4. SPECIAL PURPOSE ENTITIES, INCLUDING VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Ambac, through its subsidiaries, has engaged in transactions with special purpose entities, including variable interest entities (“VIEs”), in various capacities. Ambac most commonly has provided financial guarantees, including credit derivative contracts, for various debt obligations issued by special purpose entities, including VIEs. Ambac has also sponsored two special purpose entities that issued medium-term notes to fund the purchase of certain financial assets. Ambac is also an investor in collateralized debt obligations, mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities issued by VIEs and its ownership interest is generally insignificant to the VIE and/or Ambac does not have rights that direct the activities that are most significant to such VIE. In 2011, Ambac Assurance entered into a secured borrowing transaction under which two VIEs were created for the purpose of re-securitizing certain invested assets and collateralizing the borrowing. These VIEs are consolidated because Ambac Assurance was involved in their design and holds a significant amount of the beneficial interests issued by the VIEs or guarantees the assets held by the VIEs. VIE debt outstanding to third parties under this secured borrowing transaction was $1,503 and $14,588 as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. The debt represents the senior-most tranche of the securitization structure and is to be repaid from the non-insurance proceeds of certain RMBS securities which are guaranteed by Ambac Assurance. Such securities had a fair value of $230,049 and $201,329 as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. Refer to Note 9, Investments for further discussion of the restrictions on these securities.

Financial Guarantees:

Ambac’s subsidiaries provided financial guarantees in respect of assets held or debt obligations of special purpose entities, including VIEs. Ambac’s primary variable interest exists through this financial guarantee insurance or credit derivative contract. The transaction structure provides certain financial protection to Ambac. This financial protection can take several forms; however, the most common are over-collateralization, first loss and excess spread. In the case of over-collateralization (i.e., the principal amount of the securitized assets exceeds the principal amount of the debt obligations guaranteed), the structure allows the transaction to experience defaults among the securitized assets before a default is experienced on the debt obligations that have been guaranteed by Ambac’s subsidiaries. In the case of first loss, the financial guarantee insurance policy or credit derivative contract only covers a senior layer of losses on assets held or debt issued by special purpose entities, including VIEs. The first loss with respect to the assets is either retained by the asset seller or sold off in the form of equity or mezzanine debt to other investors. In the case of excess spread, the securitized assets contributed to special purpose entities, including VIEs, generate interest cash flows that are in excess of the interest payments on the related debt; such excess cash flow is applied to redeem debt, thus creating over-collateralization. Generally, upon deterioration in the performance of a transaction or upon an event of default as specified in the transaction legal documents, Ambac will obtain certain loss remediation rights. These rights may enable Ambac to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance.

We determined that Ambac’s subsidiaries generally have the obligation to absorb the VIE’s expected losses given that they have issued financial guarantees supporting the liabilities (and in certain cases assets) of a VIE. As further described below, we consolidated certain VIEs because: (i) we determined for certain transactions that experienced the aforementioned performance deterioration, that Ambac’s subsidiaries had the power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of certain VIEs that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance because certain triggers had been breached in these transactions resulting in their ability to exercise certain loss remediation activities, or (ii) due to the passive nature of the VIEs’ activities, Ambac’s subsidiaries’ contingent loss remediation rights upon a breach of certain triggers in the future is considered to be the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs’ economic performance. With respect to existing VIEs involving Ambac financial guarantees, Ambac is generally required to consolidate a VIE in the period that applicable triggers result in Ambac having control over the VIE’s most significant economic activities. A VIE is deconsolidated in the period that Ambac no longer has such control, which occurred in connection with insurance policies that were allocated to the Segregated Account, execution of remediation activities on the transaction or amortization of insured exposure, any of which may reduce the degree of Ambac’s control over a VIE.

Ambac Sponsored VIEs:

A subsidiary of Ambac has transferred financial assets to two special purpose entities. The business purpose of these entities was to provide certain financial guarantee clients with funding for their debt obligations. These special purpose entities are legal entities that are demonstrably distinct from Ambac. Ambac, its affiliates or its agents cannot unilaterally dissolve these entities. The permitted activities of these entities are limited to those outlined below. Ambac does not consolidate these entities because Ambac Assurance’s policies issued to these entities have been allocated to the Segregated Account, thereby limiting Ambac’s control over the entities’ most significant economic activities. Ambac has elected to account for its equity interest in these entities at fair value under the fair value option in accordance with the Financial Instruments Topic of the ASC. We believe that the fair value of the investments in these entities provides for greater transparency for recording profit or loss as compared to the equity method under the Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures Topic of the ASC. Refer to Note 8 for further information on the valuation technique and inputs used to measure the fair value of Ambac’s equity interest in these entities. At September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012 the fair value of these entities is $13,671 and $14,557, respectively, and is reported within Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Since their inception, there have been 15 individual transactions with these entities, of which 3 transactions were outstanding as of September 30, 2013. Total principal amount of debt outstanding was $464,495 and $466,938 at September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. In each case, Ambac sold assets to these entities. The assets are composed of utility obligations with a weighted average rating of BBB+ at September 30, 2013 and weighted average life of 8.7 years. The purchase by these entities was financed through the issuance of medium-term notes (“MTNs”), which are cross-collateralized by the purchased assets. The MTNs have the same expected weighted average life as the purchased assets. Derivative contracts (interest rate swaps) are used within the entities for economic hedging purposes only. Derivative positions were established at the time MTNs were issued to purchase financial assets. The activities of these entities are contractually limited to purchasing assets from Ambac, issuing MTNs to fund such purchase, executing derivative hedges and obtaining financial guarantee policies with respect to indebtedness incurred. As of September 30, 2013 Ambac Assurance had financial guarantee insurance policies issued for all assets, MTNs and derivative contracts owned and outstanding by the entities.

