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Organization, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Select Significant Accounting Policies
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2012
Organization, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Select Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Organization, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Select Significant Accounting Policies
1. Organization, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Select Significant Accounting Policies
 
General– BioTime is a biotechnology company engaged in two areas of biomedical research and product development.  BioTime has historically developed blood plasma volume expanders and related technology for use in surgery, emergency trauma treatment and other applications.  BioTime's primary focus is in the field of regenerative medicine; specifically human embryonic stem ("hES") cell and induced pluripotent stem ("iPS") cell technology.  Regenerative medicine refers to therapies based on stem cell technology that are designed to rebuild cell and tissue function lost due to degenerative disease or injury.  hES and iPS cells provide a means of manufacturing every cell type in the human body and therefore show considerable promise for the development of a number of new therapeutic products.  BioTime plans to develop stem cell products for research and therapeutic use through its subsidiaries.  OncoCyte Corporation ("OncoCyte") is developing products and technologies to diagnose and treat cancer.  ES Cell International Pte. Ltd. ("ESI"), a Singapore private limited company, develops and sells hES products for research use.  BioTime Asia, Limited ("BioTime Asia"), a Hong Kong company, sells products for research use and may develop therapies to treat cancer, neurological, and orthopedic diseases.  OrthoCyte Corporation ("OrthoCyte") is developing therapies to treat orthopedic disorders, diseases and injuries.  ReCyte Therapeutics, Inc., formerly known as Embryome Sciences, Inc. ("ReCyte Therapeutics"), is developing therapies to treat vascular and blood diseases and disorders.  Cell Cure Neurosciences Ltd. ("Cell Cure Neurosciences"), is an Israel-based biotechnology company focused on developing stem cell-based therapies for retinal and neurological disorders, including the development of retinal pigment epithelial cells for the treatment of macular degeneration, and treatments for multiple sclerosis.  LifeMap Sciences, Inc. ("LifeMap") markets GeneCards®, the leading human gene database, and is developing an integrated database suite to complement GeneCards® that will also include the LifeMap™ database of embryonic development, stem cell research and regenerative medicine, and MalaCards, the human disease database.  LifeMap will also market BioTime research products and PanDaTox, a database that can be used to identify genes and intergenic regions that are unclonable in E. coli, to aid in the discovery of new antibiotics and biotechnologically beneficial functional genes.  LifeMap plans to commence research into the identification and development of novel cell lines for therapeutic products, including research on ACTCellerate™ human embryonic progenitor cell lines ("hEPC lines") using the LifeMap proprietary discovery platform, with the goal of identifying those hEPC lines that have greatest potential for use in the development of cell-based therapies for degenerative diseases.  BioTime Acquisition Corporation ("BAC") was incorporated on September 24, 2012.  BAC was incorporated to explore opportunities to acquire assets and businesses in the field of stem cells and regenerative medicine.
 
BioTime is focusing a portion of its efforts in the field of regenerative medicine on the development and sale of advanced human stem cell products and technology that can be used by researchers at universities and other institutions, at companies in the bioscience and biopharmaceutical industries, and at other companies that provide research products to companies in those industries.  Products for the research market generally can be sold without regulatory (FDA) approval, and are therefore relatively near-term business opportunities when compared to therapeutic products.
 
BioTime's operating revenues have been derived primarily from royalties and licensing fees related to the sale of its plasma volume expander product, Hextend®.  BioTime began to make its first stem cell research products available during 2008, but has not yet generated significant revenues from the sale of those products.  BioTime's ability to generate substantial operating revenue in the near term depends upon its success in developing and marketing or licensing its plasma volume expanders and stem cell products and technology for medical and research use.  On April 29, 2009, the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine ("CIRM") awarded BioTime a $4,721,706 grant for a stem cell research project related to its ACTCellerate™ technology.  The CIRM grant covered the period of September 1, 2009 through August 31, 2012 and was paid in quarterly installments.  BioTime recognized grant revenues of $261,776 and $1,047,107 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012.

Grant revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2012 also include $3,239 from the National Institutes of Health ("NIH"), $7,692 received by LifeMap Sciences, Ltd and $168,923 received by Cell Cure Neurosciences from the office of the Chief Scientist of Israel ("OCS"). For the nine months ended September 30, 2012, grant revenues also included $38,535 from the NIH, and $15,587 received by LifeMap Sciences, Ltd, and $416,857 received by Cell Cure Neurosciences from the OCS.
 
The unaudited condensed consolidated interim balance sheet as of September 30, 2012, the unaudited condensed consolidated interim statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, and the unaudited condensed consolidated interim statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011 have been prepared by BioTime's management in accordance with the instructions from the Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X.  In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows at September 30, 2012 have been made.  The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2011 is derived from the Company's annual audited financial statements as of that date.  The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results anticipated for the full year of 2012.
 
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted as permitted by regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") except for the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2011, which was derived from audited financial statements.  Certain previously furnished amounts have been reclassified to conform with presentations made during the current periods.  It is suggested that these condensed consolidated interim financial statements be read in conjunction with the annual audited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in BioTime's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.
 
