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Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Principles of Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP).

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Onity, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and any variable interest entity (VIE) for which we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary. We apply the equity method of accounting to investments where we are able to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the policies and procedures of the entity.

We have eliminated intercompany accounts and transactions in consolidation.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of each of our foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Re-measurement adjustments of foreign-denominated amounts to U.S. dollars are included in Other, net in our consolidated statements of operations.

Change in Presentation

For increased transparency, we separately presented “Mortgage warehouse facilities” and “Reverse mortgage securitization notes” on the face of the consolidated balance sheet and associated activities in the consolidated cash flow statements, which were previously included in “Mortgage loan financing facilities”. Similarly, for increased transparency, we separately presented “Interest capitalized on reverse buyout loans” on the face of the consolidated statement of cash flows, which were previously included in “Other, net” and “Decrease in receivables and other assets”. Prior-period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current-period presentation.

Without changing any amounts or classification, we changed the name “Other financing liabilities, at fair value” to “MSR related financing liabilities, at fair value” within our consolidated balance sheet as the balance only relates to MSR activities.

These presentation changes had no impact on our consolidated statements of operations, no impact on our consolidated balance sheets and no impact on the respective operating, investing and financing cash flows in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Use of Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, those that relate to fair value measurements, income taxes and the provision for losses that may arise from contingencies including litigation proceedings. In developing estimates and assumptions, management uses all available information; however, actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents includes both interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing demand deposits with financial institutions that have original maturities of 90 days or less.

Restricted Cash

We define Restricted cash as any cash that is legally restricted as to withdrawal or usage. Restricted cash includes amounts specifically designated to repay debt, to provide over-collateralization for MSR financing facilities, reverse mortgage securitization notes, mortgage warehouse financing facilities and match funded debt facilities, and to provide additional collateral to support certain obligations, including derivative instruments and letters of credit.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

MSRs are assets representing our right to service portfolios of mortgage loans. We recognize MSRs when originated or purchased loans are securitized or sold in the secondary market. We also acquire MSRs through flow purchase agreements, Agency Cash Window programs, and bulk acquisition transactions, or through asset purchases or business combination transactions. The unpaid principal balance (UPB) of the loans underlying the MSRs is not included on our consolidated balance sheets. For servicing retained in connection with the securitization of reverse mortgage loans accounted for as secured financings, we do not recognize an MSR.

All newly acquired or retained MSRs are initially measured at fair value. To the extent any portfolio contract is not expected to compensate us adequately for performing the servicing, we would recognize a servicing liability. We define contracts as GSE, government-insured or non-Agency (commonly referred to as non-prime, subprime or private-label loans) based on applicable servicing guidelines, underwriting standards and borrower risk characteristics.

We account for servicing right assets and liabilities at fair value, and report changes in fair value in earnings (MSR valuation adjustments, net) in the period in which the changes occur.

In connection with our MSRs, we collect servicing fees, generally expressed as a percent of UPB, from the borrowers’ payments. In addition, we may collect late fees, prepayment penalties, float earnings and other ancillary fees. We recognize servicing fees and ancillary income as revenue when earned, which is generally when the borrowers’ payments are collected, when loans are modified or liquidated through the sale of the underlying real estate collateral.

Under our subservicing agreements, we earn fees for subservicing mortgage loans, generally expressed as fee per loan by loan performing status, and collect from the owner of the servicing. We recognize subservicing fees and ancillary income as revenue when earned, which is generally when subservicing services are performed.

Advances

During any period in which a borrower does not make payments, servicing and subservicing contracts may require that we advance our own funds to meet contractual principal and interest remittance requirements for the investors, to pay property taxes and insurance premiums and to process modifications and foreclosures. We also advance funds to maintain, repair and market foreclosed real estate properties on behalf of investors. These advances are made pursuant to the terms of each servicing and subservicing contract.

