Note 17 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments

A fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation methods is used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair market hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1:

Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2:

Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3:

Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e. supported with little or no market activity).

An asset or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

We record transfers between levels at the end of the reporting period in which the change in significant inputs occurs.

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

The following tables present fair value measurements for assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017:

	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total Changes In Fair Values Included In Period Income
Assets:	(dollars in thousands)
AFS Securities - U.S. government agency notes	$	10,119	$	-	$	10,119	$	-	$	-
LHFS		4,530		-		4,530		-		131
MSRs		477		-		-		477		(80	)
IRLCs		22		-		22		-		(140	)
Mandatory forward contracts		13		-		13		-		(140	)
Best efforts forward contracts		3		-		3		-		3

The following tables present fair value measurements for assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016:

	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total Changes In Fair Values Included In Period Income
Assets:	(dollars in thousands)
MSRs	$	557	$	-	$	-	$	557	$	66
IRLCs		162		-		162		-		(21	)
Mandatory forward contracts		153		-		153		-		42

The following table provides additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:

	Fair Value Estimate		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted-Average)
	(dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2017:
MSRs	$	477	Market Approach	Weighted average prepayment speed		3.94	%

December 31, 2016:
MSRs	$	557	Market Approach	Weighted average prepayment speed		3.95	%

The activity in MSRs was as follows for the years ended December 31:

	2017			2016
Beginning balance	$	557		$	623
Valuation adjustment	$	(80	)	$	(66	)
Ending balance	$	477		$	557

AFS Securities

The estimated fair values of AFS debt securities are obtained from a nationally-recognized pricing service. This pricing service develops estimated fair values by analyzing like securities and applying available market information through processes such as benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing, to prepare valuations. Matrix pricing is a mathematical technique widely used in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things, and are based on market data obtained from sources independent from the Bank. The Level 2 investments in the Bank’s portfolio are priced using those inputs that, based on the analysis prepared by the pricing service, reflect the assumptions that market participants would use to price the assets. The Bank has determined that the Level 2 designation is appropriate for these securities because, as with most fixed-income securities, those in the Bank’s portfolio are not exchange-traded, and such nonexchange-traded fixed income securities are typically priced by correlation to observed market data.

LHFS

At December 31, 2017, LHFS are carried at fair value, which is determined based on outstanding investor commitments or, in the absence of such commitments, on current investor yield requirements or third party pricing models. At December 31, 2016, LHFS were carried at LCM, utilizing the same method.

MSRs

The fair value of MSRs is determined using a valuation model administered by a third party that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The model incorporates assumptions that market participants use in estimating future net servicing income, including estimates of prepayment speeds, discount rate, default rates, cost to service (including delinquency and foreclosure costs), escrow account earnings, contractual servicing fee income, and other ancillary income such as late fees. Management reviews all significant assumptions on a quarterly basis. Mortgage loan prepayment speed, a key assumption in the model, is the annual rate at which borrowers are forecasted to repay their mortgage loan principal. The discount rate used to determine the present value of estimated future net servicing income, another key assumption in the model, is an estimate of the required rate of return investors in the market would require for an asset with similar risk. Both assumptions can, and generally will, change as market conditions and interest rates change.

IRLCs

We utilize a third party specialist model to estimate the fair value of our IRLCs, which are valued based upon mandatory pricing quotes from correspondent lenders less estimated costs to process and settle the loan. Fair value is adjusted for the estimated probability of the loan closing with the borrower.

Forward Contracts

To avoid interest rate risk, we enter into best efforts forward sales commitments with investors at the time we make an IRLC to a borrower. Once a loan has been closed and funded, the best efforts commitments convert to mandatory forward sales commitments. The mandatory commitments are derivatives, and we measure and report them at fair value. Fair value is based on the gain or loss that would occur if we were to pair-off the transaction with the investor at the measurement date. This is a level 2 input. We have elected to measure and report best efforts commitments at fair value using a valuation methodology similar to that used for mandatory commitments.

Assets Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis

We may be required, from time to time, to measure certain other assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These adjustments to fair value usually result from application of LCM accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

For assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, the following tables provide the level of valuation assumptions used to determine each adjustment and the carrying value of assets as of December 31:

	2017
	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Range of Discount			Weighted Average
	(dollars in thousands)
Impaired loans	$	2,793	$	-	$	-	$	2,793		0% - 33	%		14.5	%
Real estate acquired through foreclosure		178		-		-		178		0% - 22	%		11.5	%

	2016
	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Range of Discount			Weighted Average
	(dollars in thousands)
Impaired loans	$	2,136	$	-	$	-	$	2,136		0% - 2	%		2.0	%
Real estate acquired through foreclosure		767		-		-		767		0% - 10	%		10.0	%

Impaired Loans

Impaired loans are those for which we have measured impairment based on the present value of expected future cash flows or on the fair value of the loan’s collateral. Fair value is generally determined based upon independent third-party appraisals of the properties, or discounted cash flows based upon the expected proceeds. If it is determined that the repayment of the loan will be provided solely by the underlying collateral, and there are no other available and reliable sources of repayment, the loan is considered collateral dependent. Impaired loans that are considered collateral dependent are carried at the LCM. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The use of independent appraisals and management’s best judgment are significant inputs in arriving at the fair value measure of the underlying collateral and impaired loans are therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

For such loans that are classified as impaired, an Allowance is established when the present value of the expected future cash flows of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. For such impaired loans that are classified as collateral dependent, an Allowance is established when the current market value of the underlying collateral less its estimated disposal costs has not been finalized, but management determines that it is likely that the value is lower than the carrying value of that loan. Once the net collateral value has been determined, a charge-off is taken for the difference between the net collateral value and the carrying value of the loan.

