Description Of Business And Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Jan. 03, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation These Consolidated Financial Statements include our results of our consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. We use a 52–53 week fiscal year ending on the Friday nearest to December 31. 2024 was a 53-week year and 2023 and 2022 were 52-week years ending on January 3, 2025, December 29, 2023, and December 30, 2022. Unless otherwise stated, all dates refer to our fiscal year and fiscal periods.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates and assumptions are used for (i) revenue recognition, including determining the nature and timing of satisfaction of performance obligations and determining standalone selling price of performance obligations; (ii) inventory valuation; (iii) valuation of investments; (iv) valuation of long-lived assets and their estimated useful lives; (v) goodwill and other long-lived asset impairment analyses; (vi) stock-based compensation; and (vii) income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable. Actual results that we experience may differ materially from our estimates.
Reportable Segments	Reportable Segments As a result of the Ag divestiture and our Chief Operating Decision Maker’s (“CODM”) revised organizational structure, effective in the first quarter of 2024, we reorganized our businesses under a new segment structure. This structure brings similar businesses together, which is expected to enhance our ability to achieve scale and growth consistent with our strategy. We report our financial performance, including revenue and operating income, based on three updated segments: (i) Architects, Engineers, Construction and Owners (“AECO”), (ii) Field Systems, and (iii) Transportation and Logistics(“T&L”). Prior years’ information have been adjusted to reflect the change in segment reporting. Our CODM views and evaluates operations based on the results of our reportable operating segments under our management reporting system.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition Significant Judgments Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. Revenue is recognized net of allowance for returns and any taxes collected from customers. We enter into contracts that may include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations; however, determining whether products or services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may sometimes require significant judgment. Judgment is required to determine SSP for each performance obligation. We use a range of amounts to estimate SSP and determine whether there is a discount to be allocated based on the relative SSP of the various products and services. We estimate SSP considering multiple factors including but not limited to, our internal cost, pricing practices, sales channel, competitive positioning, and overall market and business environments. As our offerings and markets change, we may be required to reassess our estimated SSP and, as a result, the timing and classification of our revenue could be affected. Nature of Goods and Services We generate revenue primarily from products and services and subscriptions; each of which is a distinct performance obligation. Descriptions are as follows: Product Product revenue includes hardware and perpetual software licenses. Hardware is recognized when the control of the product transfers to the customer, which is generally when the product is shipped. We recognize shipping fees reimbursed by customers as revenue and the cost for shipping as an expense in Cost of sales when control over products has transferred to the customer. Software including perpetual licenses is recognized upon delivery and commencement of the license term. In general, our contracts do not provide for customer specific acceptances. Subscription and Services Subscription and services revenue includes SaaS and hosting services, term licenses, hardware and software maintenance, and support and professional services. SaaS may be sold with devices used to collect, generate, and transmit data. SaaS is distinct from the related devices. SaaS is provided on either a subscription or a consumption basis. In addition, we may host the software that the customer has separately licensed. Hosting services are distinct from the underlying software. Subscription terms generally range from month-to-month to one to three years. Subscription revenue is recognized monthly over the subscription term, commencing from activation. Revenue related to SaaS on a consumption basis is recognized when the customer utilizes the service based on the quantity of the services consumed. Term license subscriptions contain an on-premise term license component as well as maintenance and support. Term licenses are distinct and recognized upon transfer and commencement of the subscription license term. Maintenance and support are recognized ratably over the subscription term. The subscription term generally ranges from one to three years. Hardware maintenance and support, commonly called extended warranty, entitles the customer to receive replacement parts and repair services. Extended warranty is separately priced and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the extended service period, which begins after the standard warranty period, ranging from one to two years depending on the product line. Software maintenance and support entitles the customer to receive software product upgrades and enhancements on a when and if available basis and technical support. Software maintenance is recognized on a straight-line basis commencing upon product delivery over the post-contract support term, which ranges from one to three years, with one year being most common. Professional services include installation, training, configuration, project management, system integrations, customization, data migration/conversion, and other implementation services. The majority of professional services are not complex, can be provided by other vendors, and are readily available and billed on a time-and-material basis. Revenue for distinct professional services is recognized over time, based on work performed. Deferred Costs to Obtain Customer Contracts Sales commissions incurred in obtaining contracts that include maintenance or subscription revenue are deferred if the contractual term is greater than a year or if renewals are expected, and the renewal commission is not commensurate with the initial commission. These commission costs are deferred and amortized over the estimated benefit period, which is either the contract term or the shorter of customer life or product life, which ranges from three to seven years. At the end of 2024 and 2023, deferred costs to obtain customer contracts were $124.3 million and $96.4 million. These costs are included in Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization expense related to deferred costs to obtain customer contracts was $55.2 million, $39.5 million, and $32.0 million for 2024, 2023, and 2022. This expense is included in Sales and marketing expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Accounts Receivable, Net	Accounts Receivable, Net Accounts receivable, net, includes billed and unbilled amounts due from customers. Unbilled receivables include revenue recognized that exceeds the amount billed to the customer, provided the billing is not contingent upon future performance, and we have the unconditional right to future payment with only the passage of time required. Both billed and unbilled amounts due are stated at their net estimated realizable value. We maintain an allowance for credit losses to provide for the estimated amount of receivables that will not be collected. Each reporting period, we evaluate the collectability of our trade accounts receivable based on a number of factors, such as age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality, historical experience, and current and future economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay.
