

The decrease in Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $12.9 million is primarily due to equity in income allocated to the Company’s noncontrolling interest members as a result of a distribution in excess of basis in the Albertsons joint venture during 2017.

During 2017, the Company partially redeemed its Class I Preferred Stock shares, and as a result, the Company recorded a redemption charge of $7.0 million. This $7.0 million charge was subtracted from net income attributable to the Company to arrive at net income available to the Company’s common shareholders and used in the calculation of earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The increase in Preferred dividends of $11.6 million is primarily due to the issuances of Class L Preferred Stock and Class M Preferred Stock in 2017 and 2018, partially offset by the partial redemption of Class I Preferred Stock in 2017.

The following table presents the comparative results from the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the corresponding period in 2016 (in thousands, except per share data):

Net income available to the Company’s common shareholders was $372.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $332.6 million for the comparable period in 2016. On a diluted per share basis, net income available to the Company for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $0.87 as compared to $0.79 for the comparable period in 2016. For additional disclosure, see Footnote 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.

The following describes the changes of certain line items included in Net income available to the Company’s common shareholders on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income, which it believes represent items that have significant changes during the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the corresponding periods in 2016:

The increase in Revenues from rental properties of $19.3 million is primarily from the combined effect of (i) the acquisition/consolidation of operating properties during 2017 and 2016, which provided incremental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $43.5 million, as compared to the corresponding period in 2016, and (ii) the completion of certain redevelopment projects, tenant buyouts and net growth in the current portfolio, which provided incremental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $0.4 million, as compared to the corresponding period in 2016, partially offset by (iii) a decrease in revenues of $24.6 million from properties sold during 2017 and 2016.

The increase in Reimbursement income of $8.5 million is primarily from the combined effect of (i) the acquisition/consolidation of operating properties during 2017 and 2016, which provided incremental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $12.9 million, as compared to the corresponding period in 2016, and (ii) increased occupancy rates, the nature and timing of spending and net growth in recovery rates for the current portfolio, which provided incremental reimbursement income for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $2.1 million, as compared to the corresponding period in 2016, partially offset by (iii) a decrease in revenues of $6.5 million from properties sold during 2017 and 2016.

The increase in Other rental income of $3.5 million is primarily from the combined effect of (i) the acquisition/consolidation of operating properties during 2017 and 2016, which provided incremental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $1.1 million, as compared to the corresponding period in 2016, and (ii) the completion of certain redevelopment projects, tenant buyouts and net growth in the current portfolio, which provided incremental revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 of $2.4 million, as compared to the corresponding period in 2016.

The increase in Real estate taxes of $10.6 million is primarily due to (i) an increase of $8.4 million related to the acquisition and consolidation of operating properties during 2017 and 2016, and (ii) an overall net increase of $5.0 million primarily due to refunds received during 2016, partially offset by (iii) a decrease of $2.8 million resulting from properties sold during 2017 and 2016.

The increase in General and administrative costs of $4.9 million due to an increase in severance and personnel costs.

During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized impairment charges related to adjustments to property carrying values of $67.3 million and $93.3 million, respectively, for which the Company’s estimated fair values were primarily based upon (i) signed contracts or letters of intent from third party offers or (ii) discounted cash flow models. These adjustments to property carrying values were recognized in connection with the Company’s efforts to market certain properties and management’s assessment as to the likelihood and timing of such potential transactions. Also, the Company re-evaluated its long-term plan for a single property due to unfavorable local market conditions. Certain of the calculations to determine fair value utilized unobservable inputs and as such are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. For additional disclosure, see Footnotes 6 and 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K.

The increase in Depreciation and amortization of $5.5 million is primarily due to (i) an increase of $21.8 million related to the acquisition/consolidation of operating properties during 2017 and 2016, and (ii) an increase of $15.2 million related to the acceleration of depreciable lives of assets due to demolition within the Company’s redevelopment projects in 2017 and 2016, partially offset by (iii) a decrease of $31.5 million resulting from property dispositions and tenant vacates in 2017 and 2016.

During 2017, the Company disposed of 25 operating properties and nine parcels, in separate transactions, for an aggregate sales price of $352.2 million. These transactions resulted in (i) an aggregate gain of $93.5 million and (ii) aggregate impairment charges of $17.1 million. During 2016, the Company disposed of 30 operating properties and two parcels, in separate transactions, for an aggregate sales price of $378.7 million. These transactions resulted in an aggregate gain of $92.8 million and aggregate impairment charges of $37.2 million.

During 2017, the Company incurred early Extinguishment of debt charges aggregating $1.8 million in connection with the tender premium on Medium Term Notes that were partially tendered prior to maturity. During 2016, the Company incurred early extinguishment of debt charges aggregating $45.7 million in connection with the optional make-whole provisions of unsecured notes that were repaid prior to maturity and prepayment penalties on a mortgage encumbering 10 operating properties, which the Company also paid prior to the scheduled maturity date.

