4. SPECIAL PURPOSE ENTITIES, INCLUDING VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES ("VIEs")

Ambac, with its subsidiaries, has engaged in transactions with special purpose entities, including VIEs, in various capacities. Ambac most commonly provides financial guarantees, including credit derivative contracts, for various debt obligations issued by special purpose entities, including VIEs. Ambac sponsors special purpose entities that issued medium-term notes to fund the purchase of certain financial assets. Ambac is also an investor in collateralized debt obligations, mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities issued by VIEs and its ownership interest is generally insignificant to the VIE and/or Ambac does not have rights that direct the activities that are most significant to such VIE. As further described in Note 1. Background and Business Description, on August 28, 2014, Ambac monetized its ownership of the junior surplus note issued to it by the Segregated Account by depositing the junior surplus note into a newly formed VIE trust in exchange for cash and an owner trust certificate, which represents Ambac's right to residual cash flows from the junior surplus note. Ambac does not consolidate the VIE. Ambac reports its interest in the VIE as an equity investment within Other investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with associated results included within Net investment income: Other investments on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Financial Guarantees:

Ambac’s subsidiaries provide financial guarantees in respect of assets held or debt obligations of special purpose entities, including VIEs. Ambac’s primary variable interest exists through this financial guarantee insurance or credit derivative contract. The transaction structures provide certain financial protection to Ambac. This financial protection can take several forms; however, the most common are over-collateralization, first loss and excess spread. In the case of over-collateralization (i.e., the principal amount of the securitized assets exceeds the principal amount of the debt obligations guaranteed), the structure allows the transaction to experience defaults among the securitized assets before a default is experienced on the debt obligations that have been guaranteed by Ambac’s subsidiaries. In the case of first loss, the financial guarantee insurance policy or credit derivative contract only covers a senior layer of losses on assets held or debt issued by special purpose entities, including VIEs. The first loss with respect to the assets is either retained by the asset seller or sold off in the form of equity or mezzanine debt to other investors. In the case of excess spread, the securitized assets contributed to special purpose entities, including VIEs, generate interest cash flows that are in excess of the interest payments on the related debt; such excess cash flow is applied to redeem debt, thus creating over-collateralization. Generally, upon deterioration in the performance of a transaction or upon an event of default as specified in the transaction legal documents, Ambac will obtain certain loss remediation rights. These rights may enable Ambac to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance.

We determined that Ambac’s subsidiaries generally have the obligation to absorb a VIE's expected losses given that they have issued financial guarantees supporting the liabilities (and in certain cases assets). As further described below, we consolidated certain VIEs because: (i) we determined for certain transactions that experienced the aforementioned performance deterioration, that Ambac’s subsidiaries had the power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of certain VIEs that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance because certain triggers had been breached in these transactions resulting in their ability to exercise certain loss remediation activities, or (ii) due to the passive nature of the VIEs’ activities, Ambac’s subsidiaries’ contingent loss remediation rights upon a breach of certain triggers in the future is considered to be the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs’ economic performance. With respect to existing VIEs involving Ambac financial guarantees, Ambac is generally required to consolidate a VIE in the period that applicable triggers result in Ambac having control over the VIE’s most significant economic activities. A VIE is deconsolidated in the period that Ambac no longer has such control, which could occur in connection with insurance policies that are allocated to the Segregated Account, execution of remediation activities on the transaction or amortization of insured exposure, any of which may reduce the degree of Ambac’s control over a VIE. Assets and liabilities of VIEs that are consolidated as a result of Ambac's variable interest arising from financial guarantees written by Ambac's subsidiaries are reported within Variable interest entity assets or Variable interest entity liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Results from such VIEs are reported within Income (loss) on variable interest entities in the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income.

