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Oct. 31, 2021
Prospectus #1
Prospectus
Prospectus #1 | Macquarie Labor Select International Equity Portfolio
What is the Portfolio’s investment objective?

Macquarie Labor Select International Equity Portfolio seeks maximum long-term total return.

What are the Portfolio’s fees and expenses?

The table below describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Portfolio.

Annual portfolio operating expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Example

This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Portfolio with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Portfolio for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Portfolio’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:

Portfolio turnover

The Portfolio pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Portfolio shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual portfolio operating expenses or in the example, affect the Portfolio’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate was 15% of the average value of its portfolio.

What are the Portfolio’s principal investment strategies?

The Portfolio will primarily invest in equity securities of companies that are organized, have a majority of their assets, or derive most of their operating income outside of the US, and which, in the opinion of the Portfolio’s portfolio managers, are undervalued at the time of purchase based on the rigorous fundamental analysis that the portfolio managers employ. In addition to following these quantitative guidelines, the Sub-advisor will select securities of issuers that present certain characteristics that are compatible or operate in accordance with certain investment policies or restrictions followed by organized labor.

Under normal circumstances, the Portfolio will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities (80% Policy). The Portfolio’s 80% Policy may be changed without shareholder approval. However, shareholders will be given notice at least 60 days prior to any such change. Under normal circumstances, the Portfolio will invest at least 40% of its total assets in securities of non-US issuers. This policy is in addition to the 80% Policy.

In selecting portfolio securities, the portfolio managers emphasize strong performance in falling markets relative to other mutual funds focusing on international equity investments. Equity securities include, but are not limited to, common stocks, securities convertible into common stocks, securities having common stock characteristics, such as rights and warrants to purchase common stocks, and preferred shares. To the extent that this Portfolio invests in convertible debt securities, those securities will be purchased on the basis of their equity characteristics, and ratings of those securities, if any, will not be an important factor in

 

their selection. Additionally, the Portfolio may, from time to time, hold its assets in cash (which may be US dollars or foreign currency, including the euro) or may invest in short-term debt securities or other money market instruments. Except when a temporary defensive approach is appropriate, the Portfolio generally will not hold more than 5% of its assets in cash or such short-term instruments.

From time to time, the Portfolio may invest up to 30% of its net assets in securities of issuers in the commercial banking industry; to the extent the Portfolio invests 30% of its net assets in such securities, it may be slightly more sensitive to movement in the commercial banking industry.

The portfolio managers’ approach in selecting investments for the Portfolio is primarily quantitatively oriented to individual stock selection and is value driven. In selecting stocks for the Portfolio, the portfolio managers identify those stocks that they believe will provide the highest total return over a market cycle, taking into consideration the movement in the price of the individual security, the impact of currency adjustment on a US-domiciled, dollar-based investor, and the investment guidelines described below. The portfolio managers conduct extensive fundamental research on a global basis, and it is through this research effort that securities with the potential for maximum long-term total return are identified. The center of the fundamental research effort is a value-oriented dividend discount methodology applied to individual securities and market analysis that isolates value across country boundaries. The portfolio managers’ approach focuses on future anticipated dividends and discounts the value of those dividends back to what they would be worth if they were being paid today. Comparisons of the values of different possible investments are then made.

Supplementing the portfolio managers’ quantitative approach to stock selection, the portfolio managers also attempt to follow certain qualitative investment guidelines that seek to identify issuers that present certain characteristics that are compatible or operate in accordance with certain investment policies or restrictions followed by organized labor. These qualitative investment guidelines include country screens, as well as additional issuer-specific criteria. The country screens require that the securities are of companies domiciled in those countries that are included in the MSCI EAFE (Europe, Australasia, and Far East) Index and Canada. Nations that are currently in this Index include, among others, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. In addition, the Portfolio will tend to favor investments in issuers located in those countries that the portfolio managers perceive as enjoying favorable relations with the US. Pursuant to the Portfolio’s issuer-specific criteria, the Portfolio will: (1) invest only in companies that are publicly traded; (2) focus on companies that show, in the portfolio managers’ opinion, evidence of pursuing fair labor practices; (3) focus on companies that have not been subject to penalties or tariffs imposed by applicable US government agencies for unfair trade practices within the previous two years; and (4) not invest in initial public offerings. Evidence of pursuing fair labor practices would include whether a company has demonstrated patterns of noncompliance with applicable labor or health and safety laws. The qualitative labor sensitivity factors that the portfolio managers will utilize in selecting securities will vary over time, and will be solely in the portfolio managers’ discretion.

The portfolio managers do not normally intend to respond to short-term market fluctuations or to acquire securities for the purpose of short-term trading; however, the portfolio managers may take advantage of short-term opportunities that are consistent with the Portfolio’s investment objective. It is anticipated that the annual turnover rate of the Portfolio, under normal circumstances, will generally not exceed 100%.

Currency considerations carry a special risk for a portfolio of international securities, and the portfolio managers use a purchasing power parity approach to evaluate currency risk. In this regard, the Portfolio may actively carry out hedging activities, and may invest in forward foreign currency contracts to hedge currency risks associated with the purchase of individual securities denominated in a particular currency.

The portfolio managers consider material ESG opportunities and risks as an integrated part of the investment process.

What are the principal risks of investing in the Portfolio?

Investing in any mutual fund involves the risk that you may lose part or all of the money you invest. Over time, the value of your investment in the Portfolio will increase and decrease according to changes in the value of the securities in its portfolio. The Portfolio’s principal risks include:

Market risk — The risk that all or a majority of the securities in a certain market — such as the stock or bond market — will decline in value because of factors such as adverse political or economic conditions, future expectations, investor confidence, or heavy institutional selling.