Principles of consolidation – BioTime's condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of its subsidiaries.  The following table reflects BioTime's ownership of the outstanding shares of its subsidiaries.
 
Subsidiary
 
BioTime Ownership
 
Country
ReCyte Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly Embryome Sciences, Inc.)
 
95.15%
 
USA
OncoCyte Corporation
 
75.3%
 
USA
OrthoCyte Corporation
 
100%
 
USA
ES Cell International Pte. Ltd.
 
100%
 
Singapore
BioTime Asia, Limited
 
81%
 
Hong Kong
Cell Cure Neurosciences Ltd.
 
53.6% (1)
 
Israel
LifeMap Sciences, Inc.
 
77.1% (2)
 
USA
LifeMap Sciences, Ltd.
 
(3)
 
Israel
BioTime Acquisition Corporation
 
96.7%
 
USA

 
(1)
Cell Cure Neurosciences has agreed to issue additional ordinary shares to BioTime in exchange for BioTime common shares which will increase BioTime's ownership, directly and through ESI, to approximately 62.6%.  See Note 11.
 
(2)
LifeMap Sciences, Inc. has agreed to issue additional shares of its common stock to certain investors which will reduce BioTime's ownership 73.2%.  See Note 9.
 
(3)
LifeMap Sciences, Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of LifeMap Sciences, Inc.
 
All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.  As of September 30, 2012 and as of December 31, 2011, we consolidated ReCyte Therapeutics, OncoCyte, BioTime Asia, Cell Cure Neurosciences, LifeMap Sciences, Inc., LifeMap Sciences, Ltd., and BAC as we have the ability to control their operating and financial decisions and policies through our ownership, and we reflect the noncontrolling interest as a separate element of equity on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.
 
Certain significant risks and uncertainties - BioTime's operations are subject to a number of factors that can affect its operating results and financial condition.  Such factors include but are not limited to, the following: the results of clinical trials of BioTime's pharmaceutical products and medical devices; BioTime's ability to obtain FDA and foreign regulatory approval to market its pharmaceutical and medical device products; BioTime's ability to develop new stem cell research products and technologies; competition from products manufactured and sold or being developed by other companies; the price and demand for BioTime products; BioTime's ability to obtain additional financing and the terms of any such financing that may be obtained; BioTime's ability to negotiate favorable licensing or other manufacturing and marketing agreements for its products; the availability of ingredients used in BioTime's products; and the availability of reimbursement for the cost of BioTime's pharmaceutical products and medical devices (and related treatment) from government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers, and other organizations.
 
Use of estimates – The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Revenue recognition – BioTime complies with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin guidance on revenue recognition.  Royalty revenues consist of product royalty payments.  License fee revenues consist of fees under license agreements and are recognized when earned and reasonably estimable and also include subscription and advertising revenue from our online databases based upon respective subscription or advertising periods.  BioTime recognizes revenue in the quarter in which the royalty reports are received, rather than the quarter in which the sales took place.  When BioTime is entitled to receive up-front nonrefundable licensing or similar fees pursuant to agreements under which BioTime has no continuing performance obligations, the fees are recognized as revenues when collection is reasonably assured.  When BioTime receives up-front nonrefundable licensing or similar fees pursuant to agreements under which BioTime does have continuing performance obligations, the fees are deferred and amortized ratably over the performance period.  If the performance period cannot be reasonably estimated, BioTime amortizes nonrefundable fees over the life of the contract until such time that the performance period can be more reasonably estimated.  Milestone payments, if any, related to scientific or technical achievements are recognized in income when the milestone is accomplished if (a) substantive effort was required to achieve the milestone, (b) the amount of the milestone payment appears reasonably commensurate with the effort expended, and (c) collection of the payment is reasonably assured. Grant income and the sale of research products are recognized as revenue when earned.  Revenues from the sale of research products are primarily derived from the sale of hydrogels and stem cell products.
 
Cash and cash equivalents – BioTime considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
 
Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts - Trade accounts receivable and grants receivable are presented in the prepaid expenses and other current assets line item of the consolidated balance sheet.  Total trade receivables amounted to approximately $891,000 and $353,000 and grants receivable amounted to approximately $38,000 and $630,000 as of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.  Some of these amounts are deemed uncollectible; as such BioTime recognized allowance for doubtful accounts in the amount of $100,000 as of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011.  BioTime evaluates the collectability of its receivables based on a variety of factors, including the length of time receivables are past due and significant one-time events and historical experience.  An additional reserve for individual accounts will be recorded if BioTime becomes aware of a customer's inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy filings or deterioration in the customer's operating results or financial position.  If circumstances related to customers change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables would be further adjusted.
 
Concentrations of credit risk – Financial instruments that potentially subject BioTime to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents.  BioTime limits the amount of credit exposure of cash balances by maintaining its accounts in high credit quality financial institutions.  Cash equivalent deposits with financial institutions may occasionally exceed the limits of insurance on bank deposits; however, BioTime has not experienced any losses on such accounts.
 
