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Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

7. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC establishes a framework for measuring fair value and disclosures about fair value measurements.

Fair Value Hierarchy:

The Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC specifies a fair value hierarchy based on whether the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect Company-based assumptions. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes model inputs into three broad levels as follows:



l	Level 1	Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. Assets and liabilities classified as Level 1 include US Treasury and other foreign government obligations traded in highly liquid and transparent markets, exchange traded futures contracts, variable rate demand obligations and money market funds.

l	Level 2	Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets. Assets and liabilities classified as Level 2 generally include investments in fixed income securities representing municipal, asset-backed and corporate obligations, certain interest rate swap contracts and most long-term debt of variable interest entities consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC.

l	Level 3	Model derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. This hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. Assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 include credit derivative contracts, certain uncollateralized interest rate swap contracts, equity interests in Ambac sponsored special purpose entities and certain investments in fixed income securities. Additionally, Level 3 assets and liabilities generally include loan receivables, and certain long-term debt of variable interest entities consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC.

The Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC permits, as a practical expedient, the estimation of fair value of certain investments in funds using the net asset value per share of the investment or its equivalent (“NAV”). Investments in funds valued using NAV are not categorized as Level 1, 2 or 3 under the fair value hierarchy. The following table sets forth the carrying amount and fair value of Ambac’s financial assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, including the level within the fair value hierarchy at which fair value measurements are categorized. As required by the Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC, financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.



	Carrying Amount			Total Fair Value			Fair Value Measurements Categorized as:
September 30, 2019:	Carrying Amount			Total Fair Value			Level 1		Level 2			Level 3
Financial assets:
Fixed income securities:
Municipal obligations	$	305,128		$	305,128		$	—	$	305,128		$	—
Corporate obligations	1,469,250			1,469,250			800		1,468,450			—
Foreign obligations	42,488			42,488			42,488		—			—
U.S. government obligations	156,060			156,060			156,060		—			—
Residential mortgage-backed securities	257,340			257,340			—		257,340			—
Collateralized debt obligations	147,835			147,835			—		147,835			—
Other asset-backed securities	349,204			349,204			—		269,783			79,421
Fixed income securities, pledged as collateral:
U.S. government obligations	84,948			84,948			84,948		—			—
Short term investments	664,441			664,441			603,435		61,006			—
Other investments ⁽¹⁾	462,427			435,820			130,393		—			17,680
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	64,512			64,512			30,596		33,916			—
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps—asset position	81,769			81,769			—		8,617			73,152
Futures contracts	393			393			393		—			—
Other assets - equity in sponsored VIE	3,388			3,388			—		—			3,388
Other assets-Loans	9,770			13,032			—		—			13,032
Variable interest entity assets:
Fixed income securities: Corporate obligations	2,995,894			2,995,894			—		—			2,995,894
Fixed income securities: Municipal obligations	162,714			162,714			—		162,714			—
Restricted cash	3,168			3,168			3,168		—			—
Loans	2,965,539			2,965,539			—		—			2,965,539
Derivative assets: Currency swaps-asset position	67,921			67,921			—		67,921			—
Total financial assets	$	10,294,189		$	10,270,844		$	1,052,281	$	2,782,710		$	6,148,106
Financial liabilities:
Long term debt, including accrued interest	$	3,378,744		$	3,364,780		$	—	$	2,965,844		$	398,936
Derivative liabilities:
Credit derivatives	422			422			—		—			422
Interest rate swaps—asset position	(68		)	(68		)	—		(68		)	—
Interest rate swaps—liability position	102,960			102,960			—		102,960			—
Liabilities for net financial guarantees written ⁽²⁾	(932,517		)	179,352			—		—			179,352
Variable interest entity liabilities:
Long-term debt (includes $4,151,433 at fair value)	4,353,171			4,366,312			—		4,208,107			158,205
Derivative liabilities: Interest rate swaps—liability position	1,779,077			1,779,077			—		1,779,077			—
Total financial liabilities	$	8,681,789		$	9,792,835		$	—	$	9,055,920		$	736,915