Foreign risk — The risk that foreign securities (particularly in emerging markets) may be adversely affected by political instability, changes in currency exchange rates, inefficient markets and higher transaction costs, foreign economic conditions, the imposition of economic or trade sanctions, or inadequate or different regulatory and accounting standards.

Foreign government/supranational securities risk — The risk that a foreign government or government-related issuer may be unable to make timely payments on its external debt obligations.

Geographic focus risk — To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular country or geographic region, a portfolio may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that country or geographic region. As a result, the portfolio may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a portfolio holding more geographically diverse investments.

 

Derivatives risk — Derivatives contracts, such as futures, forward foreign currency contracts, options, and swaps, may involve additional expenses (such as the payment of premiums) and are subject to significant loss if a security, index, reference rate, or other asset or market factor to which a derivatives contract is associated, moves in the opposite direction from what the portfolio manager anticipated. When used for hedging, the change in value of the derivatives instrument may also not correlate specifically with the currency, rate, or other risk being hedged, in which case a portfolio may not realize the intended benefits. Derivatives contracts are also subject to the risk that the counterparty may fail to perform its obligations under the contract due to, among other reasons, financial difficulties (such as a bankruptcy or reorganization).

Interest rate risk — The risk that securities will decrease in value if interest rates rise. The risk is generally associated with bonds; however, because small- and medium-sized companies and companies in the real estate sector often borrow money to finance their operations, they may be adversely affected by rising interest rates. A portfolio may be subject to a greater risk of rising interest rates due to the current period of historically low interest rates.

Liquidity risk — The possibility that securities cannot be readily sold within seven calendar days at approximately the price at which a portfolio has valued them.

Industry and sector risk — The risk that the value of securities in a particular industry or sector (such as financial services) will decline because of changing expectations for the performance of that industry or sector.

IBOR risk — The risk that changes related to the use of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or similar interbank offered rates (“IBORs,” such as the Euro Overnight Index Average (EONIA)) could have adverse impacts on financial instruments that reference LIBOR or a similar rate. While some instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR or a similar rate is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate setting methodology, not all instruments have such fallback provisions and the effectiveness of replacement rates is uncertain. The abandonment of LIBOR and similar rates could affect the value and liquidity of instruments that reference such rates, especially those that do not have fallback provisions. The use of alternative reference rate products may impact investment strategy performance.

Active management and selection risk — The risk that the securities selected by a portfolio’s management will underperform the markets, the relevant indices, or the securities selected by other portfolios with similar investment objectives and investment strategies. The securities and sectors selected may vary from the securities and sectors included in the relevant index.

None of the entities noted in this document is an authorised deposit-taking institution for the purposes of the Banking Act 1959 (Commonwealth of Australia) and the obligations of these entities do not represent deposits or other liabilities of Macquarie Bank Limited ABN 46 008 583 542 (Macquarie Bank). Macquarie Bank does not guarantee or otherwise provide assurance in respect of the obligations of these entities. In addition, if this document relates to an investment (a) each investor is subject to investment risk including possible delays in repayment and loss of income and principal invested and (b) none of Macquarie Bank or any other Macquarie Group company guarantees any particular rate of return on or the performance of the investment, nor do they guarantee repayment of capital in respect of the investment.

How has Macquarie Labor Select International Equity Portfolio performed?

The bar chart and table below provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Portfolio by showing changes in the Portfolio’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Portfolio’s average annual total returns for the 1-, 5-, and 10-year periods compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. The Portfolio’s past performance (before and after taxes) is not necessarily an indication of how it will perform in the future. The returns reflect any expense caps in effect during these periods. The returns would be lower without the expense caps. You may obtain the Portfolio’s most recently available month-end performance by calling 800 231-8002 or by visiting our website at macquarieim.com/mip.

During the periods illustrated in this bar chart, Macquarie Labor Select International Equity Portfolio’s highest quarterly return was 17.80% for the quarter ended December 31, 2020, and its lowest quarterly return was -26.87% for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.

Actual after-tax returns depend on the investor’s individual tax situation and may differ from the returns shown. After-tax returns are not relevant for shares held in tax-advantaged investment vehicles such as employer-sponsored 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs). The after-tax returns shown are calculated using the highest individual federal marginal income tax rates in effect during the Portfolio’s lifetime and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes.

Prospectus #1 | Macquarie Emerging Markets Portfolio
What is the Portfolio’s investment objective?

Macquarie Emerging Markets Portfolio seeks long-term capital appreciation.

What are the Portfolio’s fees and expenses?

The table below describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Portfolio.

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Annual portfolio operating expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Example

This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Portfolio with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Portfolio for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Portfolio’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:

Portfolio turnover

The Portfolio pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Portfolio shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual portfolio operating expenses or in the example, affect the Portfolio’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate was 42% of the average value of its portfolio.

What are the Portfolio’s principal investment strategies?

Macquarie Emerging Markets Portfolio is an international fund. The Portfolio generally invests in equity securities of companies organized in, having a majority of their assets in, or deriving a majority of their operating income from, emerging countries. Equity securities include, but are not limited to, common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible securities, certain nontraditional equity securities, and warrants. To the extent that this Portfolio invests in convertible debt securities, those securities will be purchased on the basis of their equity characteristics, and ratings of those securities, if any, will not be an important factor in their selection.

Under normal circumstances, the Portfolio will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, in investments of emerging market issuers (80% Policy). The Portfolio’s 80% Policy may be changed without shareholder approval. However, shareholders will be given notice at least 60 days prior to any such change. Under normal circumstances, the Portfolio will invest at least 40% of its total assets in securities of non-US issuers. This policy is in addition to the 80% Policy.