The change in (Provision)/benefit for income taxes, net of $79.5 million is primarily due to (i) a decrease in tax expense of $63.5 million resulting from the recognition of a valuation allowance as a result of the Company’s merger of its taxable REIT subsidiary into a wholly owned LLC of the Company on August 1, 2016, (ii) a decrease in foreign tax expense of $30.4 million primarily relating to the sale of certain unconsolidated properties during 2016 within the Company’s Canadian portfolio which were subject to foreign taxes at a consolidated reporting entity level and (iii) a decrease in tax expense of $6.0 million resulting from the sales of properties during 2017, partially offset by (iv) a decrease in tax benefit of $17.1 million primarily related to impairment charges recognized during 2016, (v) a tax refund during 2016 of $2.0 million resulting from the favorable settlement of a tax audit and (vi) an increase in tax expense of $1.1 million due to effects of changes in U.S. tax law, which lowered corporate tax rates impacting the amounts relating to the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities within its TRS.

The decrease in Equity in income of joint ventures, net of $158.0 million is primarily due to (i) a decrease in net gains of $158.1 million resulting from fewer sales of properties and ownership interests within various joint venture investments during 2017 as compared to 2016, (ii) lower equity in income of $5.3 million primarily resulting from the sales of properties within various joint venture investments and the acquisition of partnership interests in joint ventures by the Company during 2017 and 2016, and (iii) the recognition of a cumulative foreign currency translation loss of $4.8 million as a result of the substantial liquidation of the Company’s investments in Canada during 2017, partially offset by (iv) a decrease in impairment charges of $10.2 million recognized during 2017 as compared to 2016.

During 2017, the Company acquired, in separate transactions, a controlling interest in three operating properties from certain joint venture partners in which the Company had noncontrolling interests. As a result of these transactions, the Company recorded an aggregate gain on change in control of interests of $71.2 million related to the fair value adjustment associated with its previously held equity interest in these operating properties. During 2016, the Company acquired, in separate transactions, a controlling interest in nine operating properties and one development project from certain joint venture partners in which the Company had noncontrolling interests. As a result of these transactions, the Company recorded a gain on change in control of interests of $57.4 million related to the fair value adjustment associated with its previously held equity interest in these operating properties and the development project.

The increase in Equity in income from other real estate investments, net of $39.2 million is primarily due to (i) an increase of $34.6 million in equity in income from the Albertsons joint venture resulting from cash distributions received in excess of the Company’s carrying basis during 2017 and (ii) the recognition of a cumulative foreign currency translation gain of $14.8 million as a result of the substantial liquidation of the Company’s investments in Canada during 2017, partially offset by (iii) a decrease in earnings and profit participation from capital transactions related to Company’s Preferred Equity Program of $10.1 million during 2017, as compared to the corresponding period in 2016.

The increase in Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $6.3 million is primarily due to (i) an increase of $10.9 million in equity in income attributable to the Company’s noncontrolling partners in the Albertsons joint venture during 2017, partially offset by (ii) lower equity in income of $4.4 million resulting from the redemption of certain noncontrolling interests, the sales of properties within various joint venture investments and/or acquisition/consolidation of ownership interests in joint ventures by the Company during 2017 and 2016.

During 2017, the Company partially redeemed its Class I Preferred Stock shares and as a result, the Company recorded a non-cash redemption charge of $7.0 million. This $7.0 million charge was subtracted from net income attributable to the Company to arrive at net income available to the Company’s common shareholders and used in the calculation of earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The Company’s capital resources include accessing the public debt and equity capital markets, mortgage and construction loan financing, and immediate access to an unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) with bank commitments of $2.25 billion which can be increased to $2.75 billion through an accordion feature.

The Company anticipates that cash on hand, cash flows from operations, borrowings under its Credit Facility, and the issuance of equity and public debt, as well as other debt and equity alternatives, will provide the necessary capital required by the Company.

Cash flows provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018, were $637.9 million, as compared to $614.2 million for the comparable period in 2017. The increase of $23.7 million is primarily attributable to:

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company capitalized personnel costs of $14.8 million and $16.1 million, respectively, relating to deferred leasing costs.

Cash flows provided by investing activities were $253.6 million for 2018, as compared to cash flows used for investing activities of $294.3 million for 2017.

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company expended $5.4 million and $153.9 million, respectively, towards the acquisition of operating real estate properties. The Company anticipates spending approximately $50.0 million to $75.0 million towards the acquisition of operating properties during 2019. The Company intends to fund these acquisitions with cash flow from operating activities, proceeds from property dispositions and availability under its Credit Facility.

During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company expended $290.9 million and $206.8 million, respectively, towards improvements to operating real estate. These amounts consist of the following (in thousands):

The Company has an ongoing program to redevelop and re-tenant its properties to maintain or enhance its competitive position in the marketplace. The Company is actively pursuing redevelopment opportunities within its operating portfolio which it believes will increase the overall value by bringing in new tenants and improving the assets’ value. The Company has identified three categories of redevelopment, (i) large scale redevelopment, which involves demolishing and building new square footage, (ii) value creation redevelopment, which includes the subdivision of large anchor spaces into multiple tenant layouts, and (iii) creation of out-parcels and pads located in the front or adjacent to its existing shopping center properties. The Company anticipates its capital commitment toward these redevelopment projects and re-tenanting efforts during 2019 will be approximately $200.0 million to $250.0 million. The funding of these capital requirements will be provided by proceeds from property dispositions, cash flow from operating activities and availability under the Company’s Credit Facility.

