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Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans
Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans

For all of our United States defined benefit and retiree health care plans, we adopted the Society of Actuaries’ RP-2006 mortality table with MP-2018 projection scale in determining the plans’ benefit obligations as of December 31, 2018.

As of January 1, 2018, we adopted the new guidance on the presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost ("net benefit cost"). The new guidance requires bifurcation of net benefit cost, which used to be reported as an employee cost within operating income under the old guidance. The service cost component is still presented with other employee compensation cost in operating income or capitalized in assets in rare circumstances. The other components are now reported separately outside of operations, and are not eligible for capitalization. We have reclassified the prior year non-service cost components of net benefit cost to interest and other expenses from selling and administrative expenses to conform to the current period presentation. The non-service cost component was a net cost of $2.8 and $1.0 and a net credit of $5.3 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Defined Benefit Pension Plans

We sponsor several qualified and nonqualified pension plans covering permanent employees. During 2016, we transitioned an additional German plan associated with the employees who were transferred in as part of a new client contract. The unfunded portion of this plan was $56.4 and $61.8 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which will be partially funded by the client at the end of the contract. We have received a bank guarantee to cover the counterparty risk associated with this unfunded amount.
 
The reconciliation of the changes in the plans’ benefit obligations and the fair value of plan assets and the funded status of the plans are as follows:
 
United States Plans
 
 
Non-United States Plans
 
Year Ended December 31
2018

2017

 
2018

2017

Change in Benefit Obligation
 
 
 
 
 
Benefit obligation, beginning of year

$53.7


$53.1

 

$489.5


$416.0

Service cost
—

—

 
10.9

10.1

Interest cost
1.6

1.7

 
10.0

8.9

Transfers
—

—

 
1.2

9.3

Actuarial (gain) loss
(2.0
)
3.0

 
(28.0
)
1.0

Plan participant contributions
—

—

 
0.2

0.2

Benefits paid
(4.4
)
(4.1
)
 
(10.5
)
(9.5
)
Currency exchange rate changes
—

—

 
(23.3
)
53.5

Benefit obligation, end of year

$48.9


$53.7

 

$450.0


$489.5

 
United States Plans
 
 
Non-United States Plans
 
Year Ended December 31
2018

2017

 
2018

2017

Change in Plan Assets
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year

$38.7


$37.3

 

$376.7


$324.5

Actual return on plan assets
(0.7
)
3.0

 
(2.4
)
13.4

Transfers
—

—

 
(0.3
)
1.8

Plan participant contributions
—

—

 
0.2

0.2

Company contributions
2.5

2.5

 
9.2

7.9

Benefits paid
(4.4
)
(4.1
)
 
(10.5
)
(9.5
)
Currency exchange rate changes
—

—

 
(18.8
)
38.4

Fair value of plan assets, end of year

$36.1


$38.7



$354.1


$376.7

Funded Status at End of Year
 
 
 
 
 
Funded status, end of year

($12.8
)

($15.0
)
 

($95.9
)

($112.8
)
Amounts Recognized
 
 
 
 
 
Noncurrent assets

$15.0


$15.3

 

$46.9


$36.8

Current liabilities
(2.5
)
(2.5
)
 
(0.5
)
(0.4
)
Noncurrent liabilities
(25.3
)
(27.8
)
 
(142.3
)
(149.2
)
Net amount recognized

($12.8
)

($15.0
)
 

($95.9
)

($112.8
)


Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, consisted of:
 
United States Plans
 
 
Non-United States Plans
 
Year Ended December 31
2018

2017

 
2018

2017

Net loss

$13.7


$13.9

 

$16.5


$29.9

Prior service cost
—

—

 
7.7

6.7

Total

$13.7


$13.9

 

$24.2


$36.6



The accumulated benefit obligation for our plans that have plan assets was $390.4 and $433.0 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation for some of our plans exceeded the fair value of plan assets as follows:
December 31
2018

2017

Accumulated benefit obligation

$129.4


$135.9

Plan assets
67.0

65.5



The projected benefit obligation for some of our plans exceeded the fair value of plan assets as follows:
December 31
2018

2017

Projected benefit obligation

$135.8


$143.8

Plan assets
67.0

65.5



By their nature, certain of our plans do not have plan assets. The accumulated benefit obligation for these plans was $86.0 and $86.7 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The components of the net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive loss for all plans were as follows:
Year Ended December 31
2018

2017

2016

Net Periodic Benefit Cost
 
 
 
Service cost

$10.9


$10.1


$8.0

Interest cost
11.6

10.6

11.8

Expected return on assets
(10.6
)
(10.8
)
(10.9
)
Curtailment and settlement
—

—

(6.9
)
Net loss
1.4

0.9

1.0

Prior service cost
0.6

0.4

0.4

Net periodic benefit cost
13.9

11.2

3.4

Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligation Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income/Loss
 
 
 
Net (gain) loss
(16.6
)
(1.5
)
24.7

Prior service cost
1.4

2.9

—

Amortization of net loss
(1.4
)
(0.9
)
(1.0
)
Amortization of prior service cost
(0.6
)
(0.4
)
(0.4
)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income/loss
(17.2
)
0.1

23.3

Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income/loss

($3.3
)

$11.3


$26.7



Effective July 1, 2016, we terminated a defined benefit plan in Northern Europe and transitioned our employees to a defined contribution plan, resulting in a curtailment and settlement gain of 6.9.

