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Revenue by destination and product (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue [abstract]  
Consolidated sales revenue by destination and non-current assets other than excluded items
Adjusted(b)
Adjusted(b)
Adjusted(b)
Adjusted(b)

2022
%

2021
%
2020
%
2022
US$m

2021
US$m
2020
US$m
Greater China(b)
54.3 59.7 60.4 30,172 37,878 26,951 
United States of America15.9 12.6 10.9 8,823 8,012 4,867 
Asia (excluding Greater China and Japan)7.1 6.9 7.9 3,937 4,415 3,525 
Japan7.4 7.9 7.5 4,091 5,012 3,354 
Europe (excluding UK)6.5 5.2 5.9 3,618 3,271 2,623 
Canada3.1 2.6 2.9 1,743 1,677 1,289 
Australia 1.9 1.8 1.7 1,047 1,122 745 
UK0.3 0.4 0.5 182 243 242 
Other countries3.5 2.9 2.3 1,941 1,865 1,015 
Consolidated sales revenue100 100 100 55,554 63,495 44,611 
(a)Consolidated sales revenue by geographical destination is based on the ultimate country of the product's destination, if known. Where the ultimate destination is not known, we have defaulted to the shipping address of the customer. Rio Tinto is domiciled in both the UK and Australia.
(b)Consolidated sales revenue by destination has been adjusted to classify Taiwan and China together as ‘Greater China’; previously Taiwan was included in Asia (excluding Greater China and Japan). This change has resulted in a decrease in 2021 revenue attributable to Asia (excluding Greater China and Japan) of: 2.5% and US$1,570 million (2020: 2.3% and US$1,011 million).
The total of non-current assets other than excluded items is shown by location below.

2022
US$m
2021
US$m
Australia 31,674 32,807 
Canada14,472 15,139 
Mongolia12,872 11,653 
United States of America6,441 6,141 
Africa2,945 3,080 
South America3,317 2,451 
Europe (excluding UK)245 246 
UK136 111 
Other countries1,159 1,197 
Total non-current assets other than excluded items73,261 72,825 
Non-current assets excluded from analysis above:
Deferred tax assets2,766 3,375 
Other financial assets406 528 
Quasi-equity loans to equity accounted units(b)
— 97 
Tax recoverable— 29 
Receivables and other assets1,338 1,610 
Total non-current assets per balance sheet77,771 78,464 
(a)Allocation of non-current assets by country is based on the location of the business units holding the assets. It includes investments in equity accounted units totalling US$3,298 million (2021: US$3,407 million) which represents the Group’s share of net assets excluding quasi-equity loans shown separately above.
(b)As part of the impairment of the Boyne Smelter the quasi-equity loan was fully impaired in 2022 (2021: US$97 million).
Consolidated sales revenue by product
We have sold the following products to external customers during the year:

Revenue from
contracts
with customers
2022
US$m
Other
revenue(a)
2022
US$m
Consolidated
sales revenue
2022
US$m
Iron ore33,068 (267)32,801 
Aluminium, alumina and bauxite13,955 (165)13,790 
Copper3,276 (80)3,196 
Industrial minerals (comprising titanium dioxide slag, borates and salt)2,685 (16)2,669 
Gold564 9 573 
Diamonds816 — 816 
Other products(b)
1,710 (1)1,709 
Consolidated sales revenue56,074 (520)55,554 

Revenue from contracts
with customers
2021
US$m
Other
revenue(a)
2021
US$m
Consolidated sales revenue
2021
US$m
Revenue from contracts
with customers
2020
US$m
Other
revenue(a)
2020
US$m

Consolidated sales revenue
2020
US$m
Iron ore42,992 (796)42,196 28,202 1,000 29,202 
Aluminium, alumina and bauxite12,336 103 12,439 9,092 54 9,146 
Copper3,229 96 3,325 1,721 64 1,785 
Industrial minerals (comprising titanium dioxide slag, borates and salt)2,114 3 2,117 2,054 (3)2,051 
Gold1,075 2 1,077 471 6 477 
Diamonds501 — 501 459 — 459 
Other products(b)
1,837 3 1,840 1,493 (2)1,491 
Consolidated sales revenue64,084 (589)63,495 43,492 1,119 44,611 
(a)Consolidated sales revenue includes both revenue from contracts with customers, accounted for under IFRS 15, and subsequent movements in provisionally priced receivables, accounted for under IFRS 9, and included in “other revenue” above.
(b)“Other products” includes metallic co-products, molybdenum, silver and other commodities. Individually the revenue from each of these products is less than 15% of the total Other products category.