Insurance premiums paid to Ambac Assurance by these entities are earned in a manner consistent with other insurance policies, over the risk period. Additionally, any losses incurred on such insurance policies are included in Ambac’s Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income. Under the terms of an Administrative Agency Agreement, Ambac provides certain administrative duties, primarily collecting amounts due on the obligations and making interest payments on the MTNs.

There were no assets sold to these entities during 2013 or 2012. Successor Ambac earned premiums for issuing the financial guarantee policies on the assets, MTNs and derivative contracts of $30 and $50 for the three and five months ended September 30, 2013. Predecessor Ambac earned premiums for issuing the financial guarantee policies on the assets, MTNs and derivative contracts of $40, $87 and $342 for the four months ended April 30, 2013 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012, respectively.

Ambac was not presented with claims on insurance policies issued to these entities during 2013 or 2012. Successor Ambac received recoveries of $2,747 for both the three and five months ended September 30, 2013 in respect of previously paid claims. Predecessor Ambac received recoveries of $1,455, $4,846 and $14,691 for the four months ended April 30, 2013 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012, respectively, in respect of previously paid claims.

Successor Ambac also earned fees for providing other services amounting to $2 and $4 for the three and five months ended September 30, 2013. Predecessor Ambac earned fees for providing other services amounting to $3, $10 and $32 for the four months ended April 30, 2013, and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012, respectively.

Derivative contracts are provided by Ambac Financial Services (“AFS”), Ambac’s derivative products subsidiary, to these entities. Ambac accounts for these contracts on a trade date basis at fair value. Successor Ambac paid $88 and received $1,134 for the three and five months ended September 30, 2013 under these derivative contracts. Predecessor Ambac paid $93 for four months ended April 30, 2013, and paid $360 and received $3,387 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012, respectively, under these derivative contracts.

Consolidation of VIEs:

Upon initial consolidation of a VIE, we recognize a gain or loss in earnings for the difference between: (i) the fair value of the consideration paid, the fair value of any non-controlling interests and the reported amount of any previously held interests and (ii) the net amount, as measured on a fair value basis, of the assets and liabilities consolidated. Upon deconsolidation of a VIE, we recognize a gain or loss for the difference between: (i) the fair value of any consideration received, the fair value of any retained non-controlling investment in the VIE and the carrying amount of any non-controlling interest in the VIE and (ii) the carrying amount of the VIE’s assets and liabilities. Gains or losses from consolidation and deconsolidation that are reported in earnings are reported within Income on variable interest entities.

The variable interest in a VIE generally involves one or more of the following: a financial guarantee policy issued to the VIE, a written credit derivative contract that references liabilities of the VIE or an investment in securities issued by the VIE. The impact of consolidating such VIEs on Ambac’s balance sheet is the elimination of transactions between the consolidated VIEs and Ambac’s operating subsidiaries and the inclusion of the VIE’s third party assets and liabilities. For a financial guarantee policy issued to a consolidated VIE, Ambac does not reflect the financial guarantee insurance policy in accordance with the related insurance accounting rules under the Financial Services – Insurance Topic of the ASC. Consequently, upon consolidation, Ambac eliminates the insurance assets and liabilities associated with the policy from the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Such insurance assets and liabilities may include premium receivables, reinsurance recoverable, deferred ceded premium, subrogation recoverable, deferred acquisition costs, unearned premiums, loss and loss expense reserves, ceded premiums payable and insurance intangible assets. For investment securities owned by Ambac that are debt instruments issued by the VIE, the investment securities balance is eliminated upon consolidation. Ambac did not consolidate any VIEs solely as a result of purchases of the VIE’s debt instruments.

As of September 30, 2013 consolidated VIE assets and liabilities relating to 19 consolidated entities were $17,386,418 and $17,324,261, respectively. As of December 31, 2012, consolidated VIE assets and liabilities relating to 18 consolidated entities were $17,841,863 and $17,661,700, respectively. Ambac is not primarily liable for, and does not guarantee all of the debt obligations issued by the VIEs. Ambac would only be required to make payments on the guaranteed debt obligations in the event that the issuer of such debt obligations defaults on any principal or interest due. Additionally, Ambac’s creditors do not have rights with regard to the assets of the VIEs. Ambac evaluates the net income statement effects and earnings per share effects to determine attributions between Ambac and non-controlling interests as a result of consolidating a VIE. Ambac has determined that the net changes in fair value of most consolidated VIE assets and liabilities are attributable to Ambac due to Ambac’s interest through financial guarantee premium and loss payments with the VIE.