Equipment – Equipment is stated at cost.  Equipment is being depreciated using the straight-line method over a period of 36 to 120 months.  See Note 3.
 
Inventory – Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market.  Cost, which includes amounts related to materials, labor, and overhead, is determined in a manner which approximates the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method.
 
Treasury stock – BioTime accounts for BioTime common shares issued to subsidiaries for future potential working capital needs as treasury stock on the consolidated balance sheet.  BioTime has the intent and ability to register any unregistered shares to support the marketability of the shares.
 
Cost of sales – BioTime accounts for the cost of research products acquired for sale and any royalties paid as a result of any revenues in accordance with the terms of the respective licensing agreements as cost of sales on the consolidated statement of operations.
 
Patent costs  Costs associated with obtaining patents on products or technology developed are expensed as general and administrative expenses when incurred.  This accounting is in compliance with guidance promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") regarding goodwill and other intangible assets.
 
Reclassification – Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
 
Research and development – BioTime complies with FASB requirements governing accounting for research and development costs.  Research and development costs are expensed when incurred, and consist principally of salaries, payroll taxes, consulting fees, research and laboratory fees, and license fees paid to acquire patents or licenses to use patents and other technology from third parties.
 
Foreign currency translation gain/(loss) and Comprehensive loss - In countries in which BioTime operates, and the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities are translated using published exchange rates in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date.  Revenues and expenses and cash flows are translated using an approximate weighted average exchange rate for the period.  Resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheet.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, comprehensive loss includes loss of $74,635 and $901,881, respectively which is entirely from foreign currency translation.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, foreign currency transaction gain and loss amounted to $39,930 and $90,774, respectively.
 
Income taxes  BioTime accounts for income taxes in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requirements, which prescribe the use of the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax asset or liability account balances are calculated at the balance sheet date using current tax laws and rates in effect.  Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.  The FASB guidance also prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return.  For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not sustainable upon examination by taxing authorities.  BioTime recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.  No amounts were accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011.  Management is currently unaware of any tax issues under review.
 
Stock-based compensation  BioTime adopted accounting standards governing share-based payments, which require the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to directors and employees, including employee stock options, based on estimated fair values.  In March 2005, the SEC issued additional guidelines which provide supplemental implementation guidance for valuation of share-based payments.  BioTime has applied the provisions of this guidance in such valuations as well.  Consistent with those guidelines, BioTime utilizes the Black-Scholes Merton option pricing model.  BioTime's determination of fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using that option-pricing model is affected by BioTime's stock price as well as by assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables.  These variables include, but are not limited to, BioTime's expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors.  The expected term of options granted is derived from historical data on employee exercises and post-vesting employment termination behavior.  The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rates in effect during the corresponding period of grant.  Although the fair value of employee stock options is determined in accordance with recent FASB guidance, changes in the subjective assumptions can materially affect the estimated value.  In management's opinion, the existing valuation models, including Black-Scholes Merton, may not provide an accurate measure of the fair value of BioTime's employee stock options because the option-pricing model value may not be indicative of the fair value that would be established in a willing buyer/willing seller market transaction.
 
Impairment of long-lived assets – BioTime's long-lived assets, including intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable.  If an impairment indicator is present, BioTime will evaluate recoverability by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets.  If the assets are impaired, the impairment will be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets.
 
Deferred license and consulting fees – Deferred license and consulting fees consist of the value of warrants issued to third parties for services and to the minority shareholder in BioTime Asia for consulting services, and deferred license fees paid to acquire rights to use the proprietary technologies of third parties.  The value of the warrants is being amortized over the period the services are being provided, and the license fees are being amortized over the estimated useful lives of the licensed technologies or licensed research products.  See Note 6.
 
Loss per share – Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to BioTime, Inc. by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period.  Diluted net loss per share reflects the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus the potential effect of dilutive securities or contracts which are convertible to common shares, such as options and warrants (using the treasury stock method) and shares issuable in future periods, except in cases where the effect would be anti-dilutive.  Diluted loss per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011 excludes any effect from 3,492,135 options and 556,613 warrants, and 3,249,647 options and 636,613 warrants, respectively, as the inclusion of those options and warrants would be antidilutive.
 
Fair value of  financial instruments – The fair value of BioTime's assets and liabilities, which qualify as financial instruments under FASB guidance regarding disclosures about fair value of financial instruments, approximate the carrying amounts presented in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
 
In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-05, Comprehensive Income (ASC Topic 220):  Presentation of Comprehensive Income, ("ASU 2011-05") which amends current comprehensive income guidance.  This accounting update eliminates the option to present the components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of shareholders' equity.  Instead, BioTime must report comprehensive income in either a single continuous statement of comprehensive income which contains two sections, net income and other comprehensive income, or in two separate but consecutive statements.  ASU 2011-05 became effective for public companies during the interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011 with early adoption permitted.  The adoption of ASU 2011-05 does not have a material impact on its consolidated results of operation and financial condition.