When we make an advance on a loan under each servicing or subservicing contract, we are entitled to recover that advance either from the borrower, for reinstated and performing loans, or from guarantors (GSEs), insurers (FHA/VA) and investors, for modified and liquidated loans in accordance with the governing servicing contract or published servicing guide. Most of our servicing and subservicing contracts provide that the advances made under the respective agreement have priority over all other cash payments from the proceeds of the loan, and in the majority of cases, the proceeds of the pool of loans that are the subject of that servicing or subservicing contract. As a result, we are entitled to repayment from loan proceeds before any interest or principal is paid on the bonds, and in the majority of cases, advances in excess of loan proceeds may be recovered from pool level proceeds.

Servicing advances are financial assets subject to the credit loss allowance model under Financial Accounting Standards Board's Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 326: Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (CECL). The allowance for expected credit losses is estimated based on relevant qualitative and quantitative information about past events, including historical collection and loss experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. Expected credit losses on advances are expected to be nil, or de minimis, as advances are generally fully reimbursable or recoverable under the terms of the servicing agreements. GSE and government-insured advances are subject to implicit and government guarantees, respectively, regarding advance reimbursement and the non-Agency pooling and servicing agreement terms regarding advance recovery, the credit loss history and the expectation over the remaining life of the advance portfolio support a zero allowance for credit loss.

Servicing advances may also include claimable (with investors) but nonrecoverable expenses, for example due to servicer error, such as lack of reasonable documentation as to the type and amount of advances. Such servicer errors result in the determination that the advance is uncollectible and represent operational losses resulting from not complying with servicing guidelines as established by the respective party (i.e., trustee, master servicer, investor, mortgage insurer). We establish an allowance for such operational losses through a charge to earnings (Servicing and origination expense) to the extent that a portion of advances are uncollectible taking into consideration, among other factors, probability of default, cure or modification, length of delinquency and the amount of the advance. We also assess collectability using proprietary cash flow projection models that incorporate different factors, depending on the characteristics of the mortgage loan or pool, including, for example, the probable loan liquidation path, estimated time to a foreclosure sale, estimated costs of foreclosure action, estimated future property tax payments and the estimated value of the underlying property net of estimated carrying costs, commissions and closing costs. Advances are charged off when determined to be non-recoverable.

Under the terms of our subservicing agreements, we are generally reimbursed by our subservicing clients on a monthly or more frequent basis. For those advances that have been reimbursed, i.e., that are off-balance sheet, if a loss contingency is probable and reasonably estimable, we recognize a loss contingency accrual for the amount of advances deemed uncollectible caused by our failure to comply with the subservicing agreements or our servicing practices. We report such loss contingency within Other liabilities - Liability for indemnification obligations.

Receivables

Receivables are financial assets subject to the expected credit loss allowance model under ASC 326: Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (CECL). The allowance for expected credit losses is estimated based on relevant qualitative and quantitative information about past events, including historical collection and loss experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. We generally charge off the receivable balance when management determines the receivable to be uncollectible and when the receivable has been classified as a loss by our servicing claims analysis process.

Loans repurchased from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations in connection with loan resolution activities are classified as receivables (government-insured claims). The government-insured claims that do not exceed the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), VA, FHA or USDA insurance limits are not subject to any allowance for losses as guaranteed by the U.S. government. The receivable amount in excess of the guaranteed claim limits or recoverable amounts per insurer guidelines or as a result of servicer error, such as exceeding key filing or foreclosure timelines, is subject to an allowance for losses.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale include forward and reverse mortgage loans that we do not intend to hold until maturity. We report loans held for sale at fair value with changes in fair value in Gain on loans held for sale, net in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which the changes occur along with fair value gains or losses on any related derivatives. Gains on loans held for sale are initially recognized at the time of the interest rate lock commitment and take into consideration any retained interests, including servicing rights and representation and warranty obligations, both of which are separately recorded at fair value at the date of sale in our consolidated balance sheets. We include all changes in loans held for sale and related derivative balances in operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

We accrue interest income as earned within Interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. We place loans on non-accrual status after any portion of principal or interest has been delinquent for more than 89 days, or earlier if management determines the borrower is unable to continue performance. When we place a loan on non-accrual status, we reverse the interest that we have accrued but not yet received. We return loans to accrual status only when we reinstate the loan and there is no significant uncertainty as to collectability.