	Carrying Amount			Total Fair Value		Fair Value Measurements Categorized as:
December 31, 2018:	Carrying Amount			Total Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Fixed income securities:
Municipal obligations	$	879,919		$	879,919	$	—	$	879,919	$	—
Corporate obligations	1,278,122			1,278,122		—		1,278,122		—
Foreign obligations	30,834			30,834		29,922		912		—
U.S. government obligations	94,394			94,394		94,394		—		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities	258,607			258,607		—		258,607		—
Collateralized debt obligations	131,356			131,356		—		131,356		—
Other asset-backed securities	442,443			442,443		—		370,372		72,071
Short term investments	430,331			430,331		304,880		125,451		—
Other investments ⁽¹⁾	391,217			367,315		71,108		—		16,266
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	82,494			82,494		52,661		29,833		—
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps—asset position	59,468			59,468		—		12,008		47,460
Other assets - equity in sponsored VIE	4,516			4,516		—		—		4,516
Other assets-loans	9,913			11,620		—		—		11,620
Variable interest entity assets:
Fixed income securities: Corporate obligations	2,737,286			2,737,286		—		—		2,737,286
Restricted cash	999			999		999		—		—
Loans	4,287,664			4,287,664		—		—		4,287,664
Derivative assets: Currency swaps—asset position	66,302			66,302		—		66,302		—
Total financial assets	$	11,185,865		$	11,163,670	$	553,964	$	3,152,882	$	7,176,883
Financial liabilities:
Long term debt, including accrued interest	$	3,304,737		$	3,259,966	$	—	$	2,909,272	$	350,694
Derivative liabilities:
Credit derivatives	1,459			1,459		—		—		1,459
Interest rate swaps—liability position	71,861			71,861		—		71,861		—
Futures contracts	3,379			3,379		3,379		—
Liabilities for net financial guarantees written ⁽²⁾	(718,388		)	558,824		—		—		558,824
Variable interest entity liabilities:
Long-term debt	5,268,596			5,268,596		—		5,051,504		217,092
Derivative liabilities: Interest rate swaps—liability position	1,712,062			1,712,062		—		1,712,062		—
Total financial liabilities	$	9,643,706		$	10,876,147	$	3,379	$	9,744,699	$	1,128,069


(1)	Excluded from the fair value measurement categories in the table above are investment funds of $287,748 and $279,941 as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, which are measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(2)

The carrying value of net financial guarantees written includes the following balance sheet items: Premium receivables; Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses; Deferred ceded premium; Subrogation recoverable; Insurance intangible asset; Unearned premiums; Loss and loss expense reserves; Ceded premiums payable, premiums taxes payable and other deferred fees recorded in Other liabilities.

Determination of Fair Value:

When available, Ambac uses quoted active market prices specific to the financial instrument to determine fair value, and classifies such items within Level 1. The determination of fair value for financial instruments categorized in Level 2 or 3 involves judgment due to the complexity of factors contributing to the valuation. Third-party sources from which we obtain independent market quotes also use assumptions, judgments and estimates in determining financial instrument values and different third parties may use different methodologies or provide different values for financial instruments. In addition, the use of internal valuation models may require

assumptions about hypothetical or inactive markets. As a result of these factors, the actual trade value of a financial instrument in the market, or exit value of a financial instrument position by Ambac, may be significantly different from its recorded fair value.

Ambac’s financial instruments carried at fair value are mainly comprised of investments in fixed income securities, equity interests in pooled investment funds, derivative instruments, certain variable interest entity assets and liabilities and interests in Ambac sponsored special purpose entities. Valuation of financial instruments is performed by Ambac’s finance group using methods approved by senior financial management with consultation from risk

management and portfolio managers as appropriate. Preliminary valuation results are discussed with portfolio managers quarterly to assess consistency with market transactions and trends as applicable. Market transactions such as trades or negotiated settlements of similar positions, if any, are reviewed to validate fair value model results. However, many of the financial instruments valued using significant unobservable inputs have very little or no observable market activity. Methods and significant inputs and assumptions used to determine fair values across portfolios are reviewed quarterly by senior financial management. Other valuation control procedures specific to particular portfolios are described further below.

We reflect Ambac’s own creditworthiness in the fair value of financial liabilities by including a credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”) in the determination of fair value. A decline (increase) in Ambac’s creditworthiness as perceived by market participants will generally result in a higher (lower) CVA, thereby lowering (increasing) the fair value of Ambac’s financial liabilities as reported.