Inventories	Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is computed using standard cost, which approximates actual cost. Adjustments are also made to reduce the cost of inventory for estimated excess or obsolete balances. Factors influencing these adjustments include declines in demand that impact inventory purchasing forecasts, technological changes, product lifecycle and development plans, component cost trends, product pricing, physical deterioration, and quality issues. If our estimate used to reserve for excess and obsolete inventory differs from what is expected, we may be required to recognize additional reserves, which would negatively impact our gross margin.
Property and Equipment, Net	Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives or the lease terms when applicable. Useful lives generally range from four to six years for machinery and equipment, five to ten years for furniture and fixtures, two to five years for computer equipment and software, thirty-nine years for buildings, and the life of the lease for leasehold improvements. Included in the software category, internal-use software includes certain costs to purchase, develop, and implement the software during the application development phase.
Cloud Computing Arrangements	Cloud Computing Arrangements Costs incurred for certain cloud-based software hosting arrangements are capitalized for application development activities, and for preliminary project and post-implementation activities. Our capitalized development costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining non-cancellable term of the associated hosting arrangement plus any reasonably certain renewal periods. The capitalized costs are included in “Prepaid expenses” and “Other non-current assets” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Leases	Leases We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases with lease terms greater than one year are included in Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, Other current liabilities, and Operating lease liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Present value is determined by using our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowings over a similar term of the lease payments at the commencement date. The operating lease ROU assets include adjustments made for uneven rents, lease incentives, and lease impairments. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease agreements that include both lease and non-lease components are accounted for as part of the overall lease arrangement.
Business Combinations	Business Combinations We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the acquisition date. When determining the fair values, we make significant estimates and assumptions, especially concerning intangible assets. Critical estimates when valuing intangible assets include expected future cash flows based on consideration of revenue and revenue growth rates and margins, customer attrition rates, future changes in technology and brand awareness, loyalty and position, and discount rates. Any purchase consideration in excess of the fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Amounts recorded in a business combination may change during the measurement period, which is a period not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, as additional information about conditions existing at the acquisition date becomes available. Acquisition costs are expensed as incurred.
Goodwill	Goodwill We evaluate goodwill on an annual basis or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist. To determine whether goodwill is impaired, we first assess qualitative factors. Qualitative factors include but are not limited to macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, or other relevant company-specific events. If it is determined more likely than not that the fair value of a goodwill reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we perform a quantitative analysis. Alternatively, we may bypass the qualitative assessment and perform a quantitative impairment test. When performing a quantitative approach, we compare the reporting unit’s carrying amount, including goodwill, to the reporting unit’s fair value. The estimation of a reporting unit’s fair value involves using estimates and assumptions, including expected future operating performance using risk-adjusted discount rates. If the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized.
Intangible Assets	Intangible Assets Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recorded at fair value. Our intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from three to eleven years and have a weighted-average useful life of approximately nine years. We write off fully amortized intangible assets when those assets are no longer used. We review intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of those assets may not be recoverable based on their future cash flows. The estimated future cash flows are primarily based upon assumptions about expected future operating performance.
Equity Investments	Equity Investments We have investments in various unconsolidated entities. These investments represent non-marketable securities and include joint operating ventures and strategic investments. We use the equity method of accounting for investments in common stock holdings where we have significant influence, such as for our 15% investment in PTx Trimble. Our proportionate share of income or loss for equity method investments is recorded in income (loss) from equity method investments, net. For all other investments, we use the measurement alternative election. Under the measurement alternative, investments without readily determinable fair values are measured at cost, less any impairments, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. To determine if a transaction is deemed a similar investment, we consider the rights and obligations of the investments. All gains and losses on these investments are recognized in other income (loss), net. We assess all equity investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an investment may not be recoverable. We enter into related party transactions with certain of our investees. These transactions are recorded based on the nature of the arrangements and primarily include sales and purchases involving GNSS technology and guidance products, positioning services, grade control solutions, and surveying products. Total related party revenue from our investees was $108.8 million, $87.7 million, and $102.3 million for 2024, 2023, and 2022.
Foreign Currency Translation	Foreign Currency Translation Assets and liabilities recorded in foreign currency are translated to U.S. dollars at the exchange rates on the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average monthly exchange rates during the year. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are recorded to other comprehensive income.
Advertising and Promotional Costs	Advertising and Promotional Costs Advertising and promotional costs are expensed as incurred.