Reverse loan repurchases (or reverse buyouts) are classified as loans held for sale and recorded at fair value, except for those loans that we expect to assign to HUD and are classified as Receivables (as reimbursement from HUD is generally received within 60 days). Reverse loans held for sale are reclassified to Real Estate Owned (REO) within Other assets or Receivables as the loans move through the resolution process and permissible claims are submitted to HUD for reimbursement. Specifically, loans are reclassified to REO when we obtain legal title to the property upon completion of foreclosure or through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure.

Loans Held for Investment and Reverse Loans Held for Sale Pooled into HMBS

Originated and purchased reverse mortgage loans that are insured by the FHA (or HECM loans, interchangeably) and pooled into Ginnie Mae guaranteed securities that we sell into the secondary market with servicing rights retained are classified as loans held for sale at fair value at December 31, 2025, and previously classified as loans held for investment at fair value. Loans were reclassified to loans held for sale in November 2025 as the Company intends to sell the loans to Finance of America Reverse LLC along with the HMBS-related borrowings. We have elected to measure these loans at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in Gain on reverse loans and HMBS-related borrowings, net in the consolidated statements of operations. Loan transfers in these Ginnie Mae securitizations do not meet the definition of a participating interest and as a result, the transfers of the reverse mortgages do not qualify for sale accounting. Therefore, we account for these transfers as secured financings, with the reverse mortgages classified as Reverse loans held for sale pooled into HMBS, at fair value, previously classified as Loans held for investment, at fair value, on our consolidated balance sheets. We record the proceeds from the transfer of assets as secured borrowings (HMBS-related borrowings) and recognize no gain or loss on the transfer.

We report originations and collections of HECM loans pooled into HMBS in investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows for those loans that were originated or purchased through November 2025, and in operating activities for those loans that were originated or purchased thereafter. We report net fair value gains on HECM loans and the related HMBS borrowings as an adjustment to the net cash provided by or used in operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Proceeds from securitizations of HECM loans and payments on HMBS-related borrowings are included in financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Gain on Reverse Loans and HMBS-Related Borrowings, Net

We measure the HECM loans held for investment and held for sale pooled into HMBS, and HMBS-related borrowings at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value gains and losses of the HECM loans pooled into HMBS and HMBS-related borrowings are included in Gain on reverse loans and HMBS-related borrowings, net in our consolidated statements of operations. Included in net fair value gains and losses on the securitized HECM loans and HMBS-related borrowings are the interest income on the securitized HECM loans and the interest expense on the HMBS-related borrowings, together with the realized gains or losses on tail securitization. Interest is generally capitalized into the principal on a monthly basis. In addition, Gain on reverse loans and HMBS-related borrowings, net includes the fair value changes of the interest rate lock commitments related to new reverse mortgage loans through securitization date, reported in the Originations segment.

Upfront costs and fees related to HECM loans, including broker fees, are recognized in Gain on reverse loans and HMBS-related borrowings, net in the consolidated statements of operations as incurred and are not capitalized. Premiums on loans purchased via the correspondent channel are capitalized upon origination because they represent part of the purchase price. However, the loans are subsequently measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Gain on reverse loans and HMBS-related borrowings, net excludes subservicing fees and ancillary income associated with our subservicing agreements, that are reported in Servicing and subservicing fees in our consolidated statements of operations.

VIEs and Transfers of Financial Assets and MSRs

We securitize, sell and service forward and reverse residential mortgage loans. Securitization transactions typically involve the use of VIEs and are accounted for either as sales or as secured financings. We typically retain economic interests in the securitized assets in the form of servicing rights and obligations. In order to efficiently finance our assets and operations and create liquidity, we may sell servicing advances, MSRs, the right to receive certain servicing fees relating to MSRs or other mortgage related assets.

In order to determine whether or not a VIE is required to be consolidated, we consider our ongoing involvement with the VIE. In circumstances where we have both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant, we would conclude that we would consolidate the entity, which precludes us from recording an accounting sale in connection with the transfer of the financial assets. In the case of a consolidated VIE, we continue to report the underlying residential mortgage loans, servicing advances, MSRs or other assets, and we record the securitized debt issued to third parties on our consolidated balance sheet.

