05.
Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes was as follows:

Year Ended December 31		2013			2012			2011
Current
United States
Federal	$	(0.8	)	$	17.5		$	24.2
State		3.4			9.6			2.8
Non-United States		167.9			155.3			176.5
Total current		170.5			182.4			203.5
Deferred
United States
Federal		21.0			(20.4	)		(2.3	)
State		0.9			0.5			3.3
Non-United States		(4.9	)		8.3			23.8
Total deferred		17.0			(11.6	)		24.8
Total provision	$	187.5		$	170.8		$	228.3

A reconciliation between taxes computed at the United States Federal statutory rate of 35% and the consolidated effective tax rate is as follows:

Year Ended December 31		2013			2012			2011
Income tax based on statutory rate	$	166.4		$	128.9		$	168.0
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Non-United States tax rate difference		27.7			40.8			40.6
Repatriation of non-United States earnings		(20.5	)		(16.9	)		11.1
State income taxes, net of Federal benefit		3.2			6.7			5.2
Change in valuation reserve		(0.5	)		4.7			(3.3	)
Other, net		11.2			6.6			6.7
Tax provision	$	187.5		$	170.8		$	228.3

Included in non-United States tax rate difference is a $5.9 benefit related to the French CICE payroll tax credit because the CICE credit is tax-free for French tax purposes. The tax benefit related to the CICE credit in excess of the $5.9 is offset by a related increase in United States tax expense. For United States tax purposes, certain French earnings impacted by the CICE credit are treated as a deemed dividend resulting in an immediate United States tax expense.

Deferred income taxes are recorded on temporary differences at the tax rate expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. Temporary differences, which gave rise to the deferred taxes, were as follows:


December 31	2013			2012
Current Future Income Tax Benefits (Expense)
Accrued payroll taxes and insurance	$	17.9		$	11.8
Employee compensation payable		26.5			20.3
Pension and postretirement benefits		(4.7	)		(3.0	)
Other		29.3			32.5
Valuation allowance		(15.7	)		(4.9	)
		53.3			56.7
Noncurrent Future Income Tax Benefits (Expense)
Accrued payroll taxes and insurance		19.7			19.9
Pension and postretirement benefits		54.9			58.7
Intangible assets		(122.1	)		(118.1	)
Net operating losses		151.0			149.0
Other		70.3			82.7
Valuation allowance		(111.4	)		(126.2	)
		62.4			66.0
Total future tax benefits	$	115.7		$	122.7
Current tax asset	$	66.2		$	60.6
Current tax liability		(4.4	)		(3.9	)
Noncurrent tax asset		68.2			84.4
Noncurrent tax liability		(14.3	)		(18.4	)
Total future tax benefits	$	115.7		$	122.7

The current tax liability is recorded in accrued liabilities, the noncurrent tax asset is recorded in other assets and the noncurrent tax liability is recorded in other long-term liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We have United States Federal and non-United States net operating loss carryforwards and United States state net operating loss carryforwards totaling $498.9 and $358.8, respectively, as of December 31, 2013. The net operating loss carryforwards expire as follows:


	United States Federal and Non-United States			United States — State
2014	$	5.8	$	7.7
2015		14.7		4.0
2016		9.9		3.1
2017		8.9		7.7
2018		9.1		—
Thereafter		113.1		336.3
No expirations		337.4		—
Total net operating loss carryforwards	$	498.9	$	358.8

We have recorded a deferred tax asset of $151.0 as of December 31, 2013, for the benefit of these net operating losses. Realization of this asset is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of the loss carryforwards. A related valuation allowance of $113.4 has been recorded as of December 31, 2013, as management believes that realization of certain net operating loss carryforwards is unlikely.

Pretax income of non-United States operations was $298.1, $234.6 and $395.5 in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. We have not provided United States income taxes or non-United States withholding taxes on $737.6 of unremitted earnings of non-United States subsidiaries that are considered to be permanently invested. Deferred taxes are provided on $264.3 of unremitted earnings of non-United States subsidiaries that may be remitted to the United States. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, we have recorded a deferred tax liability of $16.7 and $15.7, respectively, related to these non-United States earnings that may be remitted.

As of December 31, 2013, we have gross unrecognized tax benefits related to various tax jurisdictions, including interest and penalties, of $32.3. We have related tax benefits of $1.9, and the net amount of $30.4 would favorably affectthe effective tax rate if recognized. We do not expect our unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next12 months.

As of December 31, 2012, we had gross unrecognized tax benefits related to various tax jurisdictions, including interest and penalties, of $28.5. We had related tax benefits of $2.5 for a net amount of $26.0.

We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. We accrued net interest and penalties of $6.3, $0.1 and $0.6 during 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

The following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits during 2013, 2012 and 2011:


	2013			2012			2011
Gross unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year	$	26.4		$	25.0		$	25.0
Increases in prior year tax positions		2.1			5.8			0.9
Decreases in prior year tax positions		(5.6	)		(0.8	)		(1.5	)
Increases for current year tax positions		3.4			3.1			2.5
Expiration of statute of limitations and audit settlements		(2.4	)		(6.7	)		(1.9	)
Gross unrecognized tax benefits, end of year	$	23.9		$	26.4		$	25.0
Potential interest and penalties		8.4			2.1			2.0
Balance, end of year	$	32.3		$	28.5		$	27.0

We conduct business globally in 80 countries and territories. We are routinely audited by the tax authorities of the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate. Generally, the tax years that could be subject to examination are 2009 through 2012 for our major operations in Germany, Italy, France, Japan, United States and United Kingdom. As of December 31, 2013, we are subject to tax audits in France, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Italy, Norway and Spain. We believe that the resolution of these audits will not have a material impact on earnings.