Stock-Based Compensation	Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation expense is based on the measurement date fair value of the awards, net of expected forfeitures. Expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the stock awards. The estimate of the forfeiture rate is based on historical experience.
Research and Development Costs	Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Development costs for software to be sold subsequent to reaching technical feasibility were not significant and were expensed as incurred. We offset research and development expense with any unconditional third-party funding earned and retain the rights to any technology developed under such arrangements.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method, whereby deferred tax assets or liability account balances are calculated at the balance sheet date using current tax laws and rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. Our valuation allowance is primarily attributable to state research and development credit carryforwards, foreign net operating and capital losses, and our investment in PTx Trimble. Relative to uncertain tax positions, we only recognize a tax benefit if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments and may not accurately forecast actual tax audit outcomes. Changes in recognition or measurement of our uncertain tax positions would result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision. Our practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous other countries and are subject to routine corporate income tax audits in many of these jurisdictions. We generally believe that positions taken on our tax returns are more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, but tax authorities in some circumstance have, and may in the future, successfully challenge these positions. Accordingly, our income tax provision includes amounts intended to satisfy assessments that may result from these challenges. The amounts ultimately paid on resolution of an audit could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax provision and, therefore, could have a material impact on our income tax provision, net income, and cash flows.
Concentrations of Risk	Concentrations of Risk Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with several financial institutions. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and are maintained with financial institutions of reputable credit and therefore bear minimal credit risk. We are also exposed to credit risk in our trade receivables, which are derived from sales to end-user customers in diversified industries as well as various resellers. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial conditions and limit the amount of credit extended, when deemed necessary, but generally do not require collateral. In addition, we rely on a limited number of suppliers for a number of our critical components.
Guarantees, Including Indirect Guarantees of Indebtedness of Others	Guarantees, Including Indirect Guarantees of Indebtedness of Others In the normal course of business to facilitate sales of our products, we indemnify other parties, including customers, lessors, and parties to other transactions with us with respect to certain matters. We may agree to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations or covenants, or out of intellectual property infringement or other claims made against certain parties. These agreements may limit the time within which an indemnification claim can be made and the amount of the claim. In connection with divesting some of our businesses or assets, we may also indemnify purchasers for certain matters in the normal course of business, such as breaches of representations, covenants, or excluded liabilities. In addition, we enter into indemnification agreements with our officers and directors, and our bylaws contain similar indemnification obligations to our agents. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount under these indemnification agreements due to the limited history of prior indemnification claims and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, payments made under these agreements were not material; thus, no liabilities have been recorded for these obligations in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at the end of 2024 and 2023.
Derivative Financial Instruments	Derivative Financial Instruments We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to minimize the short-term impact of foreign currency fluctuations on cash and certain trade and intercompany receivables and payables, primarily denominated in Euro, Canadian Dollars, New Zealand Dollars, British Pound, and Australian Dollars. These contracts reduce the exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rate movements, as the gains and losses associated with foreign currency balances are generally offset with the gains and losses on the forward contracts. We occasionally enter into foreign currency contracts to minimize the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on the purchase price of pending acquisitions. We do not enter into foreign currency forward contracts for trading purposes. At the end of 2024 and 2023, there were no derivatives outstanding that were accounted for as hedges.
Recently issued Accounting Pronouncements not yet Adopted And Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements	Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The ASU requires additional disclosures by disaggregating the costs and expense line items that are presented on the face of the income statement. The disaggregation includes: (i) amounts of purchased inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and other related costs and expenses; (ii) an explanation of costs and expenses that are not disaggregated on a quantitative basis; and (iii) the definition and total amount of selling expenses. The ASU is effective for our Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning in 2027 and subsequent interim reports. Early adoption is permitted. The ASU should be applied prospectively. Retrospective application is permitted for all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on our financial reporting disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU updates the annual income tax disclosures by requiring (i) specific categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation, (ii) income taxes paid disaggregated by taxing authority and jurisdiction, and (iii) disclosures of pretax income (or loss) and income tax expense (or benefit). Additionally, certain existing disclosure requirements are removed. The ASU is effective for our Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning in 2025 and is applied prospectively. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on our financial reporting disclosures. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU updates reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through (i) enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and (ii) optional disclosures of more than one measure of segment profit or loss if the CODM uses those measures to assess segment performance and allocate resources. We adopted the ASU in the fourth quarter of 2024 retrospectively to all our prior periods presented since the beginning of 2022. See Note 7 “Reporting Segment and Geographic Information” in Item 8 of this report for additional disclosure, including significant segment expenses.