The Company is engaged in select real estate development projects, which are expected to be held as long-term investments. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had in progress two active consolidated real estate development projects and one additional project held for future development. During 2018 and 2017, the Company capitalized (i) interest of $13.9 million and $11.0 million, respectively, (ii) real estate taxes, insurance and legal costs of $2.6 million and $5.7 million, respectively, and (iii) payroll of $1.9 million and $3.3 million, respectively, in connection with its real estate development projects. The Company anticipates the total remaining costs to complete its active projects to be approximately $150.0 million to $200.0 million. The Company anticipates its capital commitment toward these development projects during 2019 will be approximately $100.0 million to $150.0 million. The funding of these capital requirements will be provided by proceeds from property dispositions, cash flow from operating activities and availability under the Company’s Credit Facility.

Cash flows used for financing activities were $986.5 million for 2018, as compared to $223.9 million for 2017.

The Company continually evaluates its debt maturities, and, based on management’s current assessment, believes it has viable financing and refinancing alternatives that will not materially adversely impact its expected financial results. The Company continues to pursue borrowing opportunities with large commercial U.S. and global banks, select life insurance companies and certain regional and local banks. The Company has noticed a continuing trend that, although pricing remains dependent on specific deal terms, generally spreads for non-recourse mortgage financing has stabilized and the unsecured debt markets are functioning well and credit spreads are at manageable levels.

Debt maturities for 2019 consist of: $45.6 million of unconsolidated joint venture debt and $26.3 million of debt included in the Company’s Preferred Equity Program, assuming the utilization of extension options where available. These debt maturities are anticipated to be repaid through operating cash flows, debt refinancing, unsecured credit facilities, proceeds from sales and partner capital contributions, as deemed appropriate.

The Company intends to maintain strong debt service coverage and fixed charge coverage ratios as part of its commitment to maintain its investment-grade senior, unsecured debt ratings. The Company may, from time-to-time, seek to obtain funds through additional common and preferred equity offerings, unsecured debt financings and/or mortgage/construction loan financings and other capital alternatives.

Since the completion of the Company’s IPO in 1991, the Company has utilized the public debt and equity markets as its principal source of capital for its expansion needs. Since the IPO, the Company has completed additional offerings of its public unsecured debt and equity, raising in the aggregate over $13.8 billion. Proceeds from public capital market activities have been used for the purposes of, among other things, repaying indebtedness, acquiring interests in open-air shopping centers, funding real estate under development projects, expanding and improving properties in the portfolio and other investments.

During February 2018, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which is effective for a term of three years, for the future unlimited offerings, from time-to-time, of debt securities, preferred stock, depositary shares, common stock and common stock warrants. The Company, pursuant to this shelf registration statement may, from time-to-time, offer for sale its senior unsecured debt for any general corporate purposes, including (i) funding specific liquidity requirements in its business, including property acquisitions, development and redevelopment costs and (ii) managing the Company’s debt maturities (See Footnotes 12 and 13 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K).

During January 2018, the underwriting financial institutions for the Class M Preferred Stock issuance elected to exercise the over-allotment option and as a result, the Company issued an additional 1,380,000 Class M Depositary Shares, each representing a one-thousandth fractional interest in a share of the Company's 5.250% Class M Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $1.00 par value per share. The Company received net proceeds before expenses of $33.4 million from this over-allotment issuance.

During February 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program, which is effective for a term of two years, pursuant to which the Company may repurchase shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, with an aggregate gross purchase price of up to $300.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased 5,100,000 shares for an aggregate purchase price of $75.1 million (weighted average price of $14.72 per share). As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $224.9 million available under this share repurchase program.

The Company’s supplemental indenture governing its senior notes contains the following covenants, all of which the Company is compliant with:

For a full description of the various indenture covenants refer to the Indenture dated September 1, 1993; the First Supplemental Indenture dated August 4, 1994; the Second Supplemental Indenture dated April 7, 1995; the Third Supplemental Indenture dated June 2, 2006; the Fourth Supplemental Indenture dated April 26, 2007; the Fifth Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 24, 2009; the Sixth Supplemental Indenture dated as of May 23, 2013; and the Seventh Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 24, 2014, each as filed with the SEC. See the Exhibits Index for specific filing information.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repaid the following notes (dollars in millions):

The Company has a $2.25 billion unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) with a group of banks, which is scheduled to expire in March 2021, with two additional six-month options to extend the maturity date, at the Company’s discretion, to March 2022. This Credit Facility, which accrues interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 87.5 basis points (3.31% as of December 31, 2018), can be increased to $2.75 billion through an accordion feature. In addition, the Credit Facility includes a $500.0 million sub-limit which provides the Company the opportunity to borrow in alternative currencies including Canadian Dollars (“CAD”), British Pounds Sterling, Japanese Yen or Euros. Pursuant to the terms of the Credit Facility, the Company, among other things, is subject to covenants requiring the maintenance of (i) maximum leverage ratios on both unsecured and secured debt and (ii) minimum interest and fixed coverage ratios. As of December 31, 2018, the Credit Facility had a balance of $100.0 million outstanding and $0.3 million appropriated for letters of credit.

Pursuant to the terms of the Credit Facility, the Company, among other things, is subject to maintenance of various covenants. The Company is currently in compliance with these covenants. The financial covenants for the Credit Facility are as follows:

For a full description of the New Credit Facility’s covenants refer to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of February 1, 2017, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 30, 2017.

During 2018, the Company (i) deconsolidated $206.0 million of individual non-recourse mortgage debt relating to an operating property for which the Company no longer holds a controlling interest and (ii) repaid $205.6 million of maturing mortgage debt (including fair market value adjustments of $0.9 million) that encumbered six operating properties.