The Portfolio considers an “emerging country” to be any country that is generally recognized to be an emerging or developing country by the international financial community, including the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation, as well as countries that are classified by the United Nations as developing. In addition, any country that is included in the International Finance Corporation Free Index or MSCI Emerging Markets Index will be considered to be an “emerging country.” There are more than 130 countries that are generally considered to be emerging or developing countries by the international financial community, approximately 40 of which currently have stock markets. Almost every nation in the world is included within this group of developing or emerging countries except the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and nations located in Western Europe.

The Portfolio will focus its investments in those emerging countries where the Portfolio’s portfolio managers consider the economies to be developing strongly and where the markets are becoming more sophisticated. Currently, investing in many other emerging countries is not feasible, or may, in the portfolio managers’ opinion, involve unacceptable political risks. The portfolio managers believe that investment opportunities may result from an evolving long-term international trend favoring more market-oriented economies, a trend that may particularly benefit certain countries having developing markets. This trend may be facilitated by local or international political, economic, or financial developments that could benefit the capital markets in such countries.

In considering possible emerging countries in which the Portfolio may invest, the portfolio managers will place particular emphasis on factors such as economic conditions (including growth trends, inflation rates, and trade balances), regulatory and currency controls, accounting standards, and political and social conditions. The portfolio managers currently anticipate that the countries in which the Portfolio may invest will include, among others, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, North Korea, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe. As markets in other emerging countries develop, the portfolio managers expect to expand and further diversify the countries in which the Portfolio invests.

Although this is not an exhaustive list, the portfolio managers consider an emerging country equity security to be one that is issued by a company that exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: (1) its principal securities trading market is in an emerging country, as defined above; (2) while traded in any market, alone or on a consolidated basis, the company derives 50% or more of its annual revenues from either goods produced, sales made or services performed in emerging countries; or (3) it is organized under the laws of, and has a principal office in, an emerging country. The portfolio managers will determine eligibility based on publicly available information and inquiries made of the companies.

The Portfolio may invest in securities issued in any currency and may hold foreign currency. Securities of issuers within a given country may be denominated in the currency of another country or in multinational currency units, including the euro. For temporary defensive purposes, the Portfolio may invest all or a substantial portion of its assets in high-quality debt instruments.

Currency considerations carry a special risk for a portfolio of international securities. The portfolio managers use a purchasing power parity approach to evaluate currency risk. In this regard, the Portfolio may actively carry on hedging activities, and may invest in forward foreign currency contracts to hedge currency risks associated with the purchase of individual securities denominated in a particular currency.

The portfolio managers consider material ESG opportunities and risks as an integrated part of the investment process.

What are the principal risks of investing in the Portfolio?

Investing in any mutual fund involves the risk that you may lose part or all of the money you invest. Over time, the value of your investment in the Portfolio will increase and decrease according to changes in the value of the securities in its portfolio. The Portfolio’s principal risks include:

Market risk — The risk that all or a majority of the securities in a certain market — such as the stock or bond market — will decline in value because of factors such as adverse political or economic conditions, future expectations, investor confidence, or heavy institutional selling.

 

Foreign and emerging markets risk — The risk that international investing (particularly in emerging markets) may be adversely affected by political instability; changes in currency exchange rates; inefficient markets and higher transaction costs; foreign economic conditions; the imposition of economic or trade sanctions; or inadequate or different regulatory and accounting standards. The risk associated with international investing will be greater in emerging markets than in more developed foreign markets because, among other things, emerging markets may have less stable political and economic environments. In addition, there often is substantially less publicly available information about issuers and such information tends to be of a lesser quality. Economic markets and structures tend to be less mature and diverse and the securities markets may also be smaller, less liquid, and subject to greater price volatility.

Foreign government/supranational securities risk — The risk that a foreign government or government-related issuer may be unable to make timely payments on its external debt obligations.

Geographic focus risk — To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular country or geographic region, a portfolio may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that country or geographic region. As a result, the portfolio may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a portfolio holding more geographically diverse investments. Adverse events in any one country within the Asia-Pacific region may impact the other countries in the region or Asia as a whole. As a result, adverse events in the region will generally have a greater effect on a fund than if the fund were more geographically diversified, which could result in greater volatility in the fund’s net asset value and losses. Markets in the greater China region can experience significant volatility due to social, economic, regulatory, and political uncertainties.

Derivatives risk — Derivatives contracts, such as futures, forward foreign currency contracts, options, and swaps, may involve additional expenses (such as the payment of premiums) and are subject to significant loss if a security, index, reference rate, or other asset or market factor to which a derivatives contract is associated, moves in the opposite direction from what the portfolio manager anticipated. When used for hedging, the change in value of the derivatives instrument may also not correlate specifically with the currency, rate, or other risk being hedged, in which case a portfolio may not realize the intended benefits. Derivatives contracts are also subject to the risk that the counterparty may fail to perform its obligations under the contract due to, among other reasons, financial difficulties (such as a bankruptcy or reorganization).

Credit risk — The risk that an issuer of a debt security, including a governmental issuer, or an entity that insures a bond may be unable to make interest payments and/or repay principal in a timely manner.

Interest rate risk — The risk that securities will decrease in value if interest rates rise. The risk is generally associated with bonds; however, because small- and medium-sized companies and companies in the real estate sector often borrow money to finance their operations, they may be adversely affected by rising interest rates. A portfolio may be subject to a greater risk of rising interest rates due to the current period of historically low interest rates.

Liquidity risk — The possibility that securities cannot be readily sold within seven calendar days at approximately the price at which a portfolio has valued them.

Industry and Sector risk — The risk that the value of securities in a particular industry or sector (such as financials or information technology) will decline because of changing expectations for the performance of that industry or sector.