Description Of Business And Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Jan. 03, 2025

These Consolidated Financial Statements include our results of our consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

We use a 52–53 week fiscal year ending on the Friday nearest to December 31. 2024 was a 53-week year and 2023 and 2022 were 52-week years ending on January 3, 2025, December 29, 2023, and December 30, 2022. Unless otherwise stated, all dates refer to our fiscal year and fiscal periods.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates and assumptions are used for (i) revenue recognition, including determining the nature and timing of satisfaction of performance obligations and determining standalone selling price of performance obligations; (ii) inventory valuation; (iii) valuation of investments; (iv) valuation of long-lived assets and their estimated useful lives; (v) goodwill and other long-lived asset impairment analyses; (vi) stock-based compensation; and (vii) income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable. Actual results that we experience may differ materially from our estimates.

Reportable Segments

As a result of the Ag divestiture and our Chief Operating Decision Maker’s (“CODM”) revised organizational structure, effective in the first quarter of 2024, we reorganized our businesses under a new segment structure. This structure brings similar businesses together, which is expected to enhance our ability to achieve scale and growth consistent with our strategy. We report our financial performance, including revenue and operating income, based on three updated segments: (i) Architects, Engineers, Construction and Owners (“AECO”), (ii) Field Systems, and (iii) Transportation and Logistics(“T&L”). Prior years’ information have been adjusted to reflect the change in segment reporting.

Our CODM views and evaluates operations based on the results of our reportable operating segments under our management reporting system.

Revenue Recognition

Significant Judgments

Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. Revenue is recognized net of allowance for returns and any taxes collected from customers. We enter into contracts that may include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations; however, determining whether products or services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may sometimes require significant judgment.

