Revenues

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Revenues [Abstract]

Revenues

3. Revenues

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, our revenues were comprised of the following (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Revenue:
Commercial revenue:
SPINRAZA royalties	$	216,090	$	240,379	$	242,314
WAINUA royalties		20,207		—		—
Other commercial revenue:
TEGSEDI and WAYLIVRA revenue, net		34,189		34,913		30,051
Other revenue		22,590		33,299		30,993
Total other commercial revenue		56,779		68,212		61,044
Total commercial revenue		293,076		308,591		303,358
Research and development revenue:
Collaborative agreement revenue		332,647		352,657		207,222
WAINUA joint development revenue		79,415		126,399		76,787
Total research and development revenue		412,062		479,056		284,009
Total revenue	$	705,138	$	787,647	$	587,367

Revenue Sources 

The following are sources of revenue and when we typically recognize revenue.

Commercial Revenue

We earn commercial revenue primarily in the form of royalty payments on net sales of SPINRAZA and WAINUA. In 2024, we began earning royalties on net sales of WAINUA.

We earn commercial revenue from TEGSEDI and WAYLIVRA sales under our distribution agreements with Sobi. In addition, we receive royalties from PTC Therapeutics International Limited, or PTC, for TEGSEDI and WAYLIVRA sales. Refer to Note 4, Collaborative Arrangements and Licensing Agreements, for details on our commercialization partnerships with Sobi and PTC.

We also recognize as commercial revenue sales milestone payments and royalties we earn under our other collaborations.

In December 2024, the FDA approved TRYNGOLZA (olezarsen) in the U.S. for the treatment of familial chylomicronemia syndrome, or FCS. Our launch of TRYNGOLZA is currently underway.

Research and development revenue under collaboration agreements

We enter into collaboration agreements to license and sell our technology on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis. Our collaboration agreements typically contain multiple elements, or performance obligations, including technology licenses or options to obtain technology licenses, R&D services and manufacturing services.

For R&D services that we recognize over time, we measure our progress using an input method. The input methods we use are based on the effort we expend or costs we incur toward the satisfaction of our performance obligation. We estimate the amount of effort we expend, including the time we estimate it will take us to complete the activities, or costs we incur in a given period, relative to the estimated total effort or costs to satisfy the performance obligation. This results in a percentage that we multiply by the transaction price to determine the amount of revenue we recognize each period. This approach requires us to make numerous estimates and may use judgement. If our estimates or judgements change over the course of the collaboration, they may affect the timing and amount of revenue that we recognize in the current and future periods.

Upfront payments: When we enter into a collaboration agreement and receive an upfront payment, we record the entire upfront payment as deferred revenue if our only performance obligation is for R&D services we will provide in the future. We amortize the upfront payment into revenue as we perform the R&D services. If part or all of the upfront payment is a license fee, we recognize as revenue the portion related to the license when we deliver the license to our partner because our partner has full use of the license and we do not have any additional performance obligations related to the license after delivery.

Milestone payments: We include variable consideration in the transaction price when it is probable. We typically include milestone payments for R&D services in the transaction price when they are achieved. We include these milestone payments when they are achieved because there is considerable uncertainty in the research and development processes that trigger these payments. Similarly, we include regulatory milestone payments in the transaction price once the medicine is approved by the applicable regulatory agency. We will recognize sales-based milestone payments in the period in which we achieve the milestone under the sales-based royalty exception allowed under accounting rules.

We recognize milestone payments that relate to an ongoing performance obligation over our period of performance. For example, when we achieve a milestone payment from a partner for advancing a clinical study under a collaboration agreement, we add the milestone payment to the transaction price if the milestone relates to an ongoing R&D services performance obligation and recognize revenue related to the milestone payment over our estimated period of performance. If we have partially completed our performance obligation, then we record a cumulative-effect adjustment in the period we add the milestone payment to the transaction price.

Conversely, we recognize in full those milestone payments that we earn based on our partners’ activities when our partner achieves the milestone event and we do not have a remaining performance obligation. For example, in 2024, we earned a $10 million milestone payment from Biogen when the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan approved Biogen’s Japanese New Drug Application filing of QALSODY, which we recognized in full because we did not have any remaining performance obligations related to this milestone payment.

License fees: We recognize as revenue the total amount we determine to be the relative stand-alone selling price of a license when we deliver the license to our partner because our partner has full use of the license and we do not have any additional performance obligations related to the license after delivery.

WAINUA (Eplontersen) Collaboration with AstraZeneca

In 2021, we entered into a joint development and commercialization agreement with AstraZeneca to develop and commercialize WAINUA for the treatment of transthyretin amyloidosis, or ATTR. Under the terms of the agreement, we received a $200 million upfront payment in 2021. Refer to Note 4, Collaborative Arrangements and Licensing Agreements, for further details on this collaboration.

We evaluated our WAINUA collaboration under ASC 808 and identified four material components: (i) the license we granted to AstraZeneca in 2021, (ii) the co-development activities that we and AstraZeneca are performing, (iii) the co-commercialization activities that we and AstraZeneca are performing and (iv) the co-medical affairs activities that we and AstraZeneca are performing.

We determined that we had a vendor-customer relationship within the scope of ASC 606 for the license we granted to AstraZeneca and as a result we had one performance obligation. For our sole performance obligation, we determined the transaction price was the $200 million upfront payment we received. We recognized the upfront payment in full in 2021 because we did not have any remaining performance obligations after we delivered the license to AstraZeneca.

We also concluded that the co-development activities, the co-commercialization activities and the co-medical affairs activities are within the scope of ASC 808 because we and AstraZeneca are active participants exposed to the risks and benefits of the activities under the collaboration and therefore do not have a vendor-customer relationship. AstraZeneca is currently responsible for 55 percent of the costs associated with the ongoing global Phase 3 development program. Because we are leading the Phase 3 development program, we made an accounting policy election to recognize as non-customer revenue the cost-share funding from AstraZeneca, net of our share of AstraZeneca’s development expenses, in the same period we incur the related development expenses. As AstraZeneca is responsible for the majority of the commercial and medical affairs costs in the U.S. and all costs associated with bringing WAINUA to market outside the U.S., we made an accounting policy election to recognize cost-share funding we receive from AstraZeneca related to commercial and medical affairs activities as reductions of our SG&A expense and R&D expense, respectively.

Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB (Sobi)

Under our distribution agreements with Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, or Sobi, we concluded that our performance obligation is to provide services to Sobi over the term of the agreement, which includes supplying finished goods inventory to Sobi. We are also responsible for maintaining the marketing authorization for TEGSEDI and WAYLIVRA in major markets and for leading the global commercial strategy for each medicine. We view this performance obligation as a series of distinct activities that are substantially the same. Therefore, we recognize as revenue the price Sobi pays us for the inventory when we deliver the finished goods inventory to Sobi. We also recognize distribution fee revenue based on Sobi’s net sales of TEGSEDI and WAYLIVRA. Under our agreements with Sobi, Sobi does not generally have a right of return.