13. Income Taxes

a) Effective tax rate

The effective tax rate differs from the cumulative Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate due to the following:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022				2021
Loss for the year before taxes	$	(34,092	)	$	(15,569	)
Combined statutory tax rate		27.0%			27.0%
Expected tax recovery		(9,205	)		(4,204	)
Difference in foreign tax rates		(453	)		(156	)
Change in unrecognized deferred tax and other items		9,166			4,360
Income Tax Expense / (Recovery)	$	492		$	-

b) Deferred income tax assets and liabilities

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities have been recognized in respect of the following items:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022			2021
Non-capital loss carry forward assets	$	13,247		$	14,350
Mineral property acquisition, exploration and development costs		(13,247	)		(14,350	)
Net deferred income taxes	$	-		$	-

Deferred income tax assets have not yet been recognized in respect of the following items because they relate to entities with a history of losses and there is not convincing evidence that future taxable income will enable timely offset:

	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Non-capital loss carry forward assets	$	55,476	$	49,901
Capital loss carry forward assets		360		360
Other assets		7,431		6,108
Unrecognized deferred income tax assets	$	63,267	$	56,369

As at December 31, 2022, the Company has non-capital loss carry forwards in Canada and the United States which expire as follows:

	Canada		US Federal		US State
Within One Year	$	-	$	859	$	4,350
One to Five Years		5,598		6,889		44,049
More than Five Years		73,722		124,741		76,341
No expiration		-		33,853		33,854
Non-capital loss carry forwards	$	79,320	$	166,342	$	158,594

Canadian non-capital losses generated prior to 2006 expire after 10 years and after 20 years for amounts generated since 2006. US Federal non-capital losses generated prior to 2018 expire after 20 years with no expiration for amounts generated since 2018. US State non-capital losses expire after 15 years. US net operating loss carry forwards may be subject to an annual limitation in the event of a 50% or greater change of ownership within a 3-year period as defined under Internal Revenue Code Section 382.