We provide for various forms of share-based compensation awards to our employees and non-employee directors. Our share-based compensation plans allow for the issuance of a mix of stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, employee stock purchase rights, and other stock unit awards. With the exception of stock options, the fair value of our awards is equal to the closing stock price of IDEXX common stock on the date of grant. We calculate the fair value of our stock option awards using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. For stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and deferred stock units (“DSUs”), share-based compensation expense is recognized net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award for stock options. For performance-based restricted stock units (“PBRSUs”), share-based compensation expense is recognized net of estimated forfeitures, on a grade-vesting methodology over the requisite service period.

Stock options permit a holder to buy IDEXX stock upon vesting at the stock option exercise price set on the day of grant. An RSU is an agreement to issue shares of IDEXX stock at the time of vesting. A PBRSU is an agreement to issue shares of IDEXX stock at the time of vesting upon successful completion of certain performance goals. DSUs are granted under our Executive Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Executive Plan”) and non-employee Director Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Director Plan”). DSUs may or may not have vesting conditions depending on the plan under which they are issued. We did not issue any restricted stock or stock appreciation rights during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, nor were any restricted stock or stock appreciation rights outstanding as of those years ended.

We primarily issue shares of common stock to satisfy stock option exercises and employee stock purchase rights and to settle RSUs, PBRSUs, and DSUs. We issue shares of treasury stock to settle certain RSUs and upon the exercise of certain stock options, which were not material for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. The number of shares of common stock and treasury stock issued are equivalent to the number of awards exercised or settled.

With the exception of employee stock purchase rights, equity awards are issued to employees and non-employee directors under the 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2018 Stock Plan”). Our Board of Directors has authorized the issuance of 7.5 million shares of our common stock under the 2018 Stock Plan. Any shares that are subject to awards of stock options or stock appreciation rights will be counted against the share limit as one share for every share granted. Any shares that are issued other than stock options and stock appreciation rights will be counted against the share limit as 2.4 shares for every share granted. If any shares issued under our prior plans are forfeited, settled for cash, or expire, these shares, to the extent of such forfeiture, cash settlement, or expiration, will again be available for issuance under the 2018 Stock Plan. As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 6.3 million remaining shares available for issuance under the 2018 Stock Plan.

Share-based compensation costs are classified in the consolidated financial statements consistent with the classification of cash compensation paid to the employees receiving such share-based compensation. The following is a summary of share-based compensation costs and related tax benefits recorded in our consolidated statements of income:


(in thousands)	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020

Share-based compensation expense included in cost of revenue	$	4,638	$	4,044	$	3,415
Share-based compensation expense included in operating expenses	45,132		33,711		27,536
Total share-based compensation expense included in consolidated statements of income	49,770		37,755		30,951
Income tax benefit resulting from share-based compensation expense	(4,658)		(4,734)		(3,965)
Net share-based compensation expense included in consolidated statements of income, excluding tax benefit from settlement of share-based awards	45,112		33,021		26,986
Income tax benefit resulting from settlement of share-based awards	(12,522)		(32,474)		(38,981)
Net expense (benefit) related to share-based compensation arrangements included in consolidated statements of income	$	32,590	$	547	$	(11,995)

Share-based compensation expense is reduced for an estimate of the number of awards that are expected to be forfeited. We use historical data and other factors to estimate expected employee terminations and to evaluate whether particular groups of employees have significantly different forfeiture expectations. Our share-based awards granted in certain years include a retirement provision for all employees based on age and length of service. These grants are subject to accelerated expensing if the holder meets the retirement definition set forth in the applicable equity and incentive plan document.

The total unrecognized compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, for unvested share-based compensation awards at December 31, 2022, was $65.1 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.3 years.

Prior to December 4, 2019, all options granted to employees primarily vest ratably over five years on each anniversary of the date of grant. Options granted to non-employee directors vest fully on the first anniversary of the date of grant. Employee grants after December 4, 2019 vest ratably over four years. Vesting of option awards issued is conditional based on continuous service, unless the employee retires under the retirement provision, for grants issued in 2018, 2019, and 2022, for which they will vest for two additional years following the retirement date. Options granted after May 8, 2013 have a contractual term of ten years. Upon any change in control of the company, 25% of the unvested stock options then outstanding will vest and become exercisable. However, if the acquiring entity does not assume outstanding options, then all options will vest immediately prior to the change in control.