Fixed Income Securities:

The fair values of fixed income investment securities are based primarily on market prices received from quotes or alternative pricing sources. Because many fixed income securities do not trade on a daily basis, pricing sources apply available market information through processes such as matrix pricing to calculate fair value. Such prices generally consider a variety of factors, including recent trades of the same and similar securities. In those cases, the items are classified within Level 2. For those fixed income investments where quotes were not available or cannot be reasonably corroborated, fair values are based on internal valuation models. Key inputs to the internal valuation models generally include maturity date, coupon and yield curves for asset-type and credit rating characteristics that closely match those characteristics of the specific investment securities being valued. Items valued using valuation models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation. Thus, an item may be classified in Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable. Longer (shorter) expected maturities or higher (lower) yields used in the valuation model will, in isolation, result in decreases (increases) in fair value. Generally, lower credit ratings or longer expected maturities will be accompanied by higher yields used to value a security. At September 30, 2019, approximately 4%, 94% and 2% of the fixed income investment portfolio (excluding variable interest entity investments) was valued using broker quotes, alternative pricing sources and internal valuation models, respectively. At December 31, 2018, approximately 8%, 90% and 2% of the fixed income investment portfolio (excluding variable interest entity investments) was valued using broker quotes, alternative pricing sources and internal valuation models, respectively.

Ambac performs various review and validation procedures to quoted and modeled prices for fixed income securities, including price variance analyses, missing and static price reviews, overall valuation analysis by portfolio managers and finance managers and reviews associated with our ongoing impairment analysis. Unusual prices identified through these procedures will be evaluated further against alternative third party quotes (if available) and/or internally

modeled prices, and the pricing source values will be challenged as necessary. Price challenges generally result in the use of the pricing source’s quote as originally provided or as revised by the source following their internal diligence process. A price challenge may result in a determination by either the pricing source or Ambac management that the pricing source cannot provide a reasonable value for a security or cannot adequately support a quote, in which case Ambac would resort to using either other quotes or internal models. Results of price challenges are reviewed by portfolio managers and finance managers.

Information about the valuation inputs for fixed income securities classified as Level 3 is included below:

Other asset-backed securities: These securities are a subordinated tranche of a resecuritization collateralized by Ambac-insured military housing bonds. The fair value of such securities classified as Level 3 was $79,421 and $72,071 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Fair value was calculated using a discounted cash flow approach with expected future cash flows discounted using a yield consistent with the security type and rating. Significant inputs for the valuation at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 include the following weighted averages:



September 30, 2019:
a. Coupon rate:	5.98%
b. Average Life:	15.76 years
c. Yield:	10.50%

December 31, 2018:
a. Coupon rate:	5.97%
b. Maturity:	16.29 years
c. Yield:	12.00%

Other Investments:

Other investments primarily relate to investments in pooled investment funds. The fair value of pooled investment funds is determined using dealer quotes or alternative pricing sources when such investments have readily determinable fair values. When fair value is not readily determinable, pooled investment funds are valued using NAV as a practical expedient as permitted under the Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC. Refer to Note 8. Investments for additional information about such investments in pooled funds that are reported at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient.

Other investments also includes Ambac's equity interest in a non-consolidated VIE created in connection with Ambac's monetization of Ambac Assurance junior surplus notes. This equity interest is carried under the equity method. Fair value for the non-consolidated VIE equity interest is internally calculated using a discounted cash flow approach and is classified as Level 3.

Derivative Instruments:

Ambac’s derivative instruments primarily comprise interest rate swaps, credit default swaps and exchange traded futures contracts. Fair value is determined based upon market quotes from

independent sources, when available. When independent quotes are not available, fair value is determined using valuation models. These valuation models require market-driven inputs, including contractual terms, credit spreads and ratings on underlying referenced obligations, yield curves and tax-exempt interest ratios. The valuation of certain interest rate as well as all credit derivative contracts also require the use of data inputs and assumptions that are determined by management and are not readily observable in the market. Under the Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC, Ambac is required to consider its own credit risk when measuring the fair value of derivatives and other liabilities. Factors considered in estimating the amount of any Ambac CVA on such contracts include collateral posting provisions, right of set-off with the counterparty, the period of time remaining on the derivative and the pricing of recent terminations. The fair value of credit derivative liabilities was reduced by $35 and $138 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, as a result of incorporating an Ambac CVA into the valuation model for these contracts. Interest rate swap liabilities are collateralized and are not adjusted with an Ambac CVA at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Interest rate swaps that are not centrally cleared are valued using vendor-developed models that incorporate interest rates and yield curves that are observable and regularly quoted. These models provide the net present value of the derivatives based on contractual terms and observable market data. Generally, the need for counterparty (or Ambac) CVAs on interest rate derivatives is mitigated by the existence of collateral posting agreements under which adequate collateral has been posted. Certain of these derivative contracts entered into with financial guarantee customers are not subject to collateral posting agreements. Counterparty credit risk related to such customer derivative assets is included in our determination of their fair value.