In August 2018, the Company closed on a construction loan commitment of $67.0 million relating to one development property. This loan commitment is scheduled to mature in August 2020, with six additional six-month options to extend the maturity date to August 2023 and bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 180 basis points (4.23% as of December 31, 2018). As of December 31, 2018, the construction loan had a balance of $51.0 million outstanding.

During 2018, the Company disposed of an encumbered property through foreclosure. The transaction resulted in a net decrease in mortgage debt of $12.4 million. In addition, the Company recognized a gain on forgiveness of debt of $4.3 million and relief of accrued interest expense of $3.4 million, both of which are included in Other income, net in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.

In addition to the public equity and debt markets as capital sources, the Company may, from time-to-time, obtain mortgage financing on selected properties and construction loans to partially fund the capital needs of its real estate under development projects. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had over 325 unencumbered property interests in its portfolio.

In connection with its intention to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, the Company expects to continue paying regular dividends to its stockholders. These dividends will be paid from operating cash flows. The Company’s Board of Directors will continue to evaluate the Company’s dividend policy on a quarterly basis as the Board of Directors monitors sources of capital and evaluates the impact of the economy and capital markets availability on operating fundamentals. Since cash used to pay dividends reduces amounts available for capital investment, the Company generally intends to maintain a conservative dividend payout ratio, reserving such amounts as it considers necessary for the expansion and renovation of shopping centers in its portfolio, debt reduction, the acquisition of interests in new properties and other investments as suitable opportunities arise and such other factors as the Board of Directors considers appropriate. Cash dividends paid were $529.8 million, $506.2 million and $474.0 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Although the Company receives substantially all of its rental payments on a monthly basis, it generally intends to continue paying dividends quarterly. Amounts accumulated in advance of each quarterly distribution will be invested by the Company in short-term money market or other suitable instruments. On October 23, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.28 per common share payable to shareholders of record on January 2, 2019, which was paid on January 15, 2019. Additionally, on January 29, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.28 per common share payable to shareholders of record on April 2, 2019, which is scheduled to be paid on April 15, 2019.

The Company’s Board of Directors also declared quarterly dividends with respect to the Company’s various classes of cumulative redeemable preferred shares (Classes I, J, K, L and M). All dividends on the preferred shares are scheduled to be paid on April 15, 2019, to shareholders of record on April 1, 2019.

The Company incurred no significant damage to its properties in September 2018 as a result of Hurricanes Florence, which primarily hit North and South Carolina, and Michael, which hit the Florida Panhandle.

On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane which resulted in widespread damage, flooding, and power outages. The Company has interests in seven operating properties located throughout Puerto Rico, aggregating 2.2 million square feet of GLA, which were variously impacted by the hurricane. The Company maintains a comprehensive property insurance policy on these properties with total coverage of up to $62.0 million, as well as business interruption insurance with coverage up to $39.3 million in the aggregate, subject to a collective deductible of $1.2 million.

The Company expects to collect property insurance proceeds (net of deductible) equal to the replacement cost of its damaged property, currently estimated to be approximately $30.3 million. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has collected property insurance proceeds totaling $20.2 million to date, which exceeds the $16.0 million previously written off due to property damage by $4.2 million. As a result, the Company recognized this excess as income included in Other income, net on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The Company’s business interruption insurance covers lost revenues as a result of the hurricane for a period of up to one year. After the expiration of one year following the loss, the policy has 365 days of an extended period of indemnity which provides business interruption coverage in the event the properties have not fully recovered from the storm. During 2018 and 2017, the Company collected business interruption claims totaling $2.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively, from its insurance provider. Although the Company has primarily recovered its business interruption insurance claims, it will continue to assess and process any future business interruption claims for the extended period of indemnity and will submit insurance claims for its losses, if any, under its business interruption insurance policy.

The Company is subject to taxes on its activities in Canada, Puerto Rico and Mexico. In general, under local country law applicable to the structures the Company has in place and applicable treaties, the repatriation of cash to the Company from its subsidiaries and joint ventures in Canada, Puerto Rico and Mexico generally are not subject to withholding tax. The Company is subject to and also includes in its tax provision non-U.S. income taxes on certain investments located in jurisdictions outside the U.S. These investments are held by the Company at the REIT level and not in the Company’s taxable REIT subsidiary. Accordingly, the Company does not expect a U.S. income tax impact associated with the repatriation of undistributed earnings from the Company’s foreign subsidiaries.

The Company has debt obligations relating to its Credit Facility, unsecured senior notes and mortgages with maturities ranging from one year to 29 years. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s total debt had a weighted average term to maturity of 10.5 years. In addition, the Company has non-cancelable operating leases pertaining to its shopping center portfolio. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had 31 consolidated shopping center properties that are subject to long-term ground leases where a third party owns and has leased the underlying land to the Company to construct and/or operate a shopping center. The following table summarizes the Company’s debt maturities (excluding extension options, unamortized debt issuance costs of $55.9 million and fair market value of debt adjustments aggregating $13.1 million) and obligations under non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2018:

The Company has no secured debt scheduled to mature in 2019. The Company anticipates satisfying the remaining future maturities with a combination of operating cash flows, its Credit Facility, exercise of extension options, where available, and new debt issuances.