Judgment is required to determine SSP for each performance obligation. We use a range of amounts to estimate SSP and determine whether there is a discount to be allocated based on the relative SSP of the various products and services. We estimate SSP considering multiple factors including but not limited to, our internal cost, pricing practices, sales channel, competitive positioning, and overall market and business environments. As our offerings and markets change, we may be required to reassess our estimated SSP and, as a result, the timing and classification of our revenue could be affected.

Nature of Goods and Services

We generate revenue primarily from products and services and subscriptions; each of which is a distinct performance obligation. Descriptions are as follows:

Product

Product revenue includes hardware and perpetual software licenses.

Hardware is recognized when the control of the product transfers to the customer, which is generally when the product is shipped. We recognize shipping fees reimbursed by customers as revenue and the cost for shipping as an expense in Cost of sales when control over products has transferred to the customer.

Software including perpetual licenses is recognized upon delivery and commencement of the license term. In general, our contracts do not provide for customer specific acceptances.

Subscription and Services

Subscription and services revenue includes SaaS and hosting services, term licenses, hardware and software maintenance, and support and professional services.

SaaS may be sold with devices used to collect, generate, and transmit data. SaaS is distinct from the related devices. SaaS is provided on either a subscription or a consumption basis. In addition, we may host the software that the customer has separately licensed. Hosting services are distinct from the underlying software. Subscription terms generally range from month-to-month to one to three years. Subscription revenue is recognized monthly over the subscription term, commencing from activation. Revenue related to SaaS on a consumption basis is recognized when the customer utilizes the service based on the quantity of the services consumed.

Term license subscriptions contain an on-premise term license component as well as maintenance and support. Term licenses are distinct and recognized upon transfer and commencement of the subscription license term. Maintenance and support are recognized ratably over the subscription term. The subscription term generally ranges from one to three years.

Hardware maintenance and support, commonly called extended warranty, entitles the customer to receive replacement parts and repair services. Extended warranty is separately priced and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the extended service period, which begins after the standard warranty period, ranging from one to two years depending on the product line.

Software maintenance and support entitles the customer to receive software product upgrades and enhancements on a when and if available basis and technical support. Software maintenance is recognized on a straight-line basis commencing upon product delivery over the post-contract support term, which ranges from one to three years, with one year being most common.

Professional services include installation, training, configuration, project management, system integrations, customization, data migration/conversion, and other implementation services. The majority of professional services are not complex, can be provided by other vendors, and are readily available and billed on a time-and-material basis. Revenue for distinct professional services is recognized over time, based on work performed.

Deferred Costs to Obtain Customer Contracts

Sales commissions incurred in obtaining contracts that include maintenance or subscription revenue are deferred if the contractual term is greater than a year or if renewals are expected, and the renewal commission is not commensurate with the initial commission. These commission costs are deferred and amortized over the estimated benefit period, which is either the contract term or the shorter of customer life or product life, which ranges from three to seven years.

At the end of 2024 and 2023, deferred costs to obtain customer contracts were $124.3 million and $96.4 million. These costs are included in Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization expense related to deferred costs to obtain customer contracts was $55.2 million, $39.5 million, and $32.0 million for 2024, 2023, and 2022. This expense is included in Sales and marketing expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable, net, includes billed and unbilled amounts due from customers. Unbilled receivables include revenue recognized that exceeds the amount billed to the customer, provided the billing is not contingent upon future performance, and we have the unconditional right to future payment with only the passage of time required. Both billed and unbilled amounts due are stated at their net estimated realizable value.

We maintain an allowance for credit losses to provide for the estimated amount of receivables that will not be collected. Each reporting period, we evaluate the collectability of our trade accounts receivable based on a number of factors, such as age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality, historical experience, and current and future economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is computed using standard cost, which approximates actual cost. Adjustments are also made to reduce the cost of inventory for estimated excess or obsolete balances. Factors influencing these adjustments include declines in demand that impact inventory purchasing forecasts, technological changes, product lifecycle and development plans, component cost trends, product pricing, physical deterioration, and quality issues. If our estimate used to reserve for excess and obsolete inventory differs from what is expected, we may be required to recognize additional reserves, which would negatively impact our gross margin.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives or the lease terms when applicable. Useful lives generally range from four to six years for machinery and equipment, five to ten years for furniture and fixtures, two to five years for computer equipment and software, thirty-nine years for buildings, and the life of the lease for leasehold improvements. Included in the software category, internal-use software includes certain costs to purchase, develop, and implement the software during the application development phase.