In the case of transfers of financial assets where either one or both of the power or economic criteria above are not met, we evaluate whether a sale has occurred for accounting purposes.

In order to recognize a sale of financial assets, the transferred assets must be legally isolated, not be constrained by restrictions from further transfer and be deemed to be beyond our control. If the transfer does not meet any of these three criteria, the financial assets are not derecognized and the transaction is accounted for consistent with a secured financing. In certain situations, we may have continuing involvement in transferred loans through our retained servicing. Transactions involving retained servicing would still be eligible for sale accounting, as we have ceded effective control of these loans to the purchaser.

A sale of MSRs shall be recognized as a sale for accounting purposes if substantially all the risks and rewards inherent in owning the MSRs have been effectively transferred to the buyer, title has transferred to the buyer, investor approval has been received and any protection provisions retained by the seller are minor and can be reasonably estimated. In the case of transfers of MSRs accounted for as a sale where we retain the right to subservice, we defer any related gain or loss and amortize the balance over the life of the subservicing agreement. A loss shall be recognized currently if we determine that prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans may result in performing the future servicing at a loss.

MSR Related Financing Liabilities and Pledged MSR Liability Expense

A transfer of MSRs does not achieve sale accounting if we retain title. In addition, a legal sale of MSRs with a subservicing contract may not be treated as a sale when the terms of the subservicing contract unduly limit the buyer's ability to exercise ownership control over the servicing rights or results in the seller retaining some of the risks and rewards of ownership. If the buyer cannot cancel or decline to renew the subservicing contract after a reasonable period of time, the buyer is precluded from exercising certain rights of ownership. Conversely, if the seller cannot cancel the subservicing contract after a reasonable period of time, the seller has not transferred substantially all of the risks of ownership. If the criteria for sale recognition are not met, the transferred MSRs are not derecognized and the transaction is accounted for consistent with a secured financing.

Accordingly, when an MSR transaction does not achieve sale accounting treatment, we recognize the proceeds received and a corresponding liability, referred to as Pledged MSR liability within MSR related financing liabilities, that we subsequently remeasure at fair value with fair value gains and losses reported within MSR valuation adjustments, net in the consolidated statements of operations. In the case of a sale of MSRs accounted for as a secured financing where we retain the right to subservice, no gain or loss is generally recognized on the transfer. A gain or loss may be recognized to the extent the estimated fair value of the pledged MSR liability differs from the total proceeds of the MSR transfer. If the criteria for MSR sale recognition are not met, the servicing fee collected on behalf of MSR transferee and related ancillary income remain reported within Servicing and subservicing fees. Servicing fee remittance, net of the subservicing fee we are entitled to, is reported within Pledged MSR liability expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Subsequent to the determination that a transaction does not meet the accounting sale criteria, we may determine that we meet the criteria. In the event we subsequently meet the accounting sale criteria, we derecognize the transferred assets and related liabilities. See Note 8 — MSR Related Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value.

In addition, we report within MSR related financing liabilities, at fair value certain financing liabilities, including certain ESS liabilities collateralized by, or referenced to MSR portfolios, for which we elected to measure under the fair value option. The fair value gains and losses of these financial liabilities are reported within MSR valuation adjustments, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The excess servicing spread remittance is reported within Pledged MSR liability expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Because the proceeds we received in connection with transfers of MSRs are accounted for as secured financings, additions to, and reductions in, the balance of the MSR related financing liabilities are presented as financing activity in our consolidated statements of cash flows, excluding the changes in fair value attributable to inputs and assumptions.

Contingent Loan Repurchase Asset and Liability

In connection with the Ginnie Mae early buyout program, our agreements provide either that: (a) we have the right, but not the obligation, to repurchase previously transferred mortgage loans under certain conditions, including the mortgage loans becoming eligible for pooling under a program sponsored by Ginnie Mae; or (b) we have the obligation to repurchase previously transferred mortgage loans that have been subject to a successful trial modification before any permanent modification is made. Once these conditions are met, we have effectively regained control over the mortgage loan(s), and under GAAP, must re-recognize the loans on our consolidated balance sheets and establish a corresponding repurchase liability. With respect to those loans that we have the right, but not the obligation, to repurchase under the applicable agreement, this requirement applies regardless of whether we have any intention to repurchase the loan.