Ambac's remaining credit derivatives ("CDS") are valued using an internal model that uses traditional financial guarantee CDS pricing to calculate the fair value of the derivative contract based on the reference obligation's current pricing, remaining life and credit rating and Ambac's own credit risk. The model calculates the difference between the present value of the projected fees receivable under the CDS and our estimate of the fees a financial guarantor of comparable credit quality would charge to provide the same protection at the balance sheet date. Unobservable inputs used include Ambac's internal reference obligation credit ratings and expected life, estimates of fees that would be charged to assume the credit derivative obligation and Ambac's CVA. Ambac is party to only one remaining credit derivative with internal credit rating of AA at September 30, 2019. Ambac has not made any significant changes to its modeling techniques or related model inputs for the periods presented.

Financial Guarantees:

Fair value of net financial guarantees written represents our estimate of the cost to Ambac to completely transfer its insurance obligation to another market participant of comparable credit worthiness. In theory, this amount should be the same amount that another market participant of comparable credit worthiness would hypothetically charge in the market place, on a present value basis, to provide the same protection as of the balance sheet date. This fair value estimate

of financial guarantees is presented on a net basis and includes direct and assumed contracts written, net of ceded reinsurance contracts.

The fair value estimate of financial guarantees is computed by utilizing cash flows calculated at the policy level. For direct and assumed reinsurance contracts, net cash flows for each policy includes future: (i) installment premium receipts, (ii) gross claim payments, and (iii) subrogation receipts. For ceded reinsurance contracts, net cash flows for each policy includes future: (i) installment ceded premium payments, (ii) ceding commission receipts, (iii) ceded claim receipts, and (iv) ceded subrogation payments. For each assumed or ceded reinsurance contract, the respective undiscounted cash flow components are aggregated to determine if we are in a net asset or net liability position. U.S. GAAP requires that the nonperformance risk of a financial liability be included in the estimation of fair value, which includes considering Ambac Assurance’s own credit risk. Accordingly, for each contract in a net liability position, we estimate the fair value using internally developed discount rates and market pricing that incorporate Ambac’s own credit risk and subsequently apply a profit margin. This profit margin represents what another market participant would require to assume the financial guarantee contracts. A profit margin was developed based on discussions with the third-party institutions with valuation expertise and discussions with industry participants. The discount rates used for contracts in a net liability position are derived from the rates implicit in the fair value of Ambac guaranteed securities with future cash flows that are highly dependent upon Ambac financial guarantee payments. For each contract in a net asset position, we estimate the fair value using a discount rate that is commensurate with a hypothetical buyer’s cost of capital.

This methodology is based on management’s expectations of how a market participant would estimate net cash flows. Since no financial guarantor with Ambac Assurance’s credit quality is writing or otherwise obtaining financial guarantee business (e.g. reinsurance or novation of policies from other insurers) we do not have access to observable pricing data points and therefore fair or exit value may differ, perhaps materially.

Long-term Debt:

Long-term debt includes Ambac Assurance surplus notes and junior surplus notes, the Ambac Note and Tier 2 Notes issued in connection with the Rehabilitation Exit Transactions and the Ambac UK debt issued in connection with the Ballantyne commutation. The fair values of surplus notes, the Ambac Note and Tier 2 Notes are classified as Level 2. The fair value of junior surplus notes and Ambac UK debt are classified as Level 3.

Other Financial Assets and Liabilities:

Included in Other assets are Loans and Ambac’s equity interest in an Ambac sponsored VIE established to provide certain financial guarantee clients with funding for their debt obligations. The fair values of these financial assets are estimated based upon internal valuation models and are classified as Level 3.