The financial reports of certain VIEs are prepared by outside trustees and are not available within the time constraints Ambac requires to ensure the financial accuracy of the operating results. As such, the financial results of certain VIEs are consolidated on a time lag that is no longer than 90 days.

The table below provides the fair value of fixed income securities, by asset-type, held by consolidated VIEs as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012:


	Successor Ambac		Predecessor Ambac
	September 30, 2013		December 31, 2012
Investments:
Corporate obligations	$	2,423,914	$	2,261,294


Total variable interest entity assets: Fixed income securities	$	2,423,914	$	2,261,294

The following table provides supplemental information about the loans held as assets and long-term debt associated with the VIEs for which the fair value option has been elected as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012:


	Estimated fair value		Unpaid principal balance
Successor Ambac—September 30, 2013:
Loans	$	14,762,446	$	13,337,530
Long-term debt	$	15,265,390	$	15,588,904
Predecessor Ambac—December 31, 2012:
Loans	$	15,359,073	$	13,995,141
Long-term debt	$	15,200,538	$	15,460,530

Effective April 30, 2013, Ambac was required to consolidate an additional VIE. The assets of this VIE consist primarily of identified intangible assets associated with its subsidiaries’ operations. The intangible assets recorded at fair value upon consolidation on April 30, 2013 were $164,520, and are being amortized over their estimated useful lives. The weighted-average amortization period at the consolidation date was 16 years. Amortization expense for intangible assets for the three and five months ended September 30, 2013 was $2,507 and $5,015, respectively, and is included in Income on variable interest entities on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income.

The estimated future amortization expense for this intangible asset is as follows:


2013	$	2,507
2014		9,308
2015		8,821
2016		8,493
2017		8,270
Thereafter		122,106

Variable Interests in Non-Consolidated VIEs

The following table displays the carrying amount of the assets, liabilities and maximum exposure to loss of Ambac’s variable interests in non-consolidated VIEs resulting from financial guarantee and credit derivative contracts by major underlying asset classes, as of September 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012:


	Carrying Value of Assets and Liabilities
	Maximum Exposure To Loss ⁽¹⁾		Insurance Assets ⁽²⁾		Insurance Liabilities ⁽³⁾		Derivative Liabilities ⁽⁴⁾
Successor Ambac—September 30, 2013:
Global Structured Finance:
Collateralized debt obligations	$	3,868,207	$	4,955	$	8,263	$	100,506
Mortgage-backed—residential		19,777,790		580,630		3,924,594		—
Other consumer asset-backed		5,508,153		72,534		959,853		44,742
Other commercial asset-backed		7,717,747		401,277		527,750		9,860
Other		4,431,884		113,876		599,833		4,307

Total Global Structured Finance		41,303,781		1,173,272		6,020,293		159,415
Global Public Finance		35,867,965		519,212		596,346		27,574

Total	$	77,171,746	$	1,692,484	$	6,616,639	$	186,989


	Carrying Value of Assets and Liabilities
	Maximum Exposure To Loss ⁽¹⁾		Insurance Assets ⁽²⁾		Insurance Liabilities ⁽³⁾		Derivative Liabilities ⁽⁴⁾
Predecessor Ambac—December 31, 2012:
Global Structured Finance:
Collateralized debt obligations	$	10,176,522	$	9,673	$	13,328	$	113,057
Mortgage-backed—residential		24,008,616		603,867		3,969,336		—
Mortgage-backed—commercial		643,387		—		—		2,418
Other consumer asset-backed		5,895,377		101,494		1,042,522		45,610
Other commercial asset-backed		10,192,858		451,048		1,215,074		7,293
Other		5,505,007		132,004		590,017		4,393

Total Global Structured Finance		56,421,767		1,298,086		6,830,277		172,771
Global Public Finance		37,096,228		542,179		633,358		28,663

Total	$	93,517,995	$	1,840,265	$	7,463,635	$	201,434

(1)

Maximum exposure to loss represents the gross maximum future payments of principal and interest on insured obligations and credit derivative contracts. Ambac’s maximum exposure to loss does not include the benefit of any financial instruments (such as reinsurance or hedge contracts) that Ambac may utilize to mitigate the risks associated with these variable interests.

(2)	Insurance assets represent the amount recorded in “Premium receivables” and “Subrogation recoverable” for financial guarantee contracts on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3)	Insurance liabilities represent the amount recorded in “Losses and loss expense reserve” and “Unearned premiums” for financial guarantee contracts on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(4)	Derivative liabilities represent the fair value recognized on credit derivative contracts on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.