Derivative Financial Instruments

We use derivative instruments to manage the fair value changes in our MSRs, interest rate lock commitments and loan portfolios which are exposed to interest rate risk. We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We recognize all derivative instruments at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets in Other assets and Other liabilities. While we may have legally enforceable master netting agreements, derivative receivables and payables and related cash collateral with the same counterparty are separately presented (on a gross basis) on our consolidated balance sheets. Derivative instruments are generally entered into as economic hedges against changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability and are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. We generally report the changes in fair value of such derivative instruments in the same line item in the consolidated statements of operations as the changes in fair value of the related asset or liability. For all other derivative instruments not designated as a hedging instrument, we report changes in fair value in Other, net. Cash flows associated with derivative instruments and their related gains and losses are presented within Cash flows from operating activities.

Real Estate Owned (REO)

Foreclosed real estate received in full or partial satisfaction of a loan is classified as held for sale and initially recorded at the fair value less cost to sell the property, referred to as initial cost, within Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The carrying amount of the loan is reduced to the initial cost of the property at the time of receipt. REO acquired from third parties, generally in connection with our acquisitions and securitizations of reverse buyouts, are initially recorded at purchase price. REO properties are subsequently recorded at the lower of initial cost and fair value less cost to sell the property through a valuation allowance.

Premises and Equipment, Leases

We report premises and equipment at cost and depreciate them over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis as follows:


Computer hardware and software			2 – 5 years


Leasehold improvements			Term of the lease not to exceed useful life
Right of Use (ROU) assets			Term of the lease not to exceed useful life
Furniture and fixtures			5 years
Office equipment			5 years

Our leases include non-cancelable operating leases for premises and equipment. At lease commencement and renewal date, we estimate the ROU assets and lease liability at present value using our estimated incremental borrowing rate. We amortize the balance of the ROU assets and recognize interest on the lease liability. Our lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments and is reduced as we make cash payments on our lease obligations. Our ROU lease assets are evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 360: Premises and Equipment.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. Intangible assets deemed to have a finite useful life are amortized on a basis representative of the time pattern over which the benefit is derived. Intangible assets subject to amortization are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable, but no less than annually. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying value of the intangible asset is not recoverable and exceeds fair value.

Intangible assets primarily consist of previously acquired reverse subservicing contract intangible assets that are being amortized ratably over the five-year term of the respective subservicing contracts based on portfolio runoff. Intangible assets

are included in Other assets, net of accumulated amortization, on our consolidated balance sheets, and amortization expense is included in Other expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.

Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

Investments in Equity Method Investee

We account for investments in unconsolidated entities in which we hold a significant, but less than controlling, ownership interest using the equity method. These investments included our investment in MAV Canopy through its sale in November 2024. Under ASC 323: Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures, an investment of less than 20 percent of the voting stock of an investee shall lead to a presumption that an investor does not have the ability to exercise significant influence unless such ability can be demonstrated.

Under the equity method of accounting, investments are initially recorded at cost and thereafter adjusted for additional investments, distributions and the proportionate share of earnings or losses of the investee. We evaluate our equity method investments for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that an other-than‐temporary decline in value may have occurred. We present distributions received from equity method investees in our consolidated statements of cash flows using the cumulative earnings approach. We present gains or losses from the sale of an equity method investment in Earnings of equity method investee within the Other income (expense) section of our consolidated statement of operations.

Litigation

We monitor our legal matters, including advice from external legal counsel, and periodically perform assessments of these matters for potential loss accrual and disclosure. We establish a liability for settlements, judgments on appeal and filed and/or threatened claims for which we believe that it is probable that a loss has been or will be incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. We recognize legal costs associated with loss contingencies in Professional services expense in the consolidated statements of operations as incurred.