The estimated net loss and prior service cost for the defined benefit pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost during 2019 are $1.2 and $0.7, respectively.

The weighted-average assumptions used in the measurement of the benefit obligation were as follows:
 
United States Plans
 
 
Non-United States Plans
 
Year Ended December 31
2018

2017

 
2018

2017

Discount rate
4.2
%
3.6
%
 
2.4
%
2.1
%
Rate of compensation increase
3.0
%
3.0
%
 
1.8
%
1.9
%

The weighted-average assumptions used in the measurement of the net periodic benefit cost were as follows:
 
United States Plans
 
 
Non-United States Plans
 
Year Ended December 31
2018

2017

2016

 
2018

2017

2016

Discount rate - service cost
3.6
%
4.1
%
4.4
%
 
2.1
%
2.2
%
3.2
%
Discount rate - interest cost
3.2
%
3.3
%
3.4
%
 
2.1
%
2.2
%
3.2
%
Expected long-term return on plan assets
4.5
%
4.8
%
5.3
%
 
2.7
%
2.8
%
3.4
%
Rate of compensation increase
3.0
%
3.0
%
3.0
%
 
1.8
%
1.7
%
2.2
%


We determine our assumption for the discount rate based on an index of high-quality corporate bond yields and matched-funding yield curve analysis as of the end of each fiscal year.

Our overall expected long-term rate of return used in the measurement of the 2018 net periodic benefit cost on United States plan assets was 4.5%, while the rates of return on our non-United States plans varied by country and ranged from 1.5% to 3.5%. For a majority of our plans, a building block approach has been employed to establish this return. Historical markets are studied and long-term historical relationships between equity securities and fixed income instruments are preserved consistent with the widely accepted capital market principle that assets with higher volatility generate a greater return over time. Current market factors such as inflation and interest rates are evaluated before long-term capital market assumptions are determined. The long-term portfolio return is established with proper consideration of diversification and rebalancing. We also use guaranteed insurance contracts for four of our foreign plans. Peer data and historical returns are reviewed to check for reasonableness and appropriateness of our expected rate of return.

Projected salary levels utilized in the determination of the projected benefit obligation for the pension plans are based upon historical experience and the future expectations for each respective country.

Our plans’ investment policies are to optimize the long-term return on plan assets at an acceptable level of risk and to maintain careful control of the risk level within each asset class. Our long-term objective is to minimize plan expenses and contributions by outperforming plan liabilities. We have historically used a balanced portfolio strategy based primarily on a target allocation of equity securities and fixed-income instruments, which vary by location. These target allocations, which are similar to the 2018 allocations, are determined based on the favorable risk tolerance characteristics of the plan and, at times, may be adjusted within a specified range to advance our overall objective.

The fair values of our pension plan assets are primarily determined by using market quotes and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets, except for the insurance contracts, which are measured at the present value of expected future benefit payments primarily using the Deutsche National Bank interest curve.

The fair value of our pension plan assets by asset category was as follows:
 
United States Plans
 
 
Non-United States Plans
 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
 
December 31, 2018

Quoted
 Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)

Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)

 
December 31, 2018

Quoted
Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)

Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)

Asset Category
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents(1)

$5.1


$—


$5.1


$—

 

$35.5


$35.5


$—


$—

Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
United States companies
6.3

6.3

—

—

 
16.6

16.6

—

—

International companies
—

—

—

—

 
13.9

13.9

—

—

Fixed income securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government bonds(2)
18.4

—

18.4

—

 
55.5

—

55.5

—

Corporate bonds
6.3

—

6.3

—

 
43.9

—

43.9

—

Annuity contract
—

—

—

—

 
46.2

—

—

46.2

Guaranteed insurance contracts
—

—

—

—

 
17.7

—

17.7

—

Bank loans
—

—

—

—

 
8.9

—

8.9

—

Other types of investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate funds
—

—

—

—

 
8.2

—

8.2

—

Insurance contracts
—

—

—

—

 
107.7

—

—

107.7

 

$36.1


$6.3


$29.8


$—

 

$354.1


$66.0


$134.2


$153.9

(1) This category includes a prime obligations money market portfolio.
(2) This category includes United States Treasury/Federal agency securities and foreign government securities.

