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Acquisitions and Disposals
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Business Combinations [Abstract]  
Acquisitions
Acquisitions and Disposals

From time to time, we acquire and invest in companies throughout the world, including franchises. The total cash consideration paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $51.8, $45.7 and $60.5, respectively. The 2018 balance includes initial acquisition payments of $9.1 and contingent consideration payments of $42.7, of which $18.6 had been recognized as a liability at the acquisition date. The 2017 balance includes initial acquisition payments of $32.7 and contingent consideration related to previous acquisitions of $13.0, of which $10.3 was related to our 2015 acquisition of 7S Group GmbH ("7S") in Germany. The 2016 balance includes initial acquisition payments of $57.6 and contingent consideration payments of $2.9.

As of December 31, 2018, goodwill and intangible assets resulting from the 2018 acquisitions were $6.1 and $0.7, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, goodwill and intangible assets resulting from the 2017 acquisitions were $35.0 and $13.3, respectively, the majority of which took place in India and Hong Kong.

On April 26, 2017, the sellers of 7S formally disputed the contingent consideration related to the acquisition and are claiming an additional $23.9 (€20.8), plus interest. The dispute has been heard by an arbitration tribunal in Germany, which is expected to render its decision during 2019. We have vigorously defended these claims in the arbitration, and we believe no further amounts are due. We are not currently able to predict the outcome of the arbitration, and consequently, no amounts have been recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

As of January 1, 2018, we adopted the new accounting guidance on statement of cash flows. The guidance provides classification requirements for certain cash receipts and cash payments. In 2018, we classified $24.1 of payments which were in excess of the contingent consideration liabilities initially recognized on the acquisition date as operating cash flows. The excess cash payments for contingent consideration liabilities made during in 2017 and 2016 were not material.

Occasionally, we dispose of parts of our operations in order to optimize our global strategic positioning and synergies. In December 2018, we sold one of our business units in the Netherlands for an after tax net gain of $3.8 and divested a majority interest in a fully consolidated entity in China for an immaterial gain.