Cloud Computing Arrangements

Costs incurred for certain cloud-based software hosting arrangements are capitalized for application development activities, and for preliminary project and post-implementation activities. Our capitalized development costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining non-cancellable term of the associated hosting arrangement plus any reasonably certain renewal periods. The capitalized costs are included in “Prepaid expenses” and “Other non-current assets” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases with lease terms greater than one year are included in Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, Other current liabilities, and Operating lease liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Present value is determined by using our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowings over a similar term of the lease payments at the commencement date. The operating lease ROU assets include adjustments made for uneven rents, lease incentives, and lease impairments. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Lease agreements that include both lease and non-lease components are accounted for as part of the overall lease arrangement.

Business Combinations

We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the acquisition date. When determining the fair values, we make significant estimates and assumptions, especially concerning intangible assets. Critical estimates when valuing intangible assets include expected future cash flows based on consideration of revenue and revenue growth rates and margins, customer attrition rates, future changes in technology and brand awareness, loyalty and position, and discount rates. Any purchase consideration in excess of the fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.

Amounts recorded in a business combination may change during the measurement period, which is a period not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, as additional information about conditions existing at the acquisition date becomes available.

Acquisition costs are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill

We evaluate goodwill on an annual basis or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist. To determine whether goodwill is impaired, we first assess qualitative factors. Qualitative factors include but are not limited to macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, or other relevant company-specific events. If it is determined more likely than not that the fair value of a goodwill reporting unit is less than its carrying amount,

we perform a quantitative analysis. Alternatively, we may bypass the qualitative assessment and perform a quantitative impairment test.

When performing a quantitative approach, we compare the reporting unit’s carrying amount, including goodwill, to the reporting unit’s fair value. The estimation of a reporting unit’s fair value involves using estimates and assumptions, including expected future operating performance using risk-adjusted discount rates. If the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recorded at fair value. Our intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from three to eleven years and have a weighted-average useful life of approximately nine years. We write off fully amortized intangible assets when those assets are no longer used.

We review intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of those assets may not be recoverable based on their future cash flows. The estimated future cash flows are primarily based upon assumptions about expected future operating performance.

Equity Investments

We have investments in various unconsolidated entities. These investments represent non-marketable securities and include joint operating ventures and strategic investments. We use the equity method of accounting for investments in common stock holdings where we have significant influence, such as for our 15% investment in PTx Trimble. Our proportionate share of income or loss for equity method investments is recorded in income (loss) from equity method investments, net.

For all other investments, we use the measurement alternative election. Under the measurement alternative, investments without readily determinable fair values are measured at cost, less any impairments, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. To determine if a transaction is deemed a similar investment, we consider the rights and obligations of the investments. All gains and losses on these investments are recognized in other income (loss), net.

We assess all equity investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an investment may not be recoverable.

We enter into related party transactions with certain of our investees. These transactions are recorded based on the nature of the arrangements and primarily include sales and purchases involving GNSS technology and guidance products, positioning services, grade control solutions, and surveying products. Total related party revenue from our investees was $108.8 million, $87.7 million, and $102.3 million for 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities recorded in foreign currency are translated to U.S. dollars at the exchange rates on the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at average monthly exchange rates during the year. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are recorded to other comprehensive income.

Advertising and Promotional Costs

Advertising and promotional costs are expensed as incurred.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense is based on the measurement date fair value of the awards, net of expected forfeitures. Expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the stock awards. The estimate of the forfeiture rate is based on historical experience.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Development costs for software to be sold subsequent to reaching technical feasibility were not significant and were expensed as incurred. We offset research and development expense with any unconditional third-party funding earned and retain the rights to any technology developed under such arrangements.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method, whereby deferred tax assets or liability account balances are calculated at the balance sheet date using current tax laws and rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets if it is more

likely than not that such assets will not be realized. Our valuation allowance is primarily attributable to state research and development credit carryforwards, foreign net operating and capital losses, and our investment in PTx Trimble.