Variable Interest Entity Assets and Liabilities:

The financial assets and liabilities of VIEs consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC consist primarily of fixed income securities, loans, derivative and debt instruments and are generally carried at fair value. These consolidated VIEs are securitization

entities which have liabilities and/or assets guaranteed by Ambac Assurance or Ambac UK. The fair values of VIE debt instruments are determined using the same methodologies used to value Ambac’s fixed income securities in its investment portfolio as described above. VIE debt fair value is based on market prices received from independent market sources. Such quotes are considered Level 2 and generally consider a variety of factors, including recent trades of the same and similar securities. For those VIE debt instruments where quotes were not available, the debt instrument fair values are considered Level 3 and are based on internal discounted cash flow models. Comparable to the sensitivities of investments in fixed income securities described above, longer (shorter) expected maturities or higher (lower) yields used in the valuation model will, in isolation, result in decreases (increases) in fair value liability measurement for VIE debt. VIE debt instruments carried at fair value and considered Level 3 included fixed rate notes secured by various European ABS. Information about the valuation inputs for VIE debt carried at fair value and classified as Level 3 is as follows:

European ABS transactions: The fair value of such obligations classified as Level 3 was $0 and $217,092 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Fair values were calculated by using a discounted cash flow approach. The discount rates used were based on the rates implied from the third party quoted values for comparable notes from the same securitization entity. As a result of reductions to Ambac's control rights, this VIE was deconsolidated at September 30, 2019. Significant inputs for the valuation at December 31, 2018 include the following weighted averages:



December 31, 2018:
a. Coupon rate:	2.20%
b. Maturity:	18.93 years
c. Yield:	3.18%

VIE derivative asset and liability fair values are determined using valuation models. When specific derivative contractual terms are available and may be valued primarily by reference to interest rates, foreign exchange rates and yield curves that are observable and regularly quoted, the derivatives are valued using vendor-developed models. Other derivatives within the VIEs that include significant unobservable valuation inputs are valued using internally developed models. VIE derivative liability fair value balances at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were developed using vendor-developed models and do not use significant unobservable inputs.

The fair value of VIE assets are obtained from market quotes when available. Typically VIE asset fair values are not readily available from market quotes and are estimated internally. The consolidated VIEs are securitization entities in which net cash flows from assets and derivatives (after adjusting for financial guarantor cash flows and other expenses) will be paid out to note holders or equity interests. Internal valuations of VIE assets (fixed income securities or loans), therefore, are generally derived from the fair value of notes and derivatives, as described above, adjusted for the fair value of cash flows from Ambac’s financial guarantee. The fair value of financial guarantee cash flows include: (i) estimated future premiums discounted at a rate consistent with that implicit in the fair value of the VIE’s liabilities and (ii) internal estimates of future loss payments by Ambac discounted at a rate that includes Ambac’s own credit risk. Estimated future premium payments to be paid by the VIEs were discounted at a weighted average rate of 2.6% and 3.1% at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The value of future loss payments to be paid by Ambac to the VIEs was adjusted to include an Ambac CVA appropriate for the term of expected Ambac claim payments.

Additional Fair Value Information for Financial Assets and Liabilities Accounted for at Fair Value:

The following tables present the changes in the Level 3 fair value category for the periods presented in 2019 and 2018. Ambac classifies financial instruments in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy when there is reliance on at least one significant unobservable input to the valuation model. In addition to these unobservable inputs, the valuation models for Level 3 financial instruments typically also rely on a number of inputs that are readily observable either directly or indirectly. Thus, the gains and losses presented below include changes in the fair value related to both observable and unobservable inputs.



Level 3 - Financial Assets and Liabilities Accounted for at Fair Value
										VIE Assets and Liabilities
	Investments			Other Assets⁽¹⁾			Derivatives			Investments			Loans			Long-term Debt			Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019:
Balance, beginning of period	$	74,318		$	3,771		$	62,270		$	2,881,889		$	4,288,572		$	(230,615	)	$	7,080,205
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings	530			(383		)	11,634			206,241			126,541			—			344,563
Included in other comprehensive income	4,926			—			—			(92,236		)	(133,131		)	7,336			(213,105		)
Purchases	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Issuances	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Sales	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Settlements	(353		)	—			(1,174		)	—			(465,838		)	—			(467,365		)
Deconsolidation of VIEs	—			—			—			—			(850,605		)	223,279			(627,326		)
Balance, end of period	$	79,421		$	3,388		$	72,730		$	2,995,894		$	2,965,539		$	—		$	6,116,972
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	$	—		$	(383	)	$	11,543		$	206,241		$	114,825		$	—		$	332,226

