Revenues

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Revenues [Abstract]

Revenues

4. Revenues

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, our revenues were comprised of the following (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenue:
Commercial revenue:
SPINRAZA royalties	$	57,208	$	67,253	$	152,406	$	178,511
WAINUA royalties		5,371		—		10,278		—
Other commercial revenue:
TEGSEDI and WAYLIVRA revenue, net		8,924		8,286		25,744		25,420
Licensing and other royalty revenue		4,228		8,542		18,932		25,815
Total other commercial revenue		13,152		16,828		44,676		51,235
Total commercial revenue		75,731		84,081		207,360		229,746
Research and development revenue:
Collaborative agreement revenue		44,883		44,167		235,753		173,513
WAINUA joint development revenue		13,200		15,959		35,449		59,883
Total research and development revenue		58,083		60,126		271,202		233,396
Total revenue	$	133,814	$	144,207	$	478,562	$	463,142

Revenue Sources

The following are sources of revenue and when we typically recognize revenue.

Commercial Revenue: SPINRAZA royalties and WAINUA royalties

We earn commercial revenue primarily in the form of royalty payments on net sales of SPINRAZA. In 2024, we began earning royalties on net sales of WAINUA.

Commercial Revenue: TEGSEDI and WAYLIVRA revenue, net

We earn commercial revenue from TEGSEDI and WAYLIVRA sales under our distribution agreements with Sobi. In addition, we receive royalties from PTC Therapeutics International Limited, or PTC, for TEGSEDI  and WAYLIVRA sales.

Commercial Revenue: Licensing and other royalty revenue

 We also recognize as commercial revenue sales milestone payments and royalties we earn under our partnerships. For example, we earn royalty revenue on net sales of QALSODY, which is included in Licensing and other royalty revenue.

Research and development revenue under collaboration agreements

We enter into collaboration agreements to license and sell our technology on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis. Our collaboration agreements typically contain multiple elements, or performance obligations, including technology licenses or options to obtain technology licenses, research and development, or R&D, services and manufacturing services.

Upfront payments: When we enter into a collaboration agreement and receive an upfront payment, we typically record the entire upfront payment as deferred revenue if our only performance obligation is for R&D services we will provide in the future. We amortize the upfront payment into revenue as we perform the R&D services. If part or all of the upfront payment is a license fee, we recognize as revenue the portion related to the license when we deliver the license to our partner because our partner has full use of the license and we do not have any additional performance obligations related to the license after delivery.

Milestone payments: We include variable consideration in the transaction price when it is probable. We typically include milestone payments for R&D services in the transaction price when they are achieved. We include these milestone payments when they are achieved because typically there is considerable uncertainty in the R&D processes that trigger these payments. Similarly, we include approval milestone payments in the transaction price once the medicine is approved by the applicable regulatory agency. We will recognize sales-based milestone payments in the period in which we achieve the milestone under the sales-based royalty exception allowed under accounting rules.

We recognize milestone payments that relate to an ongoing performance obligation over our period of performance. For example, when we achieve a milestone payment from a partner for advancing a clinical study under a collaboration agreement, we add the milestone payment to the transaction price if the milestone relates to an ongoing R&D services performance obligation and recognize revenue related to the milestone payment over our estimated period of performance. If we have partially completed our performance obligation, then we record a cumulative-effect adjustment in the period we add the milestone payment to the transaction price.

Conversely, we recognize in full those milestone payments that we earn based on our partners’ activities when our partner achieves the milestone event and we do not have a performance obligation.

License fees: We recognize as revenue the total amount we determine to be the relative stand-alone selling price of a license when we deliver the license to our partner because our partner has full use of the license and we do not have any additional performance obligations related to the license after delivery.

WAINUA (Eplontersen) Collaboration with AstraZeneca

In 2021, we entered into a joint development and commercialization agreement with AstraZeneca to develop and commercialize WAINUA for the treatment of transthyretin amyloidosis, or ATTR. We jointly developed and are commercializing WAINUA with AstraZeneca in the U.S. for the treatment of adults with polyneuropathy caused by hereditary ATTR, or ATTRv-PN.  In addition, we are jointly developing WAINUA for the treatment of ATTR cardiomyopathy, or ATTR-CM. We initially granted AstraZeneca exclusive rights to commercialize WAINUA outside the U.S., except for certain Latin American countries. In 2023, we expanded those rights to include Latin America. Under the terms of the agreement, we received a $200 million upfront payment in 2021.

We evaluated our WAINUA collaboration under ASC 808 and identified four material components: (i) the license we granted to AstraZeneca in 2021, (ii) the co-development activities that we and AstraZeneca are performing, (iii) the co-commercialization activities that we and AstraZeneca are performing and (iv) the co-medical affairs activities that we and AstraZeneca are performing.

We determined that we had a vendor-customer relationship within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606, for the license we granted to AstraZeneca and as a result we had one performance obligation. For our sole performance obligation, we determined the transaction price was the $200 million upfront payment we received. We recognized the upfront payment in full in 2021 because we did not have any remaining performance obligations after we delivered the license to AstraZeneca.

We also concluded that the co-development activities, the co-commercialization activities and the co-medical affairs activities are within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements, or ASC 808, because we and AstraZeneca are active participants exposed to the risks and benefits of the activities under the collaboration and therefore do not have a vendor-customer relationship. AstraZeneca is currently responsible for 55 percent of the costs associated with the ongoing global Phase 3 development program. Because we are leading the Phase 3 development program, we made an accounting policy election to recognize as non-customer revenue the cost-share funding from AstraZeneca, net of our share of AstraZeneca’s development expenses, in the same period we incur the related development expenses. As AstraZeneca is responsible for the majority of the commercial and medical affairs costs in the U.S. and all costs associated with bringing WAINUA to market outside the U.S., we made an accounting policy election to recognize cost-share funding we receive from AstraZeneca related to commercial and medical affairs activities as reductions of our selling, general and administrative, or SG&A, expense and R&D expense, respectively.