SEGMENT REPORTING

We operate primarily through three business segments: diagnostic and information technology-based products and services for the veterinary market, which we refer to as CAG; water quality products (“Water”); and diagnostic products and services for livestock and poultry health and to ensure the quality and safety of milk and food, which we refer to as LPD. Our Other operating segment combines and presents products for the human point-of-care medical diagnostics market with our out-licensing arrangements because they do not meet the quantitative or qualitative thresholds for reportable segments.

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our chief operating decision-maker is our Chief Executive Officer. Our reportable segments include: CAG, Water, LPD, and Other. Assets are not allocated to segments for internal reporting purposes.

CAG develops, designs, manufactures and distributes products and performs services for veterinarians and the biomedical analytics market, primarily related to diagnostics and information management. Water develops, designs, manufactures and distributes a range of products used in the detection of various microbiological parameters in water. LPD develops, designs, manufactures and distributes diagnostic tests and related instrumentation and performs services that are used to manage the health status of livestock and poultry, to improve dairy efficiency, and to ensure the quality and safety of milk and food. OPTI Medical manufactures and distributes point-of-care electrolyte and blood gas analyzers and related consumable products for the human medical diagnostics market.

Intersegment revenues, which are not included in the table below, were not material for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Certain costs are not allocated to our reportable segments and are instead reported under the caption “Unallocated Amounts”. These costs include costs that do not align with one of our existing operating segments or are cost prohibitive to allocate, which primarily consist of our R&D function, regional or country expenses, certain foreign currency revaluation gains and losses on monetary balances in currencies other than our subsidiaries’ functional currency and unusual items. Corporate support function costs (such as information technology, facilities, human resources, finance and legal), health benefits and incentive compensation are charged to our business segments at pre-determined budgeted amounts or rates. Differences from these pre-determined budgeted amounts or rates are captured within Unallocated Amounts.

Below is our segment information (in thousands):



	For the Years Ended December 31,
	CAG		Water		LPD		Other		Unallocated Amounts			Consolidated Total
2018
Revenue	$	1,935,428	$	125,198	$	130,581	$	22,035	$	—		$	2,213,242

Income (loss) from operations	$	429,483	$	56,607	$	19,412	$	3,729	$	(17,896	)	$	491,335
Interest expense, net												(33,593		)
Income before provision for income taxes												457,742
Provision for income taxes												80,695
Net income												377,047
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest												16
Net income attributable to IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. stockholders												$	377,031

Depreciation and amortization	$	72,789	$	2,592	$	4,094	$	3,703	$	—		$	83,178
Expenditures for long-lived assets⁽¹⁾	$	103,300	$	3,172	$	4,787	$	4,492	$	—		$	115,751

2017
Revenue	$	1,703,377	$	114,395	$	128,481	$	22,805	$	—		$	1,969,058

Income (loss) from operations	$	363,557	$	50,616	$	16,464	$	4,837	$	(22,446	)	$	413,028
Interest expense, net												(31,971		)
Income before provision for income taxes												381,057
Provision for income taxes												117,788
Net income												263,269
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest												125
Net income attributable to IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. stockholders												$	263,144

Depreciation and amortization	$	71,835	$	2,856	$	5,052	$	3,397	$	—		$	83,140
Expenditures for long-lived assets⁽¹⁾	$	64,759	$	2,573	$	3,021	$	4,031	$	—		$	74,384

2016
Revenue	$	1,522,689	$	103,579	$	126,491	$	22,664	$	—		$	1,775,423

Income (loss) from operations	$	301,342	$	45,702	$	18,914	$	884	$	(16,603	)	$	350,239
Interest expense, net												(28,393		)
Income before provision for income taxes												321,846
Provision for income taxes												99,792
Net income												222,054
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest												9
Net income attributable to IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. stockholders												$	222,045

Depreciation and amortization	$	64,878	$	3,098	$	5,543	$	4,699	$	—		$	78,218
Expenditures for long-lived assets⁽¹⁾	$	56,329	$	2,102	$	4,824	$	1,532	$	—		$	64,787


(1)	Expenditures for long-lived assets exclude expenditures for intangible assets. See "Note 4. Acquisitions and Investments" for information regarding acquisitions of intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

See "Note 3. Revenue Recognition" for a summary of disaggregated revenue by reportable segment and by major product and service category for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Net long-lived assets, consisting of net property and equipment, are subject to geographic risks because they are generally difficult to move and to effectively utilize in another geographic area in a reasonable time period and because they are relatively illiquid. Net long-lived assets by principal geographic areas were as follows (in thousands):



	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Americas
United States	$	348,240	$	310,696
Brazil	16,735		17,030
Canada	1,859		2,238
	366,834		329,964
Europe, the Middle East and Africa
Germany	25,036		7,522
United Kingdom	11,517		11,528
Netherlands	10,273		8,225
France	2,130		2,305
Switzerland	2,742		1,755
Other	3,763		3,838
	55,461		35,173
Asia Pacific Region
Japan	5,296		4,065
Australia	4,257		4,426
Other	5,422		5,468
	14,975		13,959
Total	$	437,270	$	379,096