IBOR risk — The risk that changes related to the use of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or similar interbank offered rates (“IBORs,” such as the Euro Overnight Index Average (EONIA)) could have adverse impacts on financial instruments that reference LIBOR or a similar rate. While some instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR or a similar rate is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate setting methodology, not all instruments have such fallback provisions and the effectiveness of replacement rates is uncertain. The abandonment of LIBOR and similar rates could affect the value and liquidity of instruments that reference such rates, especially those that do not have fallback provisions. The use of alternative reference rate products may impact investment strategy performance.

Active management and selection risk — The risk that the securities selected by a portfolio’s management will underperform the markets, the relevant indices, or the securities selected by other portfolios with similar investment objectives and investment strategies. The securities and sectors selected may vary from the securities and sectors included in the relevant index.

None of the entities noted in this document is an authorised deposit-taking institution for the purposes of the Banking Act 1959 (Commonwealth of Australia) and the obligations of these entities do not represent deposits or other liabilities of Macquarie Bank Limited ABN 46 008 583 542 (Macquarie Bank). Macquarie Bank does not guarantee or otherwise provide assurance in respect of the obligations of these entities. In addition, if this document relates to an investment (a) each investor is subject to investment risk including possible delays in repayment and loss of income and principal invested and (b) none of Macquarie Bank or any other Macquarie Group company guarantees any particular rate of return on or the performance of the investment, nor do they guarantee repayment of capital in respect of the investment.

How has Macquarie Emerging Markets Portfolio performed?

The bar chart and table below provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Portfolio by showing changes in the Portfolio’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Portfolio’s average annual total returns for the 1-, 5-, and 10-year periods compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. The Portfolio’s past performance (before and after taxes) is not necessarily an indication of how it will perform in the future. The returns reflect any expense caps in effect during these periods. The returns would be lower without the expense caps. You may obtain the Portfolio’s most recently available month-end performance by calling 800 231-8002 or by visiting our website at macquarieim.com/mip.

During the periods illustrated in this bar chart, Macquarie Emerging Markets Portfolio’s highest quarterly return was 17.70% for the quarter ended December 31, 2020, and its lowest quarterly return was -26.20% for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.

Actual after-tax returns depend on the investor’s individual tax situation and may differ from the returns shown. After-tax returns are not relevant for shares held in tax-advantaged investment vehicles such as employer-sponsored 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs). The after-tax returns shown are calculated using the highest individual federal marginal income tax rates in effect during the Portfolio’s lifetime and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes.

Prospectus #1 | Macquarie Emerging Markets Portfolio II
What is the Portfolio’s investment objective?

Macquarie Emerging Markets Portfolio II seeks long-term capital appreciation.

What are the Portfolio’s fees and expenses?

The table below describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Portfolio.

Annual portfolio operating expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Example

This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Portfolio with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Portfolio for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and reflects the Manager’s expense waivers and reimbursements for the 1-year contractual period and the total operating expenses without waivers for years 2 through 10. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:

Portfolio turnover

The Portfolio pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Portfolio shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual portfolio operating expenses or in the example, affect the Portfolio’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate was 12% of the average value of its portfolio.

What are the Portfolio’s principal investment strategies?

The Portfolio invests primarily in a broad range of equity securities of companies located in emerging market countries. Emerging market countries include those encompassed in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index and those currently considered to be developing by the World Bank, the United Nations or the countries’ governments. The Portfolio may invest more than 25% of its assets in the securities of any one country. This is typically seen in countries that make up a significant portion of the benchmark. These countries typically are located in the Asia-Pacific region, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central and South America, and Africa. Under normal market conditions, at least 80% of the Portfolio’s net assets, plus any borrowings for investment purposes, will be invested in emerging market issuers (80% policy). The Portfolio’s 80% policy can be changed without shareholder approval. However, shareholders would be given at least 60 days’ notice prior to any such change. The Portfolio may invest in companies of any size.

Although the Portfolio invests primarily in companies from countries considered to be emerging, the Portfolio will also invest in companies that are not in emerging countries: (1) if the portfolio manager believes that the performance of a company or its industry will be influenced by opportunities in the emerging markets; (2) to maintain exposure to industry segments where the portfolio manager believes there are not satisfactory investment opportunities in emerging countries; and (3) if the portfolio manager believes there is the potential for significant benefit to the Portfolio.

 

The Manager believes that although market price and intrinsic business value are positively correlated in the long run, short-term divergences can emerge. The Portfolio seeks to take advantage of these divergences through a fundamental, bottom-up approach. The Portfolio invests in securities of companies with sustainable franchises when they are trading at a discount to the Manager’s intrinsic value estimate for that security.

The Manager defines sustainable franchises as those companies with potential to earn excess returns above their cost of capital over the long run. Sustainability analysis involves identification of a company’s source of competitive advantage and the ability of its management to maximize its return potential. The Manager prefers companies with large market opportunities in which to deploy capital, providing opportunities to grow faster than the overall economy.

Intrinsic value assessment is quantitatively determined through a variety of valuation methods including discounted cash flow, replacement cost, private market transaction, and multiples analysis.

The Manager may permit its affiliates, Macquarie Investment Management Global Limited (MIMGL) and Macquarie Funds Management Hong Kong Limited, to execute Fund security trades on behalf of the Manager. The Manager may also seek quantitative support from MIMGL.

What are the principal risks of investing in the Portfolio?

Investing in any mutual fund involves the risk that you may lose part or all of the money you invest. Over time, the value of your investment in the Portfolio will increase and decrease according to changes in the value of the securities in its portfolio. The Portfolio’s principal risks include:

Market risk — The risk that all or a majority of the securities in a certain market — such as the stock or bond market — will decline in value because of factors such as adverse political or economic conditions, future expectations, investor confidence, or heavy institutional selling.

