13. Income Taxes

a) Effective tax rate

The effective tax rate differs from the cumulative Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate due to the following:

		Year ended December 31,
		2021			2020
Loss for the year before taxes	$	(15,569	)	$	(20,830	)
Combined statutory tax rate		27.0%			27.0%
Expected tax recovery		(4,204	)		(5,624	)
Difference in foreign tax rates		(156	)		(303	)
Change in unrecognized deferred tax and other items		4,360			5,927
Income Tax Expense / (Recovery)	$	-		$	-

b) Deferred income tax assets and liabilities

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities have been recognized in respect of the following items:

		Year ended December 31,
		2021			2020
Non-capital loss carry forward assets	$	14,350		$	17,738
Mineral property acquisition, exploration and development costs		(14,350	)		(17,738	)
Net deferred income taxes	$	-		$	-

Deferred income tax assets have not yet been recognized in respect of the following items because they relate to entities with a history of losses and there is not convincing evidence that future taxable income will enable timely offset:

		Year ended December 31,
		2021		2020
Non-capital loss carry forward assets	$	49,901	$	46,414
Capital loss carry forward assets		360		360
Intercompany receivable assets		2,690		2,690
Other assets		3,418		4,186
Unrecognized deferred income tax assets	$	56,369	$	53,650

As at December 31, 2021, the Company has non-capital loss carry forwards in Canada and the United States which expire as follows:

		Canada		US Federal		US State
Within One Year	$	-	$	937	$	3,657
One to Five Years		5,598		7,748		48,399
More than Five Years		63,372		124,741		102,703
No expiration		-		26,361		-
Non-capital loss carry forwards	$	68,970	$	159,787	$	154,759

Canadian non-capital losses generated prior to 2006 expire after 10 years and after 20 years for amounts generated since 2006. US Federal non-capital losses expire after 20 years with no expiration for amounts generated since 2018. US State non-capital losses generated prior to 2018 expire after 15 years. US net operating loss carry forwards may be subject to an annual limitation in the event of a 50% or greater change of ownership within a 3-year period as defined under Internal Revenue Code Section 382.