Fair Value Measurements

Recurring fair value measurements

The following describes the valuation methodologies generally used by the independent pricing sources, or by us, to measure financial instruments at fair value, including the general classification of such financial instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Level 1 measurements


•	Fixed income securities: Consist of primarily U.S. Treasury securities with valuations derived from quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets that we can access.


•	Equity securities: Consist of actively traded, exchange-listed equity securities with valuations derived from quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that we can access.


•	Other: Consists of money market funds with valuations derived from quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that we can access.

Level 2 measurements


•	Fixed income securities:

Corporate Debt & U.S. Government and Agency Bonds are valued by surveying the dealer community, obtaining relevant trade data, benchmark quotes and spreads and incorporating this information into the valuation process.

Obligations of U.S. States & Political Subdivisions are valued by tracking, capturing, and analyzing quotes for active issues and trades reported via the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board records. Daily briefings and reviews of current economic conditions, trading levels, spread relationships, and the slope of the yield curve provide further data for evaluation.

Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities ("RMBS") are valued by monitoring interest rate movements, and other pertinent data daily. Incoming market data is enriched to derive spread, yield and/or price data as appropriate, enabling known data points to be extrapolated for valuation application across a range of related securities.

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities ("CMBS") are valued using techniques that reflect market participants’ assumptions and maximize the use of relevant observable inputs including quoted prices for similar assets, benchmark yield curves and market corroborated inputs. Evaluation uses regular reviews of the inputs for securities covered, including executed trades, broker quotes, credit information, collateral attributes and/or cash flow waterfall as applicable.

Asset-Backed Securities ("ABS") are valued using spreads and other information solicited from market buy-and-sell-side sources, including primary and secondary dealers, portfolio managers, and research analysts. Cash flows are generated for each tranche, benchmark yields are determined, and deal collateral performance and tranche level attributes including trade activity, bids, and offers are applied, resulting in tranche specific prices.

Collateralized loan obligations ("CLO") are valued by evaluating manager rating, seniority in the capital structure, assumptions about prepayment, default and recovery and their impact on cash flow generation. Loan level net asset values are determined and aggregated for tranches and as a final step prices are checked against available recent trade activity.

Level 3 measurements


•	Real estate acquired is valued at the lower of our acquisition cost or a percentage of the appraised value. The percentage applied to the appraised value is based upon our historical sales experience adjusted for current trends.

Assets measured at fair value, by hierarchy level, as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are shown in tables 8.1a and 8.1b below. The fair value of the assets is estimated using the process described above, and more fully in Note 3 - “Significant Accounting Policies” of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.



Assets carried at fair value by hierarchy level as of March 31, 2019
Table	8.1a
(In thousands)		Total Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies		$	168,142	$	42,479	$	125,663	$	—
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions		1,667,238		—		1,667,238		—
Corporate debt securities		2,456,069		—		2,456,069		—
ABS		218,481		—		218,481		—
RMBS		180,485		—		180,485		—
CMBS		269,283		—		269,283		—
CLOs		327,662		—		327,662		—
Total fixed income securities		5,287,360		42,479		5,244,881		—
Equity securities		4,057		4,057		—		—
Other ⁽¹⁾		205,444		205,444		—		—
Real estate acquired ⁽²⁾		11,639		—		—		11,639
Total		$	5,508,500	$	251,980	$	5,244,881	$	11,639



Assets carried at fair value by hierarchy level as of December 31, 2018
Table	8.1b
(In thousands)		Total Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies		$	167,176	$	42,264	$	124,912	$	—
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions		1,720,100		—		1,720,087		13
Corporate debt securities		2,400,762		—		2,400,762		—
ABS		112,033		—		112,033		—
RMBS		178,961		—		178,961		—
CMBS		267,660		—		267,660		—
CLOs		305,295		—		305,295		—
Total fixed income securities		5,151,987		42,264		5,109,710		13
Equity securities		3,932		3,932		—		—
Other ⁽¹⁾		96,403		96,403		—		—
Real estate acquired ⁽²⁾		14,535		—		—		14,535
Total		$	5,266,857	$	142,599	$	5,109,710	$	14,548


⁽¹⁾	Consists of money market funds included in “Cash and Cash Equivalents” and “Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents” on the consolidated balance sheets.


⁽²⁾	Real estate acquired through claim settlement, which is held for sale, is reported in “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

Reconciliations of Level 3 assets

For assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 is shown in tables 8.2a and 8.2b below. As shown in table 8.2b below, we transferred our FHLB stock out of Level 3 assets, and it is carried at cost, which approximates fair value, on our consolidated balance sheet in “Other invested assets.” There were no losses included in earnings for those periods attributable to the change in unrealized losses on assets still held at the end of the applicable period.



Fair value roll-forward for financial instruments classified as Level 3 for the three months ended March 31, 2019
Table	8.2a
(In thousands)		Fixed income			Equity Securities		Total Investments			Real Estate Acquired
Balance at December 31, 2018		$	13		$	—	$	13		$	14,535
Purchases		—			—		—			8,084
Sales		(13		)	—		(13		)	(10,872		)
Included in earnings and reported as losses incurred, net		—			—		—			(108		)
Balance at March 31, 2019		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	11,639



Fair value roll-forward for financial instruments classified as Level 3 for the three months ended March 31, 2018
Table	8.2b
(In thousands)		Fixed income			Equity Securities			Total Investments			Real Estate Acquired
Balance at December 31, 2017		271			4,268			4,539			12,713
Transfers out of Level 3		—			(3,100		)	(3,100		)	—
Purchases		—			—			—			5,894
Sales		(17		)	—			(17		)	(8,870		)
Included in earnings and reported as losses incurred, net		—			—			—			341
Balance at March 31, 2018		$	254		$	1,168		$	1,422		$	10,078

Certain financial instruments, including insurance contracts, are excluded from these fair value disclosure requirements. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents (Level 1) and accrued investment income (Level 2) approximated their fair values. Additional fair value disclosures related to our investment portfolio are included in Note 7 – “Investments.”

Financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value

Other invested assets include an investment in FHLB stock that is carried at cost, which due to restrictions that require it to be redeemed or sold only to the security issuer at par value, approximates fair value. The fair value of other invested assets is categorized as Level 2.

Financial liabilities include our outstanding debt obligations. The fair values of our 5.75% Notes and 9% Debentures were based on observable market prices. The fair value of the FHLB Advance was estimated using cash flows discounted at current incremental borrowing rates for similar borrowing arrangements. In all cases the fair values of the financial liabilities below are categorized as Level 2.

Table 8.3 presents the carrying value and fair value of our financial assets and liabilities disclosed, but not carried, at fair value at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.



Financial assets and liabilities not measured at fair value
Table	8.3
		March 31, 2019				December 31, 2018
(In thousands)		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Financial assets
Other invested assets		$	3,100	$	3,100	$	3,100	$	3,100

Financial liabilities
FHLB Advance		$	155,000	$	153,133	$	155,000	$	150,551
5.75% Senior Notes		420,002		449,387		419,713		425,791
9% Convertible Junior Subordinated Debentures		256,872		332,580		256,872		338,069
Total financial liabilities		$	831,874	$	935,100	$	831,585	$	914,411