Foreign and emerging markets risk — The risk that international investing (particularly in emerging markets) may be adversely affected by political instability; changes in currency exchange rates; inefficient markets and higher transaction costs; foreign economic conditions; the imposition of economic or trade sanctions; or inadequate or different regulatory and accounting standards. The risk associated with international investing will be greater in emerging markets than in more developed foreign markets because, among other things, emerging markets may have less stable political and economic environments. In addition, there often is substantially less publicly available information about issuers and such information tends to be of a lesser quality. Economic markets and structures tend to be less mature and diverse and the securities markets may also be smaller, less liquid, and subject to greater price volatility.

Foreign government/supranational securities risk — The risk that a foreign government or government-related issuer may be unable to make timely payments on its external debt obligations.

Geographic focus risk — To the extent that it focuses its investments in a particular country or geographic region, a portfolio may be more susceptible to economic, political, regulatory or other events or conditions affecting issuers and countries within that country or geographic region. As a result, the portfolio may be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss than a portfolio holding more geographically diverse investments. Adverse events in any one country within the Asia-Pacific region may impact the other countries in the region or Asia as a whole. As a result, adverse events in the region will generally have a greater effect on a fund than if the fund were more geographically diversified, which could result in greater volatility in the fund’s net asset value and losses. Markets in the greater China region can experience significant volatility due to social, economic, regulatory, and political uncertainties.

Industry and sector risk — The risk that the value of securities in a particular industry or sector (such as information technology) will decline because of changing expectations for the performance of that industry or sector.

Company size risk — The risk that investments in small- and/or medium-sized companies may be more volatile than those of larger companies because of limited financial resources or dependence on narrow product lines.

Interest rate risk — The risk that securities will decrease in value if interest rates rise. The risk is generally associated with bonds; however, because small- and medium-sized companies and companies in the real estate sector often borrow money to finance their operations, they may be adversely affected by rising interest rates. A portfolio may be subject to a greater risk of rising interest rates due to the current period of historically low interest rates.

Liquidity risk — The possibility that securities cannot be readily sold within seven calendar days at approximately the price at which a portfolio has valued them.

IBOR risk — The risk that changes related to the use of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or similar interbank offered rates (“IBORs,” such as the Euro Overnight Index Average (EONIA)) could have adverse impacts on financial instruments that reference LIBOR or a similar rate. While some instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR or a similar rate is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate setting methodology, not all instruments have such fallback provisions and the effectiveness of replacement rates is uncertain. The abandonment of LIBOR and similar rates could affect the value and liquidity of instruments that reference such rates, especially those that do not have fallback provisions. The use of alternative reference rate products may impact investment strategy performance.

 

Active management and selection risk — The risk that the securities selected by a portfolio’s management will underperform the markets, the relevant indices, or the securities selected by other portfolios with similar investment objectives and investment strategies. The securities and sectors selected may vary from the securities and sectors included in the relevant index.

None of the entities noted in this document is an authorised deposit-taking institution for the purposes of the Banking Act 1959 (Commonwealth of Australia) and the obligations of these entities do not represent deposits or other liabilities of Macquarie Bank Limited ABN 46 008 583 542 (Macquarie Bank). Macquarie Bank does not guarantee or otherwise provide assurance in respect of the obligations of these entities. In addition, if this document relates to an investment (a) each investor is subject to investment risk including possible delays in repayment and loss of income and principal invested and (b) none of Macquarie Bank or any other Macquarie Group company guarantees any particular rate of return on or the performance of the investment, nor do they guarantee repayment of capital in respect of the investment.

How has Macquarie Emerging Markets Portfolio II performed?

The bar chart and table below provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Portfolio by showing changes in the Portfolio’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Portfolio’s average annual total returns for the 1-, 5-, and 10-year periods compare with those of a broad measure of market performance. The Portfolio’s past performance (before and after taxes) is not necessarily an indication of how it will perform in the future. The returns reflect any expense caps in effect during these periods. The returns would be lower without the expense caps. You may obtain the Portfolio’s most recently available month-end performance by calling 800 231-8002 or by visiting our website at macquarieim.com/mip.

During the periods illustrated in this bar chart, Macquarie Emerging Markets Portfolio II’s highest quarterly return was 27.25% for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, and its lowest quarterly return was -25.68% for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.

Actual after-tax returns depend on the investor’s individual tax situation and may differ from the returns shown. After-tax returns are not relevant for shares held in tax-advantaged investment vehicles such as employer-sponsored 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs). The after-tax returns shown are calculated using the highest individual federal marginal income tax rates in effect during the Portfolio’s lifetime and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes.

Prospectus #2
Prospectus
Prospectus #2 | Delaware Global Listed Real Assets Fund
What is the Fund’s investment objective?

Delaware Global Listed Real Assets Fund seeks total return, which is targeted to be in excess of inflation, through growth of capital and current income.

What are the Fund’s fees and expenses?

The table below describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Fund. You may qualify for sales-charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Delaware Funds by Macquarie®. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial intermediary, in the Fund’s Prospectus under the section entitled “About your account,” and in the Fund’s statement of additional information (SAI) under the section entitled “Purchasing Shares.”

Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
Annual fund operating expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)
Example

This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. In addition, the example shows expenses for Class C shares, assuming those shares were not redeemed at the end of those periods. The example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and reflects the Manager’s expense waivers and reimbursements for the 1-year contractual period and the total operating expenses without waivers for years 2 through 10. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:

Portfolio turnover

The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in the annual fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 60% of the average value of its portfolio.

What are the Fund’s principal investment strategies?

