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Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET
A significant portion of the purchase price for acquired businesses is generally assigned to intangible assets. Intangible assets other than goodwill are initially valued at fair value. If a quoted price in an active market for the identical asset is not readily available at the measurement date, the fair value of the intangible asset is estimated based on discounted cash flows using market participant assumptions, which are assumptions that are not specific to IDEXX. The selection of appropriate valuation methodologies and the estimation of discounted cash flows require significant assumptions about the timing and amounts of future cash flows, risks, appropriate discount rates, and the useful lives of intangible assets. When significant, we typically utilize independent valuation experts to advise and assist us in determining the fair values of the identified intangible assets acquired in connection with a business acquisition and in determining appropriate amortization methods and periods for those intangible assets. Goodwill is initially valued based on the excess of the purchase price of a business combination over the fair value of acquired net assets recognized and represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be separately identified and recognized.

Our business combinations regularly include contingent consideration arrangements that require additional consideration to be paid based on the achievement of established objectives, most commonly related to customer retention or revenue growth of the customer base during the post-combination period. We assess contingent consideration to determine if it should be recognized at its fair value on the acquisition date. A liability resulting from contingent consideration is remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is resolved, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings if changes in estimates are made after the measurement period. During the fourth quarter of 2021, we increased the fair value of the contingent payment to ezyVet by $2.0 million. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration and differences arising upon settlement were not material during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

We assess goodwill for impairment annually, at the reporting unit level, in the fourth quarter and whenever events or circumstances indicate impairment may exist. In evaluating goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the goodwill impairment test. The more likely than not threshold is defined as having a likelihood of more than 50%. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we would assess the fair value of all of our reporting units and compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value to determine if the carrying value exceeds its fair value, and if a goodwill impairment loss should be recognized. In contrast, we can opt to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to assessing the fair value of all of our reporting units and compare the fair value of the reporting unit to carrying value to determine if any impairment exists. Doing so does not preclude us from performing the qualitative assessment in any subsequent period.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, we performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill impairment and concluded that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If a reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, is compared to the fair value and goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value. Any excess of the carrying value of the goodwill above its fair value would be recognized as an impairment loss. No goodwill impairments were identified during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, or 2020, and no accumulated impairment losses are recorded.
We assess the realizability of intangible assets other than goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If an impairment review is triggered, we evaluate the carrying value of intangible assets, other than goodwill, based on estimated undiscounted future cash flows over the remaining useful life of the primary asset of the asset group and compare that value to the carrying value of the asset group. The asset group is the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows associated with the intangible asset are largely independent. The cash flows that are used contain our best estimates, using appropriate and customary assumptions and projections at the time. If the net carrying value of the asset group exceeds the related estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment loss to adjust the intangible asset to its fair value would be reported as a non-cash charge to earnings. If necessary, we would calculate the fair value of an intangible asset using the present value of the estimated future cash flows to be generated by the intangible asset and apply a risk-adjusted discount rate. We had no impairments of our intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020. The amount of impairment for the year ended December 31, 2021 was immaterial.


The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, were as follows:
(in thousands)CAGWaterLPDOtherConsolidated Total
Balance as of December 31, 2019$207,350 $11,611 $14,232 $6,531 $239,724 
Business combinations220 — — — 220 
Acquisition adjustment(1,900)— — — (1,900)
Impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates4,724 412 167 — 5,303 
Balance as of December 31, 2020$210,394 $12,023 $14,399 $6,531 $243,347 
Business combinations120,346 — — — 120,346 
Impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates(3,569)(84)(695)— (4,348)
Balance as of December 31, 2021$327,171 $11,939 $13,704 $6,531 $359,345 
Business combinations1,641 6,857 — — 8,498 
Impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates(5,330)(897)179 — (6,048)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$323,482 $17,899 $13,883 $6,531 $361,795 

Refer to “Note 4. Acquisitions, Asset Purchases and Investments” for information regarding goodwill and other intangible assets recognized in connection with the acquisition of businesses and other assets during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
We provide for amortization primarily using the straight-line method by charges to income in amounts that allocate the intangible assets over their estimated useful lives as follows:
Asset Classification Estimated Useful Life
  
Customer-related intangible assets (1)
3 to 17 years
Product rights (2)
 
5 to 15 years
Noncompete agreements 
3 to 5 years

Intangible assets other than goodwill consisted of the following:
(in thousands)December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
CostAccumulated AmortizationNetCostAccumulated AmortizationNet
Customer-related intangible assets (1)
$104,111 $30,952 $73,159 $121,936 $38,349 $83,587 
Product rights (2)
30,176 8,039 22,137 17,350 5,332 12,018 
Noncompete agreements4,432 2,056 2,376 4,257 827 3,430 
$138,719 $41,047 $97,672 $143,543 $44,508 $99,035 
The above table excludes fully amortized intangible assets for the periods presented.
(1)Customer-related intangible assets are comprised of customer lists and customer relationships acquired from third parties.
(2)Product rights comprise certain technologies, intellectual property, licenses, and trade names acquired from third parties.

Amortization expense of intangible assets other than goodwill was $15.0 million, $12.1 million, and $9.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

At December 31, 2022, the aggregate amortization expense associated with intangible assets is estimated to be as follows for each of the next five years and thereafter:
(in thousands)Amortization Expense
 
2023$13,841 
202412,707 
202512,029 
202611,767 
202710,426 
Thereafter36,902 
$97,672