The Company has issued letters of credit in connection with completion and repayment guarantees for loans encumbering certain of the Company’s development and redevelopment projects and guarantee of payment related to the Company’s insurance program. As of December 31, 2018, these letters of credit aggregated $41.8 million.

In connection with the construction of its development/redevelopment projects and related infrastructure, certain public agencies require posting of performance and surety bonds to guarantee that the Company’s obligations are satisfied. These bonds expire upon the completion of the improvements and infrastructure. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $20.6 million in performance and surety bonds outstanding.

The Company has accrued $2.8 million of non-current uncertain tax positions and related interest under the provisions of the authoritative guidance that addresses accounting for income taxes, which are included in Other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2018. These amounts are not included in the table above because a reasonably reliable estimate regarding the timing of settlements with the relevant tax authorities, if any, cannot be made.

The Company has investments in various unconsolidated real estate joint ventures with varying structures. These joint ventures primarily operate shopping center properties. Such arrangements are generally with third-party institutional investors and individuals. The properties owned by the joint ventures are primarily financed with individual non-recourse mortgage loans, however, the Company, on a selective basis, has obtained unsecured financing for certain joint ventures. As of December 31, 2018, the Company did not guarantee any joint venture unsecured debt. Non-recourse mortgage debt is generally defined as debt whereby the lenders’ sole recourse with respect to borrower defaults is limited to the value of the property collateralized by the mortgage. The lender generally does not have recourse against any other assets owned by the borrower or any of the constituent members of the borrower, except for certain specified exceptions listed in the particular loan documents (see Footnote 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K). The table below presents debt balances within the Company’s unconsolidated joint venture investments for which the Company held noncontrolling ownership interests at December 31, 2018 (dollars in millions):

As of December 31, 2018, these loans had scheduled maturities ranging from one month to 13 years and bore interest at rates ranging from 2.91% to 7.25%. Approximately $45.6 million of the aggregate outstanding loan balance matures in 2019. These maturing loans are anticipated to be repaid with operating cash flows, debt refinancing, unsecured credit facilities, proceeds from sales and partner capital contributions, as deemed appropriate (see Footnote 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K).

The Company previously provided capital to owners and developers of real estate properties through its Preferred Equity Program. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s net investment under the Preferred Equity Program was $176.3 million relating to 285 properties, including 273 net leased properties. As of December 31, 2018, these preferred equity investment properties had individual non-recourse mortgage loans aggregating $298.9 million (excluding fair market value of debt adjustments aggregating $15.1 million). These loans have scheduled maturities ranging from six months to six years and bear interest at rates ranging from 4.19% to 10.47%. Due to the Company’s preferred position in these investments, the Company’s share of each investment is subject to fluctuation and is dependent upon property cash flows. The Company’s maximum exposure to losses associated with its preferred equity investments is limited to its invested capital.

Funds From Operations (“FFO”) is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure utilized to evaluate the operating performance of real estate companies. The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”) defines FFO as net income/(loss) available to the Company’s common shareholders computed in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), excluding (i) gains or losses from sales of operating real estate assets and change in control of interests, plus (ii) depreciation and amortization of operating properties and (iii) impairment of depreciable real estate and in substance real estate equity investments and (iv) after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis.

The Company presents FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders as it considers it an important supplemental measure of our operating performance and believes it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of REITs, many of which present FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders when reporting results. Comparison of our presentation of FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders to similarly titled measures for other REITs may not necessarily be meaningful due to possible differences in the application of the NAREIT definition used by such REITs.

The Company also presents FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders as adjusted as an additional supplemental measure as it believes it is more reflective of its core operating performance and provides investors and analysts an additional measure to compare the Company’s performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders as adjusted is generally calculated by the Company as FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders excluding certain transactional income and expenses and non-operating impairments which management believes are not reflective of the results within the Company’s operating real estate portfolio.

FFO is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure of real estate companies’ operating performances, which does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and therefore should not be considered an alternative for net income or cash flows from operations as a measure of liquidity. Our method of calculating FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders and FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders as adjusted may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs.

The Company’s reconciliation of net income available to the Company’s common shareholders to FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders and FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders as adjusted for the three months and years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

Same property NOI is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure of real estate companies’ operating performance and should not be considered an alternative to net income in accordance with GAAP or as a measure of liquidity. The Company considers Same property NOI as an important operating performance measure because it is frequently used by securities analysts and investors to measure only the net operating income of properties that have been owned by the Company for the entire current and prior year reporting periods. It excludes properties under redevelopment, development and pending stabilization; properties are deemed stabilized at the earlier of (i) reaching 90% leased or (ii) one year following a project’s inclusion in operating real estate. Same property NOI assists in eliminating disparities in net income due to the development, acquisition or disposition of properties during the particular period presented, and thus provides a more consistent performance measure for the comparison of the Company's properties.

Same property NOI is calculated using revenues from rental properties (excluding straight-line rent adjustments, lease termination fees and amortization of above/below market rents) less charges for bad debt, operating and maintenance expense, real estate taxes and rent expense plus the Company’s proportionate share of Same property NOI from unconsolidated real estate joint ventures, calculated on the same basis. The Company’s method of calculating Same property NOI available to the Company’s common shareholders may differ from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs.

