Income Taxes

A reconciliation between the U.S. federal statutory tax rate and our effective tax rate is summarized as follows:



	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2015		2014		2015		2014
Statutory rate	35.0	%	35.0	%	35.0	%	35.0	%
State taxes	1.2		1.2		0.5		1.2
Taxes on foreign earnings	(10.7	)	(9.3	)	(10.1	)	(8.9	)
Credits and net operating loss utilization	(1.1	)	(0.6	)	(0.9	)	(0.8	)
Purchased intangible assets	1.5		0.7		1.2		1.1
Manufacturing deduction	(2.1	)	(2.0	)	(2.0	)	(1.9	)
Other permanent items	0.5		0.4		0.6		0.4
Other	—		(1.2	)	0.3		(0.3	)
Effective tax rate	24.3	%	24.2	%	24.6	%	25.8	%

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, compared to the same periods in 2014, our effective tax rate benefited from lower anticipated taxes on foreign earnings. Our effective tax rate for the comparative nine month periods also reflects a benefit, described below, resulting from the remeasurement of one of our uncertain tax positions.

Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes

We and our subsidiaries are routinely examined by various taxing authorities. We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various U.S. states, and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, including the proposed disallowance we discuss below, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examination for years before 2013 or state, local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations for years before 2004.

In March 2015, we received a final assessment from the Danish Tax Authority (SKAT) for fiscal 2009, regarding withholding taxes and the treatment of certain intercompany transactions involving our Danish affiliate and another of our affiliates. The audits of our tax filings for 2010 through 2013 are not completed but have been prepared in a manner consistent with prior filings, with similar transactions, which may result in an assessment for those years. The total amount assessed for 2009 is $49.3 million, including interest. For all periods potentially under dispute, we believe that positions taken in our tax filings are valid and we are contesting the assessment vigorously.

Federal Uncertain Tax Positions

During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the net effect of adjustments to our uncertain tax positions was a net benefit of approximately $24.0 million primarily related to the state impact of a federal uncertain tax item. It is reasonably possible that we will adjust the value of our uncertain tax positions related to our unconsolidated joint business and certain transfer pricing issues as we receive additional information from various taxing authorities, including reaching settlements with the authorities. In addition, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other national tax authorities routinely examine our intercompany transfer pricing with respect to intellectual property related transactions and it is possible that they may disagree with one or more positions we have taken with respect to such valuations.

In October 2011, in conjunction with our examination, the IRS proposed a disallowance of approximately $130.0 million in deductions for tax years 2007, 2008 and 2009 related to payments for services provided by our wholly owned Danish subsidiary located in Hillerød, Denmark. We believe that these items represent valid deductible business expenses and are vigorously defending our position. We have initiated a mutual agreement procedure between the IRS and SKAT for the years 2001 through 2009, in an attempt to reach agreement on the issue. In addition, we have applied for a bilateral advanced pricing agreement for the years 2010 through 2014 to resolve similar issues for the subsequent years.