Ambac Sponsored VIEs:

A subsidiary of Ambac transferred financial assets to two special purpose entities. The business purpose of these entities was to provide certain financial guarantee clients with funding for their debt obligations. These special purpose entities are legal entities that are demonstrably distinct from Ambac. Ambac, its affiliates or its agents cannot unilaterally dissolve these entities. The permitted activities of these entities are limited to those outlined below. Ambac does not consolidate these entities because Ambac Assurance’s policies issued to these entities have been allocated to the Segregated Account, thereby limiting Ambac’s control over the entities’ most significant economic activities. Ambac has elected to account for its equity interest in these entities at fair value under the fair value option in accordance with the Financial Instruments Topic of the ASC. We believe that the fair value of the investments in these entities provides for greater transparency for recording profit or loss as compared to the equity method under the Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures Topic of the ASC. Refer to Note 10. Fair Value Measurements for further information on the valuation technique and inputs used to measure the fair value of Ambac’s equity interest in these entities. At December 31, 2015 and 2014 the fair value of these entities are $8,696 and $12,036, respectively, and is reported within Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Since their inception, there have been15 individual transactions with these entities, of which 3 transactions remain outstanding as of December 31, 2015. Total principal amount of debt outstanding was $454,290 and $457,960 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In each case, Ambac sold assets to these entities. The assets are composed of utility obligations with a weighted average rating of BBB at December 31, 2015 and weighted average life of 5.9 years. The purchase by these entities of financial assets was financed through the issuance of medium-term notes (“MTNs”), which are cross-collateralized by the purchased assets. The MTNs have the same expected weighted average life as the purchased assets. Derivative contracts (interest rate swaps) are used within the entities for economic hedging purposes only. Derivative positions were established at the time MTNs were issued to purchase financial assets. As of December 31, 2015 Ambac Assurance had financial guarantee insurance policies issued for all assets, MTNs and derivative contracts owned and outstanding by the entities.

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Insurance premiums paid to Ambac Assurance by these entities are earned in a manner consistent with other insurance policies, over the risk period. Additionally, any losses incurred on such insurance policies are included in Ambac’s Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss). Under the terms of an Administrative Agency Agreement, Ambac provides certain administrative duties, primarily collecting amounts due on the obligations and making interest payments on the MTNs.

In 2011, Ambac Assurance entered into a secured borrowing transaction under which VIEs were created for the purpose of re-securitizing certain invested assets and collateralizing the borrowing. These VIEs were consolidated because Ambac Assurance was involved in their design and held a significant amount of the beneficial interests issued by the VIEs or guaranteed the assets held by the VIEs. There was no VIE debt outstanding to third parties under this secured borrowing transaction as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The third party debt represented the senior-most tranche of the securitization structure and was repaid from the non-insurance proceeds of certain RMBS securities which are guaranteed by Ambac Assurance.

In July 2015, Ambac Assurance entered into a secured borrowing transaction whereby it sold 17 Ambac insured residential mortgage-backed securities (the "Securities") and all rights associated therewith as of May 31, 2015, to a Delaware statutory trust (the "Trust") in exchange for an equity certificate in the Trust, all financial guarantee claim payments associated with the Securities and cash of $146,000 (prior to expenses associated with the transaction). The Securities had par and fair value of $377,837 and $396,100 as of December 31, 2015, respectively. Although the Securities were legally sold to the Trust, the Securities will remain in Invested assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 11. Investments for further discussion of the restrictions on the invested assets. At the same time, a second Delaware statutory trust (the "Issuer"), issued $146,000 of debt securities and used the proceeds, together with an equity certificate of the Issuer, to purchase from the Trust a certificate secured by and entitling the Issuer to all principal and interest payments (other than financial guarantee claim payments) on the Securities. Interest on the debt securities is payable monthly at an annual rate of one month LIBOR + 2.8% . Both the Trust and the Issuer are consolidated VIEs because Ambac Assurance was involved in their design and holds a significant amount of the beneficial interests issued by the VIEs or guaranteed the assets held by the VIEs. VIE debt outstanding to third parties under this secured borrowing transaction had a carrying value of $130,571 as of December 31, 2015 and is reported in Long-Term Debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Consolidation of VIEs:

Upon initial consolidation of a VIE, we recognize a gain or loss in earnings for the difference between: (i) the fair value of the consideration paid, the fair value of any non-controlling interests and the reported amount of any previously held interests and (ii) the net amount, as measured on a fair value basis, of the assets and liabilities consolidated. Upon deconsolidation of a VIE, we recognize a gain or loss for the difference between: (i) the fair value of any consideration received, the fair value of any retained non-controlling investment in the VIE and the carrying amount of any non-controlling interest in the VIE and (ii) the carrying amount of the VIE’s assets and liabilities. Gains or losses from consolidation and deconsolidation that are reported in earnings are reported within Income (loss) on variable interest entities on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The variable interest in a VIE generally involves one or more of the following: a financial guarantee policy issued to the VIE, a written credit derivative contract that references liabilities of the VIE or an investment in securities issued by the VIE. The impact of consolidating such VIEs on Ambac’s balance sheet is the elimination of transactions between the consolidated VIEs and Ambac’s operating subsidiaries and the inclusion of the VIE’s third party assets and liabilities. For a financial guarantee insurance policy issued to a consolidated VIE, Ambac does not reflect the financial guarantee insurance policy in accordance with the related insurance accounting rules under the Financial Services – Insurance Topic of the ASC. Consequently, upon consolidation, Ambac eliminates the insurance assets and liabilities associated with the policy from the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Such insurance assets and liabilities may include premium receivables, reinsurance recoverable, deferred ceded premium, subrogation recoverable, unearned premiums, loss and loss expense reserves, ceded premiums payable and insurance intangible assets. For investment securities owned by Ambac that are debt instruments issued by the VIE, the investment securities balance is eliminated upon consolidation. Ambac did not consolidate any VIEs solely as a result of purchases of the VIE’s debt instruments.

As of December 31, 2015 consolidated VIE assets and liabilities relating to 15 consolidated entities were $14,288,497 and $14,259,776, respectively. As of December 31, 2014, consolidated VIE assets and liabilities relating to 15 consolidated entities were $15,126,110 and $15,085,685, respectively. Ambac is not primarily liable for, and does not guarantee all of the debt obligations issued by the VIEs. Ambac would only be required to make payments on the guaranteed debt obligations in the event that the issuer of such debt obligations defaults on any principal or interest due. Additionally, Ambac’s creditors do not have rights with regard to the assets of the VIEs. Ambac evaluates the net income effects and earnings per share effects to determine attributions between Ambac and non-controlling interests as a result of consolidating a VIE. Ambac has determined that the net changes in fair value of most consolidated VIE assets and liabilities are attributable to Ambac due to Ambac’s interest through financial guarantee premium and loss payments with the VIE.

The financial reports of certain VIEs are prepared by outside trustees and are not available within the time constraints Ambac requires to ensure the financial accuracy of the operating results. As such, the financial results of certain VIEs are consolidated on a time lag that is no longer than 90 days.

The table below provides the fair value of fixed income securities, by asset-type, held by consolidated VIEs as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:



December 31	2015		2014
Investments:
Corporate obligations	$	2,588,556	$	2,743,050
Total variable interest entity assets: fixed income securities	$	2,588,556	$	2,743,050

The following table provides supplemental information about the loans held as assets and long-term debt associated with the VIEs for which the fair value option has been elected as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:



	Estimated fair value		Unpaid principal balance
December 31, 2015:
Loans	$	11,690,324	$	9,182,284
Long-term debt	12,327,960		11,069,070
December 31, 2014:
Loans	12,371,177		10,236,695
Long-term debt	$	12,882,076	$	11,925,499