The following is a reconciliation of Net income available to the Company’s common shareholders to Same property NOI (in thousands):

Item No.	Form 10-K Report Page

PART I

Item 1. Business	3

Item 1A. Risk Factors	6

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments	13

Item 2. Properties	14

Item 3. Legal Proceedings	15

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	15

PART II


Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	16

Item 6. Selected Financial Data	19

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	39

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	39

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	40

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures	40

Item 9B. Other Information	40

PART III


Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	40

Item 11. Executive Compensation	40

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	41

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	41

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services	41

PART IV


Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	42

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary	42

Name	Age	Position	Joined Kimco
Milton Cooper	89	Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors	Co-Founder
Conor C. Flynn	38	Chief Executive Officer	2003
Ross Cooper	36	President and Chief Investment Officer	2006
Glenn G. Cohen	54	Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer	1995
David Jamieson	38	Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer	2007

Year Ending December 31,	Number of Leases Expiring		Square Feet Expiring		Total Annual Base Rent Expiring		% of Gross Annual Rent
(1)		150		508	$	10,466		1.3	%
2019		594		2,853	$	55,322		6.7	%
2020		776		5,282	$	88,643		10.8	%
2021		770		5,980	$	90,977		11.1	%
2022		804		6,154	$	102,944		12.6	%
2023		742		6,102	$	101,493		12.4	%
2024		424		4,631	$	71,176		8.7	%
2025		227		1,937	$	34,896		4.3	%
2026		231		3,654	$	51,512		6.3	%
2027		249		3,292	$	50,253		6.1	%
2028		326		3,363	$	61,518		7.5	%

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Dividend paid per share	$	1.12		$	1.08
Ordinary income		50	%		57	%
Capital gains		45	%		2	%
Return of capital		5	%		41	%

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in millions)
January 1, 2018 – January 31, 2018		56,094	$	17.69		-	$	-
February 1, 2018 - February 28, 2018		1,764,751	$	15.09		1,600,000	$	275.7
March 1, 2018 – March 31, 2018		222	$	15.21		-	$	275.7
April 1, 2018 – April 30, 2018		1,067	$	14.37		-	$	275.7
May 1, 2018 – May 31, 2018		3,505,277	$	14.52		3,500,000	$	224.9
June 1, 2018 – June 30, 2018		1,020	$	17.40		-	$	224.9
July 1, 2018 – July 31, 2018		5,427	$	16.46		-	$	224.9
August 1, 2018 – August 31, 2018		38,524	$	16.49		-	$	224.9
September 1, 2018 – September 30, 2018		3,556	$	17.11		-	$	224.9
October 1, 2018 – October 31, 2018		2,628	$	15.85		-	$	224.9
November 1, 2018 – November 30, 2018		-	$	-		-	$	224.9
December 1, 2018 – December 31, 2018		-	$	-		-	$	224.9
Total		5,378,566	$	15.44		5,100,000

Comparison of 5 year cumulative total return data points
	Dec-13		Dec-14		Dec-15		Dec-16		Dec-17		Dec-18
Kimco Realty Corporation	$	100	$	132	$	144	$	143	$	109	$	95
S&P 500	$	100	$	114	$	115	$	129	$	157	$	150
FTSE NAREIT Equity REITs	$	100	$	130	$	134	$	146	$	153	$	146

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Operating Data:
Revenues from rental properties (1)	$	882,345		$	912,670		$	893,365		$	885,278		$	739,917
Reimbursement income (1)	$	246,381		$	247,563		$	239,015		$	238,151		$	201,036
Other rental property income (1)	$	20,877		$	23,552		$	20,021		$	21,045		$	17,935
Interest expense (1)	$	(183,339	)	$	(191,956	)	$	(192,549	)	$	(218,891	)	$	(203,759	)
Early extinguishment of debt charges	$	(12,762	)	$	(1,753	)	$	(45,674	)	$	-		$	-
Depreciation and amortization (1)	$	(310,380	)	$	(360,811	)	$	(355,320	)	$	(344,527	)	$	(258,074	)
Gain on sale of operating properties/change in control of interests (1)	$	229,840		$	93,538		$	92,823		$	132,908		$	618
(Provision)/benefit for income taxes, net (1)	$	(1,600	)	$	880		$	(78,583	)	$	(67,325	)	$	(22,438	)
Impairment charges (2)	$	(79,207	)	$	(67,331	)	$	(93,266	)	$	(45,383	)	$	(39,808	)
Income from continuing operations	$	498,463		$	439,671		$	386,138		$	900,218		$	384,895
Net income	$	498,463		$	439,671		$	386,138		$	900,143		$	435,880
Net income attributable to the Company	$	497,795		$	426,075		$	378,850		$	894,115		$	424,001
Net income available to the Company’s common shareholders	$	439,604		$	372,461		$	332,630		$	831,215		$	365,707

Earnings per common share:
Income from continuing operations:
Basic	$	1.02		$	0.87		$	0.79		$	2.01		$	0.77
Diluted	$	1.02		$	0.87		$	0.79		$	2.00		$	0.77
Net income available to the Company’s common shareholders:
Basic	$	1.02		$	0.87		$	0.79		$	2.01		$	0.89
Diluted	$	1.02		$	0.87		$	0.79		$	2.00		$	0.89
Weighted average number of shares of common stock:
Basic		420,641			423,614			418,402			411,319			409,088
Diluted		421,379			424,019			419,709			412,851			411,038
Cash dividends declared per common share	$	1.120		$	1.090		$	1.035		$	0.975		$	0.915