The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in listed real assets securities, which includes the following categories:

Real Estate Securities (such as Real estate investment trusts (REITs), Real estate operating companies (REOCs), mortgage-backed securities); 

Infrastructure Securities (including master limited partnerships (MLPs)); 

Natural Resources Securities; and  

Inflation-Linked Securities (collectively, “Real Assets Securities”). 

See the section of the Prospectus entitled “Our principal investment strategies” for a description of Real Estate Securities, Infrastructure Securities, Natural Resources Securities, and Inflation-Linked Securities.

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in Real Assets Securities (80% policy). The Fund will invest at least 30% of its net assets in foreign securities, including emerging markets issuers. The Fund may purchase both equity and fixed income securities. The Fund may invest in securities of companies or issuers of any size market capitalization.

The Fund will allocate strategy assets across multiple sleeves that will invest in liquid, listed real assets securities that are both tangible and intangible. Sleeves include global listed infrastructure which consists of listed infrastructure equity securities, global real estate which consists of listed real estate securities including REITs, global natural resources which consists of listed natural resource equity securities, global inflation-linked fixed income which consists of Treasury inflation-protected securities (TIPS) and developed market inflation-linked fixed income securities, and real assets fixed income which consist of high yield and securitized fixed income securities.

The Fund invests in natural resources including precious metals, among other resources. In addition to derivatives, the Fund may gain exposure to precious metals through equity securities of precious metals companies as well as ETFs.

The Fund may invest in commercial mortgage-backed securities, non-agency residential mortgages, and select asset-backed securities. Such securities and mortgages are anticipated to be investment grade.

Within the fixed income securities in which the Fund invests, the structured products will typically have an average credit rating of BBB- and an average duration of seven years. The Fund may also invest in high yield (junk) bonds. The corporate bond securities will typically be below investment grade with an average duration of approximately five years.

The Fund may employ leverage, such as by entering into reverse repurchase transactions, to attempt to take advantage of or increase the total return of attractive investment opportunities.

The Fund may invest in securities of foreign companies or governments or supranational entities to achieve its investment objectives.

The Fund will invest no more than 15% of the portfolio’s holdings in MLPs. The MLPs in which the Fund invests will not include general partnership interests.

Macquarie Investment Management Austria Kapitalanlage AG (MIMAK), the Fund's sub- advisor, uses a dynamic asset-allocation framework to determine the proportion of the Fund’s assets that will be allocated to the various asset classes noted above, based on the market assessment and portfolio risk contribution for such asset classes. The framework is intended to reduce riskier assets in times of market volatility and provide additional downside protection. In connection with its dynamic asset-allocation framework, MIMAK will also manage a tactical / completion sleeve and such sleeve will typically vary from 0% to 20% of the Fund’s total assets and primarily hold derivatives and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). If applicable, the derivatives and ETFs within the tactical / completion sleeve will also be counted towards the asset classes noted above.

The Fund may use a wide range of derivative instruments, typically including forward foreign currency contracts, options, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, and credit default swaps. The Fund will use derivatives for both hedging and non-hedging purposes; as a substitute for purchasing or selling securities; and to manage the Fund’s portfolio characteristics. For example, the Fund may invest in: futures and options to manage duration and for defensive purposes, such as to protect gains or hedge against potential losses in the portfolio without actually selling a security, or to stay fully invested; forward foreign currency contracts to manage foreign currency exposure; and credit default swaps to hedge against a credit event, to gain exposure to certain securities or markets, or to enhance total return.

 

In addition, the Manager may seek investment advice and recommendations relating to fixed income securities from its affiliates: Macquarie Investment Management Europe Limited (MIMEL), and Macquarie Investment Management Global Limited (MIMGL). The Manager may also permit MIMGL, and Macquarie Funds Management Hong Kong Limited (MFMHKL) to execute Fund equity security trades on behalf of the Manager. The Manager may also permit MIMEL and MIMGL to exercise investment discretion and perform trading for fixed income securities in certain markets where the Manager believes it will be beneficial to utilize MIMEL’s or MIMGL’s specialized market knowledge, and the Manager may also seek quantitative support from MIMGL. MIMGL is also responsible for managing real estate investment trust securities and other equity asset classes to which the portfolio managers may allocate assets from time to time.

The Fund’s 80% policy is nonfundamental and may be changed without shareholder approval. Fund shareholders would be given at least 60 days’ notice prior to any such change.

What are the principal risks of investing in the Fund?

Investing in any mutual fund involves the risk that you may lose part or all of the money you invest. Over time, the value of your investment in the Fund will increase and decrease according to changes in the value of the securities in the Fund’s portfolio. An investment in the Fund may not be appropriate for all investors. The Fund’s principal risks include:

Market risk — The risk that all or a majority of the securities in a certain market — such as the stock or bond market — will decline in value because of factors such as adverse political or economic conditions, future expectations, investor confidence, or heavy institutional selling.

Real assets industries risk — The risk that the value of a fund’s shares will be affected by factors particular to Real Assets Securities and related industries or sectors (such as government regulation) and may fluctuate more widely than that of a fund that invests in a broad range of industries.

Real estate industry risk — This risk includes, among others: possible declines in the value of real estate; risks related to general and local economic conditions; possible lack of availability of mortgage funds; overbuilding; extended vacancies of properties; increases in competition, property taxes, and operating expenses; changes in zoning laws; costs resulting from the cleanup of, and liability to third parties resulting from, environmental problems; casualty for condemnation losses; uninsured damages from floods, earthquakes, or other natural disasters; limitations on and variations in rents; and changes in interest rates.