We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model to determine the fair value of options granted. Option-pricing models require the input of highly subjective assumptions, particularly for the expected stock price volatility and the expected term of options. Changes in the subjective input assumptions can affect the fair value estimate. Our expected stock price volatility assumptions are based on the historical volatility of our stock over periods that are similar to the expected terms of grants and other relevant factors. We derive the expected term based on historical experience and other relevant factors concerning expected employee behavior with regard to option exercise. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields for a maturity approximating the expected term calculated at the date of grant. We have never paid any cash dividends on our common stock and we have no intention to pay a dividend at this time; therefore, we assume that no dividends will be paid over the expected terms of option awards.

We determine the assumptions used in the valuation of option awards as of the date of grant. Differences in the expected stock price volatility, expected term or risk-free interest rate may necessitate distinct valuation assumptions at those grant dates. As such, we may use different assumptions for options granted throughout the year. The weighted averages of the valuation assumptions used to determine the fair value of each option award on the date of grant and the weighted average estimated fair values were as follows:


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020

Expected stock price volatility	30		%	30		%	27		%
Expected term, in years	6.4			6.2			6.0
Risk-free interest rate	2.1		%	0.7		%	1.4		%
Weighted average fair value of options granted	$	166.30		$	169.15		$	84.92


	Number of Options (000)	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($000)

Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	1,757	$	188.47
Granted	158	$	494.75
Exercised	(173)	$	118.96
Forfeited	(39)	$	347.18
Expired	(2)	$	544.08
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	1,701	$	219.90	5.3	$	352,274

Fully vested as of December 31, 2022	1,202	$	156.37	4.3	$	307,580

Fully vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2022	1,684	$	217.85	5.2	$	351,359

Intrinsic value of stock options exercised represents the amount by which the market price of the common stock exceeded the exercise price, before applicable income taxes. The total intrinsic values of stock options exercised were $54.6 million, $147.9 million, and $163.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Prior to December 4, 2019, the majority of RSUs, including our PBRSUs, granted to employees vest ratably over five years on each anniversary of the date of grant. Employee grants after December 4, 2019, will vest ratably over 4 years. PBRSUs granted to employees vest based on meeting performance goals set on the day of grant. RSUs granted to non-employee directors vest fully on the first anniversary of the date of grant. Vesting as it relates to RSUs and PBRSUs issued is conditional based on continuous service, unless the employee retires under the retirement provision, for grants issued in 2018, 2019, and 2022, for which they will vest for two additional years following the retirement date. Upon any change in control of the company, 25% of the unvested RSUs and PBRSUs then outstanding will vest, provided, however, that if the acquiring entity does not assume the RSUs and PBRSUs, then all such units will vest immediately prior to the change in control. At time of grant, we assume all PBRSUs will meet performance goals to vest.


	Number of Units (000)	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value

Nonvested as of December 31, 2021	165	$	306.18
Granted	59
Vested	(66)
Forfeited	(10)
Nonvested as of December 31, 2022	148	$	391.55

Expected to vest as of December 31, 2022	141	$	389.24

The total fair values of RSUs and PBRSUs vested were $32.9 million, $46.1 million, and $27.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of nonvested RSUs and PBRSUs as of December 31, 2022, which is equal to the fair value of IDEXX’s common stock as of December 31, 2022, multiplied by the number of nonvested units as of December 31, 2022, was $60.3 million.

Under our Director Plan, non-employee directors may defer a portion of their cash fees in the form of vested DSUs. Prior to 2014, certain members of our management could elect to defer a portion of their cash compensation in the form of vested deferred stock units under our Executive Plan. Each DSU represents the right to receive one unissued share of our common stock. These recipients receive a number of DSUs equal to the amount of cash fees or compensation deferred divided by the closing sale price of the common stock on the date of deferral.

Also under the Director Plan, non-employee directors are awarded annual grants of either RSUs or DSUs that vest fully on the first anniversary of the date of grant. Vesting for these annual RSU and DSU grants is conditional based on continuous service. Vested DSUs are distributed as shares of common stock on the distribution date elected by the participant and pursuant to the terms of the Director or Executive Plan, as applicable.

There were approximately 58,000 and 90,000 vested DSUs outstanding under our share-based compensation plans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During 2022, approximately 33,000 DSUs were distributed as shares of common stock. Unvested DSUs as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, were not material.

Employee stock purchase rights are issued under the 1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, under which we reserved and may issue up to an aggregate of 4.7 million shares of common stock in periodic offerings. Under this plan, stock is sold to employees at a 15% discount off the closing price of the stock on the last day of each quarter. The dollar value of this discount is equal to the fair value of purchase rights recognized as share-based compensation. We issued approximately 44,600, 29,500, and 39,000 shares of common stock in connection with the Employee Stock Purchase Plan during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 1.0 million remaining shares available for issuance under the 1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.