Preferred Stock

We evaluate preferred stock issuances to determine their classification and accounting as debt, or permanent or temporary equity. We also evaluate if any embedded features must be recognized separate from the host contract. Non-convertible, mandatorily redeemable preferred stock is required to be classified as debt. Contingently redeemable preferred stock is not considered mandatorily redeemable until the contingency is met, for example upon change of control. Preferred stock that, by its terms, is contingently redeemable upon the occurrence of an event that is outside of the issuer’s control, such as a change of control, and preferred stock that is redeemable at the option of the holder, is classified as mezzanine equity, i.e., outside of permanent equity. We record preferred stock dividends on the date of declaration by the Board of Directors.

Stock-Based Compensation

We initially measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for a stock-based award as the fair value of the award on the grant date. For awards which must be settled in cash and are therefore classified as liabilities rather than equity in the consolidated balance sheet, fair value is subsequently remeasured and fair value changes are reported as compensation expense at each reporting date. For all awards with a service condition, we recognize the cost as compensation expense ratably over the vesting period for the entire award. All compensation expense for an equity-classified award with a market condition is recognized if the requisite service period is fulfilled, even if the market condition is never satisfied.

Income Taxes

We file consolidated U.S. federal income tax returns. We allocate consolidated income tax among all subsidiaries included in the consolidated return as if each subsidiary filed a separate return or, in certain cases, a consolidated return.

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. Additionally, we adjust deferred taxes to reflect estimated tax rate changes. We conduct periodic evaluations of positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that some or all of our deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. In these evaluations, we consider our sources of future taxable income as the deferred tax assets represent future tax deductions. Taxable income of the appropriate character, within the appropriate time frame, is necessary for the realization of deferred tax assets. Among the factors considered in this evaluation are estimates of future earnings, the future reversal of temporary differences and the impact of tax planning strategies that we can implement if warranted. We provide a valuation allowance for any portion of our deferred tax assets that, more likely than not, will not be realized.

We recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit, based on the technical merits of the position. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements is the largest benefit

that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. We recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share

We calculate basic earnings per share based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the year. Income (loss) attributable to common stockholders is computed by deducting both the dividends declared in the period on preferred stock (whether or not paid) and the dividends accumulated for the period on cumulative preferred stock from net income. We calculate diluted earnings per share based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the year. The computation of diluted earnings per share includes the estimated impact of the exercise of outstanding options and warrants to purchase common stock using the treasury stock method.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

Business Combinations - Joint Venture Formations (ASC 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement (ASU 2023-05)

The amendments in this ASU require a joint venture to apply a new basis of accounting upon formation for the initial contribution of nonmonetary and monetary assets, initially measured at fair value (with exceptions to fair value measurement consistent with business combinations guidance). This ASU does not amend the definition of a joint venture, the accounting by an equity method investor for its investment in a joint venture, or the accounting by a joint venture for contributions received after its formation.

The amendments in this ASU are effective prospectively for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. A joint venture formed prior to the adoption date may elect to apply the new guidance retrospectively back to the original formation date. Our adoption of this standard on January 1, 2025 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes (ASC 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09)

The amendments in this ASU require disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation, including a tabular rate reconciliation for specified categories and additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The ASU also requires additional disaggregated information on income taxes paid to an individual jurisdiction equal to or greater than 5% of total income taxes paid.

The amendments in this ASU were effective in the 2025 annual period and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption. Our adoption of the ASU resulted in additional disclosures, as required: refer to Note 21 — Income Taxes and supplemental cash flow information within the consolidated statements of cash flows. The ASU was applied prospectively in these financial statements. For interim periods, the amended disclosures are required effective in 2026 and we do not anticipate a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Standards Issued but Not Yet Adopted

Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (ASC 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software (ASU 2025-06)

The amendments in this ASU remove references to software development stages and require entities to start capitalizing software costs when (1) management has authorized and committed to funding the software project, and (2) it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended (referred to as the “probable-to-complete recognition threshold”).

The amendments in this ASU are effective in the 2028 annual period and in 2029 for interim reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. The standard may be applied using a prospective transition approach, a modified transition approach that is based on the status of the project and whether software costs were capitalized before the date of adoption, or a retrospective transition approach.