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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Nov. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The components of income before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):
 
Fiscal Year Ended
November 30, 2023November 30, 2022November 30, 2021
U.S.$70,659 $103,917 $80,508 
Foreign8,998 13,338 15,026 
Total$79,657 $117,255 $95,534 

The provision for income taxes is comprised of the following (in thousands):
 
Fiscal Year Ended
November 30, 2023November 30, 2022November 30, 2021
Current:
Federal$28,905 $20,118 $11,964 
State4,373 5,039 2,602 
Foreign4,823 4,631 3,456 
Total current38,101 29,788 18,022 
Deferred
Federal(22,763)(4,683)366 
State(1,592)(1,537)(1,110)
Foreign(4,286)(1,382)(164)
Total deferred(28,641)(7,602)(908)
Total$9,460 $22,186 $17,114 
A reconciliation of the income taxes incurred at the U.S. Federal statutory rate compared to the effective tax rate is as follows (in thousands):
 
Fiscal Year Ended
November 30, 2023November 30, 2022November 30, 2021
Tax at U.S. Federal statutory rate$16,728 $24,624 $20,062 
Foreign rate differences(644)475 193 
Effects of foreign operations included in U.S. Federal provision447 401 (112)
State income taxes, net1,814 2,424 1,215 
Research credits(894)(1,268)(410)
Nondeductible stock-based compensation2,498 2,725 1,548 
Meals and entertainment162 185 61 
Compensation subject to 162(m)928 878 346 
Uncertain tax positions and tax settlements(1,056)(163)89 
Net excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation plans(2,058)(266)(11)
Global intangible low tax inclusion244 17 606 
Foreign derived intangible deduction(8,297)(7,769)(6,386)
Other(412)(77)(87)
Total$9,460 $22,186 $17,114 

The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
 
November 30, 2023November 30, 2022
Deferred tax assets:
Accounts receivable$174 $191 
Accrued compensation5,101 3,884 
Accrued liabilities and other2,511 1,352 
Deferred revenue20,204 12,461 
Stock-based compensation9,459 8,030 
Original issue discount5,135 7,169 
Tax credit and loss carryforwards34,948 27,809 
Operating lease liabilities3,208 4,082 
Capitalized research and development20,814 — 
Gross deferred tax assets101,554 64,978 
Valuation allowance(2,381)(6,275)
Total deferred tax assets99,173 58,703 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Goodwill(25,454)(23,745)
Right-of-use lease assets(2,196)(2,938)
Depreciation and amortization(55,962)(20,875)
Prepaid expenses(4,083)(4,008)
Total deferred tax liabilities(87,695)(51,566)
Total$11,478 $7,137 

Under provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 174, beginning in fiscal year 2023 specific research and experimental (“R&E”) expenditures are now required to be capitalized and amortized over five years for U.S. R&E and fifteen years for foreign R&E.
The valuation allowance primarily applies to net operating loss carryforwards in foreign jurisdictions under conditions where realization is not more likely than not. The $4 million decrease in the valuation allowance during fiscal year 2023 primarily relates to losses in a foreign subsidiary that have expired prior to utilization.

At November 30, 2023, we have federal and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $92.0 million expiring on various dates through 2097 and $27.0 million that do not expire. In addition, we have state net operating loss carryforwards of $69.0 million expiring on various dates through 2043 and a minimal amount that does not expire. At November 30, 2023, we have state tax credit carryforwards of approximately $2.3 million expiring on various dates through 2038 and $2.9 million that may be carried forward indefinitely. In addition, we have federal tax credit carryforwards of approximately $7.1 million expiring on various dates through 2039.

It is our intention to indefinitely reinvest the earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. Provisions have not been made for non-U.S. withholding taxes or other applicable taxes on $105.6 million of undistributed earnings as of November 30, 2023, as these earnings have been indefinitely reinvested. It is not practicable to determine the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability if the undistributed earnings were to be repatriated due to the complexity of the income tax laws and regulations. These earnings could be subject to non-U.S. withholding taxes and other federal, state and/or foreign taxes if they were remitted to the U.S.

As of November 30, 2023, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $5.2 million, of which $0.8 million was recorded in other noncurrent liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and $4.4 million as a reduction of deferred tax assets, principally related to U.S net operating loss carry-forwards and federal and state research and development tax credits.

A reconciliation of the balance of our unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
 
Fiscal Year Ended
November 30, 2023November 30, 2022November 30, 2021
Balance, beginning of year$5,276 $5,471 $6,219 
Tax positions related to current period— — 71 
Tax positions related to a prior period19 — (820)
Tax positions acquired423 — 439 
Settlements with tax authorities(367)(45)(168)
Lapses due to expiration of the statute of limitations(179)(150)(270)
Balance, end of year$5,172 $5,276 $5,471 

If recognized, all amounts of unrecognized tax benefits would affect the effective tax rate.

We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of our provision for income taxes. In fiscal year 2023 a net benefit of $0.8 million was recorded to the provision for income taxes related to interest and penalties. In fiscal year 2022 there was a minimal amount of estimated interest and penalties recorded in the provision for income taxes. In fiscal year 2021 a net expense of $0.8 million was recorded to the provision for income taxes related to estimated interest and penalties. We have accrued $0.5 million and $1.3 million of estimated interest and penalties at November 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We do not expect any significant changes to the amount of unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months.

Our federal income tax returns have been examined or are closed by statute for all years prior to fiscal year 2020. Our state income tax returns have been examined or are closed by statute for all years prior to fiscal year 2019, and we are no longer subject to audit for those periods.

Tax authorities for certain non-U.S. jurisdictions are also examining tax returns for various years dating back to 2016 and the Company does not expect the results of these examinations to be material to our consolidated balance sheets, cash flows or statements of income. With some exceptions, we are generally no longer subject to tax examinations in non-U.S. jurisdictions for years prior to fiscal year 2018.