	December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	(in thousands)
Balance Sheet Data:
Real estate, before accumulated depreciation	$	11,877,190		$	12,653,446		$	12,008,075		$	11,568,809		$	10,018,226
Total assets	$	10,999,100		$	11,763,726		$	11,230,600		$	11,344,171		$	10,261,400
Total debt	$	4,873,872		$	5,478,927		$	5,066,368		$	5,376,310		$	4,595,970
Total stockholders' equity	$	5,333,804		$	5,394,244		$	5,256,139		$	5,046,300		$	4,774,785

Cash flow provided by operations	$	637,936		$	614,181		$	592,096		$	493,701		$	629,343
Cash flow provided/(used for) by investing activities	$	253,645		$	(294,280	)	$	165,383		$	21,365		$	126,705
Cash flow used for financing activities	$	(986,513	)	$	(223,874	)	$	(804,527	)	$	(512,854	)	$	(717,494	)

Buildings and building improvements (in years)		5 to 50
Fixtures, leasehold and tenant improvements (including certain identified intangible assets)		Terms of leases or useful lives, whichever is shorter

Type	Date Paid	Amount Repaid		Interest Rate		Maturity Date
Senior unsecured notes (1)	Aug-18	$	300.0		6.875%	Oct-19
Senior unsecured notes (2)	Jun-18 & Jul-18	$	15.1		3.200%	May-21

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			$ Change
Revenues
Revenues from rental properties (1)	$	882,345		$	912,670		$	(30,325	)
Reimbursement income (1)		246,381			247,563			(1,182	)
Other rental property income (1)		20,877			23,552			(2,675	)
Management and other fee income		15,159			17,049			(1,890	)
Operating expenses
Rent (2)		(10,929	)		(11,145	)		216
Real estate taxes		(153,336	)		(157,196	)		3,860
Operating and maintenance (1) (3)		(164,294	)		(169,552	)		5,258
General and administrative (1) (4)		(87,797	)		(91,690	)		3,893
Provision for doubtful accounts		(6,253	)		(5,630	)		(623	)
Impairment charges		(79,207	)		(67,331	)		(11,876	)
Depreciation and amortization		(310,380	)		(360,811	)		50,431
Gain on sale of operating properties/change in control of interests		229,840			93,538			136,302
Other income/(expense)
Other income, net		13,041			2,559			10,482
Interest expense		(183,339	)		(191,956	)		8,617
Early extinguishment of debt charges		(12,762	)		(1,753	)		(11,009	)
(Provision)/benefit for income taxes, net		(1,600	)		880			(2,480	)
Equity in income of joint ventures, net		71,617			60,763			10,854
Gain on change in control of joint venture interests		-			71,160			(71,160	)
Equity in income of other real estate investments, net		29,100			67,001			(37,901	)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		(668	)		(13,596	)		12,928
Preferred stock redemption charges		-			(7,014	)		7,014
Preferred dividends		(58,191	)		(46,600	)		(11,591	)
Net income available to the Company's common shareholders	$	439,604		$	372,461		$	67,143
Net income available to the Company's common shareholders:
Diluted per share	$	1.02		$	0.87		$	0.15

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			$ Change
Revenues
Revenues from rental properties (1)	$	912,670		$	893,365		$	19,305
Reimbursement income (1)		247,563			239,015			8,548
Other rental property income (1)		23,552			20,021			3,531
Management and other fee income		17,049			18,391			(1,342	)
Operating expenses
Rent		(11,145	)		(10,993	)		(152	)
Real estate taxes		(157,196	)		(146,615	)		(10,581	)
Operating and maintenance (1)		(169,552	)		(171,416	)		1,864
General and administrative (1)		(91,690	)		(86,796	)		(4,894	)
Provision for doubtful accounts		(5,630	)		(5,563	)		(67	)
Impairment charges		(67,331	)		(93,266	)		25,935
Depreciation and amortization		(360,811	)		(355,320	)		(5,491	)
Gain on sale of operating properties/change in control of interests (1)		93,538			92,823			715
Other income/(expense)
Other income, net		2,559			5,425			(2,866	)
Interest expense		(191,956	)		(192,549	)		593
Early extinguishment of debt charges		(1,753	)		(45,674	)		43,921
Benefit/(provision) for income taxes, net		880			(78,583	)		79,463
Equity in income of joint ventures, net		60,763			218,714			(157,951	)
Gain on change in control of joint venture interests		71,160			57,386			13,774
Equity in income of other real estate investments, net		67,001			27,773			39,228
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		(13,596	)		(7,288	)		(6,308	)
Preferred stock redemption charges		(7,014	)		-			(7,014	)
Preferred dividends		(46,600	)		(46,220	)		(380	)
Net income available to the Company's common shareholders	$	372,461		$	332,630		$	39,831
Net income available to the Company's common shareholders:
Diluted per share	$	0.87		$	0.79		$	0.08

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	$	238,513		$	142,486
Net cash flow provided by operating activities		637,936			614,181
Net cash flow provided by/(used for) investing activities		253,645			(294,280	)
Net cash flow used for financing activities		(986,513	)		(223,874	)
Change in cash and cash equivalents		(94,932	)		96,027
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	143,581		$	238,513