Relative to uncertain tax positions, we only recognize a tax benefit if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments and may not accurately forecast actual tax audit outcomes. Changes in recognition or measurement of our uncertain tax positions would result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision. Our practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous other countries and are subject to routine corporate income tax audits in many of these jurisdictions. We generally believe that positions taken on our tax returns are more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, but tax authorities in some circumstance have, and may in the future, successfully challenge these positions. Accordingly, our income tax provision includes amounts intended to satisfy assessments that may result from these challenges. The amounts ultimately paid on resolution of an audit could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax provision and, therefore, could have a material impact on our income tax provision, net income, and cash flows.

Concentrations of Risk

Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with several financial institutions. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and are maintained with financial institutions of reputable credit and therefore bear minimal credit risk.

We are also exposed to credit risk in our trade receivables, which are derived from sales to end-user customers in diversified industries as well as various resellers. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial conditions and limit the amount of credit extended, when deemed necessary, but generally do not require collateral.

In addition, we rely on a limited number of suppliers for a number of our critical components.

Guarantees, Including Indirect Guarantees of Indebtedness of Others

In the normal course of business to facilitate sales of our products, we indemnify other parties, including customers, lessors, and parties to other transactions with us with respect to certain matters. We may agree to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations or covenants, or out of intellectual property infringement or other claims made against certain parties. These agreements may limit the time within which an indemnification claim can be made and the amount of the claim. In connection with divesting some of our businesses or assets, we may also indemnify purchasers for certain matters in the normal course of business, such as breaches of representations, covenants, or excluded liabilities. In addition, we enter into indemnification agreements with our officers and directors, and our bylaws contain similar indemnification obligations to our agents.

It is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount under these indemnification agreements due to the limited history of prior indemnification claims and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, payments made under these agreements were not material; thus, no liabilities have been recorded for these obligations in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at the end of 2024 and 2023.

Derivative Financial Instruments

We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to minimize the short-term impact of foreign currency fluctuations on cash and certain trade and intercompany receivables and payables, primarily denominated in Euro, Canadian Dollars, New Zealand Dollars, British Pound, and Australian Dollars. These contracts reduce the exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rate movements, as the gains and losses associated with foreign currency balances are generally offset with the gains and losses on the forward contracts. We occasionally enter into foreign currency contracts to minimize the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on the purchase price of pending acquisitions. We do not enter into foreign currency forward contracts for trading purposes.

At the end of 2024 and 2023, there were no derivatives outstanding that were accounted for as hedges.

Recently issued Accounting Pronouncements not yet Adopted And Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The ASU requires additional disclosures by disaggregating the costs and expense line items that are presented on the face of the income statement. The disaggregation includes: (i) amounts of purchased inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and other related costs and expenses; (ii) an explanation of costs and expenses that are not disaggregated on a quantitative basis; and (iii) the definition and

total amount of selling expenses. The ASU is effective for our Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning in 2027 and subsequent interim reports. Early adoption is permitted. The ASU should be applied prospectively. Retrospective application is permitted for all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on our financial reporting disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU updates the annual income tax disclosures by requiring (i) specific categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation, (ii) income taxes paid disaggregated by taxing authority and jurisdiction, and (iii) disclosures of pretax income (or loss) and income tax expense (or benefit). Additionally, certain existing disclosure requirements are removed. The ASU is effective for our Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning in 2025 and is applied prospectively. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on our financial reporting disclosures.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU updates reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through (i) enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and (ii) optional disclosures of more than one measure of segment profit or loss if the CODM uses those measures to assess segment performance and allocate resources.

We adopted the ASU in the fourth quarter of 2024 retrospectively to all our prior periods presented since the beginning of 2022. See Note 7 “Reporting Segment and Geographic Information” in Item 8 of this report for additional disclosure, including significant segment expenses.