Effective April 30, 2013, Ambac was required to consolidate a VIE which resulted in a gain of $385,291 reported in Predecessor Ambac included in Income (loss) on variable interest entities on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss). The assets of this VIE consisted primarily of identified intangible assets associated with its subsidiaries’ operations. The intangible assets recorded at fair value upon consolidation on April 30, 2013 were $164,520 and were considered held for use. The intangible assets were being amortized over their estimated useful lives resulting in a weighted-average amortization period at the consolidation date 16 years. Amortization expense for intangible assets for the eight months ended December 31, 2013 was $5,015, and is included in Income (loss) on variable interest entities on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss). During 2013, management approved plans to sell the VIE intangible assets. Such assets were reclassified as held for sale and their carrying value was reduced to fair value less costs to sell of $76,140 as of December 31, 2013 . In 2014, such intangible assets were sold.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, Ambac deconsolidated two VIE's; one as a result of the termination of the associated financial guarantee policy and one as a result of the associated financial guarantee exposure matured. There was a gain of $572 reported in Income (loss) on variable interest entities on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss). For the year ended December 31, 2014, Ambac deconsolidated three VIEs; one as a result of the termination of the associated financial guarantee exposure and two associated with a fully repaid secured borrowing transaction. There was no gain or loss resulting from these deconsolidations. For the eight months ended December 31, 2013, Ambac deconsolidated one VIE, resulting in a loss of $15,273 reported in Income (loss) on variable interest entities on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Variable Interests in Non-Consolidated VIEs

As further described in Note 1. Background and Business Description in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, on August 28, 2014, Ambac monetized its ownership of the junior surplus note issued to it by the Segregated Account by depositing the junior surplus note into a newly formed VIE trust in exchange for cash and an owner trust certificate, which represents Ambac's right to residual cash flows from the junior surplus note. Ambac does not consolidate the VIE. Ambac reports its interest in the VIE as an equity investment within Other investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with associated results from operations included within Net investment income: Other investments on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Loss). The equity investment had a carrying value of $25,339 as of December 31, 2015.

The following table displays the carrying amount of the assets, liabilities and maximum exposure to loss of Ambac’s variable interests in non-consolidated VIEs resulting from financial guarantee and derivative contracts by major underlying asset classes, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:



	Carrying Value of Assets and Liabilities
	Maximum Exposure To Loss ⁽¹⁾		Insurance Assets ⁽²⁾		Insurance Liabilities ⁽³⁾		Net Derivative Assets (Liabilities) ⁽⁴⁾
December 31, 2015:
Global structured finance:
Collateralized debt obligations	$	980,935	$	264	$	3,639	$	(129,525	)
Mortgage-backed—residential	17,081,002		1,279,650		2,680,739		—
Other consumer asset-backed	3,853,443		47,346		535,090		—
Other commercial asset-backed	2,393,805		104,033		94,191		—
Other	3,286,568		81,017		461,364		16,604
Total global structured finance	27,595,753		1,512,310		3,775,023		(112,921		)
Global public finance	28,586,582		377,412		427,299		(24,860		)
Total	$	56,182,335	$	1,889,722	$	4,202,322	$	(137,781	)

December 31, 2014:
Global structured finance:
Collateralized debt obligations	$	1,386,100	$	345	$	4,000	$	(145,565	)
Mortgage-backed—residential	16,202,408		1,011,888		2,924,987		—
Other consumer asset-backed	5,109,776		65,204		885,572		(36,877		)
Other commercial asset-backed	3,119,891		135,215		128,988		—
Other	3,801,382		97,345		599,915		18,176
Total global structured finance	29,619,557		1,309,997		4,543,462		(164,266		)
Global public finance	31,639,004		457,774		533,192		(22,135		)
Total	$	61,258,561	$	1,767,771	$	5,076,654	$	(186,401	)

(1)

Maximum exposure to loss represents the maximum future payments of principal and interest on insured obligations and derivative contracts plus Deferred Amounts and accrued and unpaid interest thereon. Ambac’s maximum exposure to loss does not include the benefit of any financial instruments (such as reinsurance or hedge contracts) that Ambac may utilize to mitigate the risks associated with these variable interests.


(2)	Insurance assets represent the amount recorded in “Premium receivables” and “Subrogation recoverable” for financial guarantee contracts on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.


(3)	Insurance liabilities represent the amount recorded in “Loss and loss expense reserves” and “Unearned premiums” for financial guarantee contracts on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.


(4)	Net derivative assets (liabilities) represent the fair value recognized on credit derivative contracts and interest rate swaps on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.