Covenant	Must Be	As of 12/31/18
Consolidated Indebtedness to Total Assets	<65%	37%
Consolidated Secured Indebtedness to Total Assets	<40%	4%
Consolidated Income Available for Debt Service to Maximum Annual Service Charge	>1.50x	6.0x
Unencumbered Total Asset Value to Consolidated Unsecured Indebtedness	>1.50x	2.6x

Covenant	Must Be	As of 12/31/18
Total Indebtedness to Gross Asset Value (“GAV”)	<60%	38%
Total Priority Indebtedness to GAV	<35%	3%
Unencumbered Asset Net Operating Income to Total Unsecured Interest Expense	>1.75x	4.2x
Fixed Charge Total Adjusted EBITDA to Total Debt Service	>1.50x	3.0x

	Payments due by period (in millions)
	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		Thereafter		Total
Long-Term Debt:
Principal (1)	$	12.7	$	160.3	$	729.8	$	640.1	$	365.5	$	3,008.3	$	4,916.7
Interest (2)	$	177.9	$	175.0	$	155.0	$	136.6	$	113.1	$	1,260.3	$	2,017.9
Operating Leases:
Ground Leases (3)	$	7.9	$	7.5	$	7.5	$	7.4	$	7.5	$	115.4	$	153.2
Office Leases	$	4.3	$	2.4	$	2.3	$	1.8	$	1.5	$	0.3	$	12.6

Joint Venture	Kimco Ownership Interest		Number of Properties		Mortgages and Notes Payable, Net (in millions)		Number of Encumbered Properties		Weighted Average Interest Rate			Weighted Average Remaining Term (months)*
Prudential Investment Program (1)		15.0%		42	$	572.6		13		4.29	%		49.0
Kimco Income Opportunity Portfolio (2)		48.6%		39		651.4		27		4.43	%		40.4
Canada Pension Plan Investment Board		55.0%		4		84.4		1		3.85	%		54.0
Other Joint Venture Programs	Various			24		474.2		14		4.26	%		78.6
Total					$	1,782.6

	Three Months Ended December 31,						Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income available to the Company’s common shareholders	$	73,627		$	73,465		$	439,604		$	372,461
Gain on sale of operating properties/change in control of interests		(49,379	)		(31,436	)		(229,763	)		(92,830	)
Gain on sale of joint venture operating properties/change in control of interests		(12,446	)		(6,849	)		(18,549	)		(79,034	)
Depreciation and amortization - real estate related		74,086			83,959			305,079			356,191
Depreciation and amortization - real estate joint ventures		10,717			9,835			43,483			39,248
Impairment of depreciable real estate properties		50,050			32,854			83,754			65,148
Benefit for income taxes (2)		-			-			-			(39	)
Noncontrolling interests (2)		(421	)		(1,688	)		(2,891	)		(5,583	)
FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders		146,234			160,140			620,717			655,562
Transactional (income)/expense:
Profit participation from other real estate investments		(129	)		(379	)		(10,903	)		(34,952	)
Losses/(gains) from land sales		10			(2,362	)		(6,295	)		(3,422	)
Distribution in excess of basis		-			-			(3,550	)		-
Demolition costs		495			3,589			1,487			4,686
Gain on forgiveness of debt		-			(380	)		(4,274	)		(380	)
Prepayment penalties		-			-			12,762			1,753
Severance costs		-			5,190			1,185			5,190
Gain on liquidation of a foreign entity		-			-			-			(14,822	)
Insurance proceeds in excess of related loss		(2,722	)		-			(4,279	)		-
Loss on of marketable securities		1,444			-			3,487			-
Impairments on other investments		2,051			423			2,318			11,766
Preferred stock redemption charges		-			-			-			7,014
Noncontrolling interests (3)		-			-			136			11,338
Other income, net		32			170			252			502
Total transactional expense/(income), net		1,181			6,251			(7,674	)		(11,327	)
FFO available to the Company’s common shareholders as adjusted	$	147,415		$	166,391		$	613,043		$	644,235
Weighted average shares outstanding for FFO calculations:
Basic		419,258			423,734			420,641			423,614
Units		837			961			835			852
Dilutive effect of equity awards		628			354			629			405
Diluted		420,723	(1)		425,049	(1)		422,105	(1)		424,871	(1)

FFO per common share – basic	$	0.35		$	0.38		$	1.48		$	1.55
FFO per common share – diluted	$	0.35	(1)	$	0.38	(1)	$	1.47	(1)	$	1.55	(1)
FFO as adjusted per common share – basic	$	0.35		$	0.39		$	1.46		$	1.52
FFO as adjusted per common share – diluted	$	0.35	(1)	$	0.39	(1)	$	1.45	(1)	$	1.52	(1)

	Three Months Ended December 31,						Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income available to the Company’s common shareholders	$	73,627		$	73,465		$	439,604		$	372,461
Adjustments:
Management and other fee income		(2,397	)		(4,593	)		(15,159	)		(17,049	)
General and administrative		20,022			27,972			87,797			91,690
Impairment charges		45,352			33,051			79,207			67,331
Depreciation and amortization		74,266			85,024			310,380			360,811
Gain on sale of operating properties/change in control of interests		(49,379	)		(31,436	)		(229,840	)		(93,538	)
Interest and other expense, net		44,515			53,380			183,060			191,150
Provision/(benefit) for income taxes, net		2,583