Real Estate Acquired Through Foreclosure

We record foreclosed real estate assets at the fair value less estimated selling costs on their acquisition dates and at the lower of such initial amount or estimated fair value less estimated selling costs thereafter. We generally obtain certified external appraisals of real estate acquired through foreclosure and estimate fair value using those appraisals. Other valuation sources may be used, including broker price opinions, letters of intent, and executed sale agreements.

Fair Value of All Financial Instruments

The carrying value and estimated fair value of all financial instruments are summarized in the following tables. The descriptions of the fair value calculations for AFS securities, LHFS, MSRs, IRLCs, best efforts forward contracts, mandatory forward contracts, impaired loans, and real estate acquired through foreclosure are included in the discussions above.

	December 31, 2017
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:	(dollars in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	21,853	$	21,853	$	-	$	-	$	21,853
Certificates of deposits held as investment		8,780		8,780		-		-		8,780
AFS securities		10,119		-		10,119		-		10,119
HTM securities		54,303		5,056		48,948		-		54,004
LHFS		4,530		-		4,530		-		4,530
Loans receivable		660,096		-		-		672,349		672,349
Restricted stock investments		4,489		-		4,489		-		4,489
Accrued interest receivable		2,640		-		2,640		-		2,640
MSRs		477		-		-		477		477
IRLCs		22		-		22		-		22
Mandatory forward contracts		13		-		13		-		13
Best effort forward contracts		3		-		3		-		3
Liabilities:
Deposits		602,228		-		594,659		-		594,659
Accrued interest payable		395		-		395		-		395
Borrowings		88,500		-		81,303		-		81,303
Subordinated debentures		20,619		-		-		20,619		20,619

	December 31, 2016
	Carrying		Fair Value
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:	(dollars in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	67,014	$	67,014	$	-	$	-	$	67,014
Certificates of deposit held as investment		100		100		-		-		100
HTM securities		62,757		13,165		49,662		-		62,827
LHFS		10,307		-		10,313		-		10,313
Loans receivable		601,309		-		-		602,953		602,953
Restricted stock investments		5,103		-		5,103		-		5,103
Accrued interest receivable		2,249		-		2,249		-		2,249
MSRs		557		-		-		557		557
IRLCs		162		-		162		-		162
Mandatory forward contracts		153		-		153		-		153
Liabilities:
Deposits		571,946		-		572,556		-		572,556
Accrued interest payable		538		-		538		-		538
Borrowings		103,500		-		97,961		-		97,961
Subordinated debentures		20,619		-		-		20,619		20,619

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Bank had loan funding commitments of $105.2 million and $58.2 million, respectively, and standby letters of credit outstanding of $3.5 million and $4.0 million, respectively. The fair value of these commitments is nominal.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The carrying amount reported in the consolidated statements of financial condition for cash and cash equivalents approximate those assets’ fair values.

Certificates of Deposit Held for Investment

The carrying amount reported in the consolidated statements of financial condition for Certificates of Deposit Held for Investment approximate those assets’ fair value.

HTM Securities

The Company utilizes a third party source to determine the fair value of its securities. The methodology consists of pricing models based on asset class and includes available trade, bid, other market information, broker quotes, proprietary models, various databases, and trading desk quotes. We consider our U.S. Treasury securities to be Level 1, with the remaining securities considered Level 2.

Loans Receivable

The fair values of loans receivable were estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using market interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. These rates were used for each aggregated category of loans.

Restricted Stock Investments

The carrying value of restricted stock investments is a reasonable estimate of fair value as these investments do not have a readily available market.

Accrued Interest Receivable and Payable

The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximates fair value.

Deposits

The fair values disclosed for demand deposit accounts, savings accounts, and money market deposits are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts). Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies market interest rates currently being offered in the market on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits.

Borrowings

Long-term and short-term borrowings were segmented into categories with similar financial characteristics. Carrying values were discounted using a cash flow approach based on market rates.

Subordinated Debentures

Current economic conditions have rendered the market for this liability inactive. As such, the Company is unable to determine a good estimate of fair value. Since the rate paid on the debentures held is lower than what would be required to secure an interest in the same debt at year end and we are unable to obtain a current fair value, we have made the determination that the carrying value approximates the fair value for this liability.

Limitations

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about financial instruments. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from a one-time sale of our total holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of our financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect estimates. The above information should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the Company since a fair value calculation is only provided for a limited portion of our assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between our disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful.

There were no transfers between any of Levels 1, 2, and 3 for the years ended December 31, 2017 or 2016.