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018:
Balance, beginning of period	$	68,802		$	5,255		$	45,613		$	2,756,924		$	10,751,199		$	(2,517,638	)	$	11,110,155
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings	376			(368		)	(2,080		)	(7,811		)	(29,439		)	3,101			(36,221		)
Included in other comprehensive income	3,218			—			—			(30,736		)	(122,908		)	28,064			(122,362		)
Purchases	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Issuances	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Sales	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Settlements	(302		)	—			(1,296		)	—			(89,296		)	17,841			(73,053		)
Deconsolidation of VIEs	—			—			—			—			(5,946,465		)	2,237,352			(3,709,113		)
Balance, end of period	$	72,094		$	4,887		$	42,237		$	2,718,377		$	4,563,091		$	(231,280	)	$	7,169,406
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	$	—		$	(368	)	$	(2,179	)	$	(7,811	)	$	(29,439	)	$	3,101		$	(36,696	)


(1)	Other assets carried at fair value and classified as Level 3 relate to an equity interest in an Ambac sponsored VIE.




Level 3 - Financial Assets and Liabilities Accounted for at Fair Value
										VIE Assets and Liabilities
	Investments			Other Assets			Derivatives			Investments			Loans			Long-term Debt			Total
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019:
Balance, beginning of period	$	72,071		$	4,516		$	46,001		$	2,737,286		$	4,287,664		$	(217,092	)	$	6,930,446
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings	1,301			(1,128		)	30,187			381,716			300,503			(14,603		)	697,976
Included in other comprehensive income	7,040			—			—			(105,924		)	(150,535		)	8,416			(241,003		)
Purchases	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Issuances	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Sales	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Settlements	(991		)	—			(3,458		)	(17,184		)	(621,488		)	—			(643,121		)
Deconsolidation of VIEs	—			—			—			—			(850,605		)	223,279			(627,326		)
Balance, end of period	$	79,421		$	3,388		$	72,730		$	2,995,894		$	2,965,539		$	—		$	6,116,972
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	$	—		$	(1,128	)	$	29,911		$	381,716		$	228,788		$	—		$	639,287

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018:
Balance, beginning of period	$	808,557		$	5,979		$	60,808		$	2,914,145		$	11,529,384		$	(2,757,688	)	$	12,561,185
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings	35,842			(1,092		)	(14,137		)	(80,974		)	(204,561		)	180,314			(84,608		)
Included in other comprehensive income	(52,804		)	—			—			(97,199		)	(371,610		)	85,837			(435,776		)
Purchases	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Sales	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Settlements	(714,192		)	—			(4,434		)	(17,595		)	(443,657		)	22,905			(1,156,973		)
Transfers out of Level 3	(5,309		)	—			—			—			—			—			(5,309		)
Deconsolidation of VIEs	—			—			—			—			(5,946,465		)	2,237,352			(3,709,113		)
Balance, end of period	$	72,094		$	4,887		$	42,237		$	2,718,377		$	4,563,091		$	(231,280	)	$	7,169,406
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	$	—		$	(1,092	)	$	(14,433	)	$	(80,974	)	$	(70,659	)	$	37,637		$	(129,521	)

The tables below provide roll-forward information by class of investments and derivatives measured using significant unobservable inputs.



Level 3 - Investments by Class:
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019								Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Other Asset Backed Securities			Non-Agency RMBS		Total Investments			Other Asset Backed Securities			Non-Agency RMBS		Total Investments
Balance, beginning of period	$	74,318		$	—	$	74,318		$	68,802		$	—	$	68,802
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings	530			—		530			376			—		376
Included in other comprehensive income	4,926			—		4,926			3,218			—		3,218
Purchases	—			—		—			—			—		—
Issuances	—			—		—			—			—		—
Sales	—			—		—			—			—		—
Settlements	(353		)	—		(353		)	(302		)	—		(302		)
Balance, end of period	$	79,421		$	—	$	79,421		$	72,094		$	—	$	72,094
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—