Commodity-related investments risk — The value of commodities investments will generally be affected by overall market movements and factors specific to a particular industry or commodity, which may include weather, embargoes, tariffs, and economic health, political, international regulatory and other developments. Exposure to the commodities markets may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. The investment team does not plan to always implement exposure to commodities in the Fund, however they will consider holding commodity ETFs in market scenarios where inflation is running higher than normal and their asset allocation model signals for additional commodity exposure. In addition, the Fund may use futures and options on commodities for a variety of purposes such as hedging against adverse changes in the market prices of securities, as a substitute for purchasing or selling securities, to increase the Fund’s return as a non-hedging strategy that may be considered speculative and to manage the Fund’s portfolio characteristics.

Currency risk — The risk that fluctuations in exchange rates between the US dollar and foreign currencies and between various foreign currencies may cause the value of an investment to decline.

Forward foreign currency risk — The use of forward foreign currency contracts may substantially change a fund’s exposure to currency exchange rates and could result in losses to a fund if currencies do not perform as the portfolio manager expects. The use of these investments as a hedging technique to reduce a fund’s exposure to currency risks may also reduce its ability to benefit from favorable changes in currency exchange rates.

Gold and other precious metals risk — Investments related to gold and other precious metals are considered speculative and are affected by a variety of worldwide economic, financial and political factors. The price of gold and other precious metals may fluctuate sharply over short periods of time due to changes in inflation or expectations regarding inflation in various countries, the availability of supplies of gold and other precious metals, changes in industrial and commercial demand, gold and other precious metals sales by governments, central banks or international agencies, investment speculation, monetary and other economic policies of various governments and government restrictions on private ownership of gold and other precious metals.

Infrastructure risk — Infrastructure companies may be subject to a variety of factors that may adversely affect their business or operations, including high interest costs in connection with capital construction programs, high leverage, costs associated with environmental and other regulations, the effects of economic slowdown, surplus capacity, increased competition from other providers of services, uncertainties concerning the availability of fuel at reasonable prices, the effects of energy conservation policies and other factors. Some of the specific risks that infrastructure companies may be particularly affected by, or subject to, include the following: regulatory risk, technology risk, regional or geographic risk, natural disasters risk, through-put risk, project risk, strategic asset risk, operation risk, customer risk, interest rate risk, inflation risk and financing risk. Other factors that may affect the operations of infrastructure companies include difficulty in raising capital in adequate amounts on reasonable terms in periods of high inflation and unsettled capital markets, inexperience with and

 

potential losses resulting from a developing deregulatory environment, increased susceptibility to terrorist acts or political actions, and general changes in market sentiment towards infrastructure assets. In addition, the change in presidential administration could significantly impact the regulation of United States financial markets and dramatically alter existing trade, tax, energy and infrastructure policies, among others. It is not possible to predict what, if any, changes will be made or their potential effect on the economy, securities markets, or financial stability of the United States, or on the energy, natural resources, infrastructure and other markets.

Derivatives risk — Derivatives contracts, such as futures, forward foreign currency contracts, options, and swaps, may involve additional expenses (such as the payment of premiums) and are subject to significant loss if a security, index, reference rate, or other asset or market factor to which a derivatives contract is associated, moves in the opposite direction from what the portfolio manager anticipated. When used for hedging, the change in value of the derivatives instrument may also not correlate specifically with the currency, rate, or other risk being hedged, in which case a fund may not realize the intended benefits. Derivatives contracts are also subject to the risk that the counterparty may fail to perform its obligations under the contract due to, among other reasons, financial difficulties (such as a bankruptcy or reorganization).

Exchange-traded fund risk — The risks of investing in an ETF typically reflect the risks of the types of instruments in which the ETF invests. Because ETFs are investment companies, a fund will bear its proportionate share of the fees and expenses of an investment in an ETF. As a result, a fund's expenses may be higher and performance may be lower.

Interest rate risk — The risk that securities will decrease in value if interest rates rise. The risk is generally associated with bonds; however, because small- and medium-sized companies and companies in the real estate sector often borrow money to finance their operations, they may be adversely affected by rising interest rates. A fund may be subject to a greater risk of rising interest rates due to the current period of historically low interest rates.

Foreign and emerging markets risk — The risk that international investing (particularly in emerging markets) may be adversely affected by political instability; changes in currency exchange rates; inefficient markets and higher transaction costs; foreign economic conditions; the imposition of economic or trade sanctions; or inadequate or different regulatory and accounting standards. The risk associated with international investing will be greater in emerging markets than in more developed foreign markets because, among other things, emerging markets may have less stable political and economic environments. In addition, there often is substantially less publicly available information about issuers and such information tends to be of a lesser quality. Economic markets and structures tend to be less mature and diverse and the securities markets may also be smaller, less liquid, and subject to greater price volatility.

Foreign government/supranational risk — The risk that a foreign government or government-related issuer may be unable to make timely payments on its external debt obligations.

Prepayment risk — The risk that the principal on a bond that is held by a fund will be prepaid prior to maturity at a time when interest rates are lower than what that bond was paying. A fund may then have to reinvest that money at a lower interest rate.

Liquidity risk — The possibility that investments cannot be readily sold within seven calendar days at approximately the price at which a fund has valued them.

Government and regulatory risk — The risk that governments or regulatory authorities may take actions that could adversely affect various sectors of the securities markets and affect fund performance.

IBOR risk — The risk that changes related to the use of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or similar interbank offered rates (“IBORs,” such as the Euro Overnight Index Average (EONIA)) could have adverse impacts on financial instruments that reference LIBOR or a similar rate. While some instruments may contemplate a scenario where LIBOR or a similar rate is no longer available by providing for an alternative rate setting methodology, not all instruments have such fallback provisions and the effectiveness of replacement rates is uncertain. The abandonment of LIBOR and similar rates could affect the value and liquidity of instruments that reference such rates, especially those that do not have fallback provisions. The use of alternative reference rate products may impact investment strategy performance.