 
United States Plans
 
 
Non-United States Plans
 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
 
December 31, 2017

Quoted
Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)

Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)

 
December 31, 2017

Quoted
Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)

Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)

Asset Category
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents(1)

$0.2


$—


$0.2


$—

 

$5.1


$5.1


$—


$—

Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
United States companies
12.3

12.3

—

—

 
15.2

15.2

—

—

International companies
—

—

—

—

 
35.7

35.7

—

—

Fixed income securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government bonds(2)
15.2

—

15.2

—

 
45.2

—

45.2

—

Corporate bonds
11.0

—

11.0

—

 
59.8

—

59.8

—

Guaranteed insurance contracts
—

—

—

—

 
17.6

—

17.6

—

Annuity contract
—

—

—

—

 
55.3

—

55.3

—

Other types of investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unitized funds(3)
—

—

—

—

 
25.8

25.8

—

—

Real estate funds
—

—

—

—

 
8.2

—

8.2

—

Insurance contracts
—

—

—

—

 
108.8

—

—

108.8

 

$38.7


$12.3


$26.4


$—

 

$376.7


$81.8


$186.1


$108.8

(1)This category includes a prime obligations money market portfolio.
(2)This category includes United States Treasury/Federal agency securities and foreign government securities.
(3)This category includes investments in approximately 60% equity securities, 30% fixed income securities and 10% cash.

The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the pension assets that are measured using Level 3 inputs. We determined that transfers between fair-value-measurement levels occurred on the date of the event that caused the transfer.
Year Ended December 31
2018

2017

Balance, beginning of year

$108.8


$126.2

Transfers
46.2

(25.4
)
Actual return on plan assets
4.2

(5.3
)
Purchases, sales and settlements, net
(0.3
)
(0.6
)
Currency exchange rate changes
(5.0
)
13.9

Balance, end of year

$153.9


$108.8



Retiree Health Care Plan

We provide medical and dental benefits to certain eligible retired employees in the United States. Due to the nature of the plan, there are no plan assets. The reconciliation of the changes in the plan’s benefit obligation and the statement of the funded status of the plan were as follows:
Year Ended December 31
2018

2017

Change in Benefit Obligation
 
 
Benefit obligation, beginning of year

$14.9


$15.6

Interest cost
0.5

0.6

Actuarial gain
(0.5
)
(0.3
)
Benefits paid
(1.2
)
(1.0
)
Benefit obligation, end of year

$13.7


$14.9

Funded Status at End of Year
 
 
Funded status, end of year

($13.7
)

($14.9
)
Amounts Recognized
 
 
Current liabilities

($1.1
)

($1.2
)
Noncurrent liabilities
(12.6
)
(13.7
)
Net amount recognized

($13.7
)

($14.9
)


The amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, consists of a net loss of $0.9 and $1.4 for 2018 and 2017, respectively, and a prior service credit of $4.1 and $4.8 in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The discount rate used in the measurement of the benefit obligation was 4.2% and 3.5% in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The discount rate used in the measurement of net periodic benefit cost was 3.2%, 4.0% and 4.3% in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

The components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive loss for this plan were as follows:
Year Ended December 31
2018

2017

2016

Net Periodic Benefit Credit
 
 
 
Interest cost

$0.5


$0.6


$0.7

Net loss
0.1

0.1

0.1

Prior service credit
(0.8
)
(0.8
)
(0.8
)
Net periodic benefit credit

($0.2
)

($0.1
)

$—

Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income/Loss
 
 
 
Net (gain) loss

($0.5
)

($0.3
)

$0.2

Amortization of net loss
(0.1
)
(0.1
)
(0.1
)
Amortization of prior service credit
0.8

0.8

0.8

Total recognized in other comprehensive income/loss
0.2

0.4

0.9

Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income/loss

$—


$0.3


$0.9


The estimated prior service credit for the retiree health care plan that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost during 2019 is $0.8.

The health care cost trend rate is assumed to be 7.3% for 2019, decreasing gradually to an ultimate rate of 4.5% in 2025. Assumed health care cost trend rates could have a significant effect on the amounts reported. A one-percentage point change in the assumed health care cost trend rate would have the following effects:
 
1% Increase

1% Decrease

Effect on total of service and interest cost components

$—


$—

Effect on benefit obligation
0.3

(0.3
)


Future Contributions and Payments

During 2019, we plan to contribute approximately $7.8 to our pension plans and to fund our retiree health care payments as incurred. Projected benefit payments from the plans as of December 31, 2018 were estimated as follows:

Year
Pension Plans

Retiree Health
Care Plan

2019

$12.3


$1.1

2020
13.2

1.1

2021
15.3

1.1

2022
16.0

1.1

2023
17.9

1.1

2024–2028
117.4

4.9

Total projected benefit payments

$192.1


$10.4



Defined Contribution Plans and Deferred Compensation Plans

We have defined contribution plans covering substantially all permanent United States employees and various other employees throughout the world. With our company-sponsored plans, employees may elect to contribute a portion of their salary to the plans and we match a portion of their contributions up to a maximum percentage of the employee’s salary. In addition, profit sharing contributions are made if a targeted earnings level is reached. The total expense for our match and any profit sharing contributions was $17.7, $17.6 and $21.4 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In certain countries with statutory defined contribution plans, we pay a percentage of the employees' salary in pension premiums. The total expense for the statutory defined contribution plans was $37.4, $35.6 and $24.0 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

We also have deferred compensation plans in the United States. One of the plans had an asset and liability of $88.5 and $98.0 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, with the remaining plans holding immaterial amounts of assets and liabilities.