Level 3 - Investments by Class:
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019								Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Other Asset Backed Securities			Non-Agency RMBS		Total Investments			Other Asset Backed Securities			Non-Agency RMBS			Total Investments
Balance, beginning of period	$	72,071		$	—	$	72,071		$	72,540		$	736,017		$	808,557
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings	1,301			—		1,301			1,115			34,727			35,842
Included in other comprehensive income	7,040			—		7,040			(666		)	(52,138		)	(52,804		)
Purchases	—			—		—			—			—			—
Issuances	—			—		—			—			—			—
Sales	—			—		—			—			—			—
Settlements	(991		)	—		(991		)	(895		)	(713,297		)	(714,192		)
Transfers out of Level 3	—			—		—			—			(5,309		)	(5,309		)
Balance, end of period	$	79,421		$	—	$	79,421		$	72,094		$	—		$	72,094
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—



Level 3 - Derivatives by Class:
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019									Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Interest Rate Swaps			Credit Derivatives			Total Derivatives			Interest Rate Swaps			Credit Derivatives			Total Derivatives
Balance, beginning of period	$	63,131		$	(861	)	$	62,270		$	46,939		$	(1,326	)	$	45,613
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings	11,106			528			11,634			(2,330		)	250			(2,080		)
Included in other comprehensive income	—			—			—			—			—			—
Purchases	—			—			—			—			—			—
Issuances	—			—			—			—			—			—
Sales	—			—			—			—			—			—
Settlements	(1,085		)	(89		)	(1,174		)	(1,197		)	(99		)	(1,296		)
Balance, end of period	$	73,152		$	(422	)	$	72,730		$	43,412		$	(1,175	)	$	42,237
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	$	11,106		$	437		$	11,543		$	(2,330	)	$	151		$	(2,179	)



Level 3 - Derivatives by Class:
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019									Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	Interest Rate Swaps			Credit Derivatives			Total Derivatives			Interest Rate Swaps			Credit Derivatives			Total Derivatives
Balance, beginning of period	$	47,460		$	(1,459	)	$	46,001		$	61,374		$	(566	)	$	60,808
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings	28,876			1,311			30,187			(13,824		)	(313		)	(14,137		)
Included in other comprehensive income	—			—			—			—			—			—
Purchases	—			—			—			—			—			—
Issuances	—			—			—			—			—			—
Sales	—			—			—			—			—			—
Settlements	(3,184		)	(274		)	(3,458		)	(4,138		)	(296		)	(4,434		)
Balance, end of period	$	73,152		$	(422	)	$	72,730		$	43,412		$	(1,175	)	$	42,237
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	$	28,876		$	1,035		$	29,911		$	(13,824	)	$	(609	)	$	(14,433	)

Invested assets and VIE long-term debt are transferred into Level 3 when internal valuation models that include significant unobservable inputs are used to estimate fair value. All such securities that have internally modeled fair values have been classified as Level 3. Non-agency RMBS securities transferred out of Level 3 into Level 2 in 2018 consist of an Ambac-insured re-REMIC collateralized by distressed mortgage-backed securities.

Derivative instruments are transferred into Level 3 when the use of unobservable inputs becomes significant to the overall valuation. There were no transfers of derivative instruments into or out of Level 3 in the periods disclosed.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for the periods presented. All transfers between fair value hierarchy Levels 1, 2 and 3 are recognized at the beginning of each accounting period.

Gains and losses (realized and unrealized) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities included in earnings for the affected periods are reported as follows:



	Net Investment Income		Net Gains (Losses) on Derivative Contracts			Income (Loss) on Variable Interest Entities			Other Income or (Loss)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019:
Total gains or losses included in earnings for the period	$	530	$	11,634		$	332,782		$	(383	)
Changes in unrealized gains or losses relating to the assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	—		11,543			321,066			(383		)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018:
Total gains or losses included in earnings for the period	$	376	$	(2,080	)	$	(34,149	)	$	(368	)
Changes in unrealized gains or losses relating to the assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	—		(2,179		)	(34,149		)	(368		)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019:
Total gains or losses included in earnings for the period	$	1,301	$	30,187		$	667,616		$	(1,128	)
Changes in unrealized gains or losses relating to the assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	—		29,911			610,504			(1,128		)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018:
Total gains or losses included in earnings for the period	$	35,842	$	(14,137	)	$	(105,221	)	$	(1,092	)
Changes in unrealized gains or losses relating to the assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date	—		(14,433		)	(113,996		)	(1,092		)

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References + Details