Company size risk — The risk that investments in small- and/or medium-sized companies may be more volatile than those of larger companies because of limited financial resources or dependence on narrow product lines.

Fixed income risk — The risk that bonds may decrease in value if interest rates increase; an issuer may not be able to make principal and interest payments when due; a bond may be prepaid prior to maturity; and, in the case of high yield bonds (“junk bonds”), such bonds may be subject to an increased risk of default, a more limited secondary market than investment grade bonds, and greater price volatility. Interest rate changes are influenced by a number of factors, such as government policy, monetary policy, inflation expectations, and the supply and demand of bonds. Bonds and other fixed income securities with longer maturities or duration generally are more sensitive to interest rate changes. A fund may be subject to a greater risk of rising interest rates due to the current period of historically low interest rates.

 

High yield (junk bond) risk — The risk that high yield securities, commonly known as “junk bonds,” are subject to reduced creditworthiness of issuers, increased risk of default, and a more limited and less liquid secondary market. High yield securities may also be subject to greater price volatility and risk of loss of income and principal than are higher-rated securities. High yield bonds are sometimes issued by municipalities that have less financial strength and therefore have less ability to make projected debt payments on the bonds.

Leveraging risk — The risk that certain fund transactions, such as reverse repurchase agreements, short sales, loans of portfolio securities, and the use of when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions, or derivatives instruments, may give rise to leverage, causing a fund to be more volatile than if it had not been leveraged, which may result in increased losses to the fund.

Natural resources risk — The market value of Natural Resources Securities may be affected by numerous factors, including events occurring in nature, inflationary pressures and international politics. Because the Fund invests significantly in Natural Resources Securities, there is the risk that the Fund will perform poorly during a downturn in the natural resource sector. For example, events occurring in nature (such as earthquakes or fires in prime natural resource areas) and political events (such as coups, military confrontations or acts of terrorism) can affect the overall supply of a natural resource and the value of companies involved in such natural resource.

MLP risk — The risk related to the Fund’s investment in MLPs. Energy infrastructure MLPs are subject to a variety of industry specific risk factors that may adversely affect their business or operations, including those due to commodity production, volumes, commodity prices, weather conditions, terrorist attacks, etc. They are also subject to significant federal, state and local government regulation. Investment in MLPs may also have tax consequences for shareholders. If the Fund retains its investment until its basis is reduced to zero, subsequent distributions will be taxable at ordinary income rates and shareholders may receive corrected 1099s.

Active trading risk — The risk that active management will increase the expenses of the Fund because of brokerage charges, spreads, or mark-up charges. Active trading could raise transaction costs, thereby lowering the Fund’s returns, and could generate taxes for shareholders on realized investment gains.

Active management and selection risk — The risk that the securities selected by a fund’s management will underperform the markets, the relevant indices, or the securities selected by other funds with similar investment objectives and investment strategies. The securities and sectors selected may vary from the securities and sectors included in the relevant index.

None of the entities noted in this document is an authorized deposit-taking institution for the purposes of the Banking Act 1959 (Commonwealth of Australia) and the obligations of these entities do not represent deposits or other liabilities of Macquarie Bank Limited ABN 46 008 583 542 (Macquarie Bank). Macquarie Bank does not guarantee or otherwise provide assurance in respect of the obligations of these entities. In addition, if this document relates to an investment (a) each investor is subject to investment risk including possible delays in repayment and loss of income and principal invested and (b) none of Macquarie Bank or any other Macquarie Group company guarantees any particular rate of return on or the performance of the investment, nor do they guarantee repayment of capital in respect of the investment.

None of the entities noted in this document is an authorized deposit-taking institution for the purposes of the Banking Act 1959 (Commonwealth of Australia) and the obligations of these entities do not represent deposits or other liabilities of Macquarie Bank Limited ABN 46 008 583 542 (Macquarie Bank). Macquarie Bank does not guarantee or otherwise provide assurance in respect of the obligations of these entities. In addition, if this document relates to an investment (a) each investor is subject to investment risk including possible delays in repayment and loss of income and principal invested and (b) none of Macquarie Bank or any other Macquarie Group company guarantees any particular rate of return on or the performance of the investment, nor do they guarantee repayment of capital in respect of the investment.

How has Delaware Global Listed Real Assets Fund performed?

The bar chart and table below provide some indication of the risks of investing in the Fund by showing changes in the Fund’s performance from year to year and by showing how the Fund’s average annual total returns for the 1-, 5-, and 10-year or lifetime periods compare with those of a broad measure of market performance.   The Fund’s past performance (before and after taxes) is not necessarily an indication of how it will perform in the future. The returns reflect any expense caps in effect during these periods. The returns would be lower without the expense caps. You may obtain the Fund’s most recently available month-end performance by calling 800 523-1918 or by visiting our website at delawarefunds.com/performance.

During the periods illustrated in this bar chart, Class A’s highest quarterly return was 15.17% for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, and its lowest quarterly return was -21.27% for the quarter ended March 31, 2020. The maximum Class A sales charge of 5.75%, which is normally deducted when you purchase shares, is not reflected in the highest/lowest quarterly returns or in the bar chart. If this fee were included, the returns would be less than those shown. The average annual total returns in the table below do include the sales charge.

After-tax performance is presented only for Class A shares of the Fund. The after-tax returns for other Fund classes may vary. Actual after-tax returns depend on the investor’s individual tax situation and may differ from the returns shown. After-tax returns are not relevant for shares held in tax-advantaged investment vehicles such as employer-sponsored 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs). The after-tax returns shown are calculated using the highest individual federal marginal income tax rates in effect during the periods presented and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes.