Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Compensation Plans

The 2014 Equity Compensation Plan has 4.1 million shares authorized for issuance. During 2017 and 2016, the Company issued zero and 46 thousand stock-based awards, respectively, outside of existing plans as inducement awards in accordance with New York Stock Exchange rules. To the extent allowable, service-based options are incentive stock options. Options granted under the plans are at prices equal to or greater than the fair market value at the date of grant. Upon exercise of stock options, the Company issues shares first from treasury stock, if available, then from authorized but unissued shares. At December 31, 2017, the Company had reserved 3.4 million shares of common stock for possible future issuance under its 2014 Equity Compensation Plan, and other previously expired equity compensation plans.

Classification of Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense was recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
	(In thousands)
General and administrative expense	$	1,138	$	2,394	$	1,611
	$	1,138	$	2,394	$	1,611

At December 31, 2017, the Company had outstanding options that vest based on two different types of vesting schedules:

1) performance-based; and

2) service-based.

Performance-based awards entitle participants to vest in a number of awards determined by achievement by the Company of target capital returns based on net cash proceeds received by the Company upon the sale, merger or other exit transaction of certain identified partner companies. Vesting may occur, if at all, once per year. The requisite service periods for the performance-based awards are based on the Company’s estimate of when the performance conditions will be met. Compensation expense is recognized for performance-based awards for which the performance condition is considered probable of achievement. Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service periods using the straight-line method but is accelerated if capital return targets are achieved earlier than estimated. No performance-based options were issued during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 or 2015. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, 1 thousand, 4 thousand and 0 performance-based options vested. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, 8 thousand, 106 thousand and 9 thousand performance-based options were canceled or forfeited. The Company recorded a reduction of compensation expense related to performance-based options of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. During the years ending December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded compensation expense related to performance-based options of $0.2 million and $0.0 million, respectively. The maximum number of unvested options at December 31, 2017 attainable under these grants was 335 thousand shares.

Service-based awards generally vest over four years after the date of grant and expire eight years after the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period using the straight-line method. The requisite service period for service-based awards is the period over which the award vests. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, the Company issued 8 thousand, 27 thousand and 31 thousand service-based options to employees. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, 80 thousand, 22 thousand and 8 thousand service-based options were canceled or forfeited. The Company recorded compensation expense related to these options of $0.1 million, $0.2 million and $0.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Market-based awards entitled participants to vest in a number of options determined by achievement by the Company of certain target market capitalization increases (measured by reference to stock price increases on a specified number of outstanding shares) over an eight-year period. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company did not issue any market-based awards to employees. No market-based options vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 or 2015. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, 0, 136 thousand and 91 thousand market-based options were canceled or forfeited. The Company did not record compensation expense related to market-based options during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. There is no further expense to be recognized related to market-based options and there are no further unvested options attainable under these grants at December 31, 2017.

The fair value of the Company’s option awards to employees was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the end of the quarter in which the grant occurred. The expected term of stock options granted was estimated using the historical exercise behavior of employees. Expected volatility was based on historical volatility measured using weekly price observations of the Company’s common stock for a period equal to the stock option’s expected term. Assumptions used in the valuation of options granted in each period were as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Service-Based Options
Dividend yield	0	%	0	%	0	%
Expected volatility	22	%	25	%	26	%
Average expected option life	5 years		5 years		5 years
Risk-free interest rate	2.1	%	1.5	%	1.5	%

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options issued by the Company during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $2.36, $3.29 and $4.25 per share, respectively.

Option activity of the Company is summarized below:



	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	(In thousands)				(In years)	(In thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2014	1,316		$	12.81
Options granted	31		17.26
Options exercised	(155	)	13.12
Options canceled/forfeited	(107	)	13.06
Outstanding at December 31, 2015	1,085		12.86
Options granted	27		13.03
Options exercised	(170	)	7.56
Options canceled/forfeited	(264	)	11.06
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	678		14.90
Options granted	8		11.33
Options exercised	(29	)	10.16
Options canceled/forfeited	(88	)	17.20
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	569		14.74		3.71	$	80
Options exercisable at December 31, 2017	198		15.67		2.65	—
Shares available for future grant	1,884

The total intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $0.1 million, $0.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2017, total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested service-based options was $0.1 million. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years. At December 31, 2017, total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested performance-based options was $0.1 million. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years but would be accelerated if performance targets are achieved earlier than estimated.

Performance-based stock units vest based on achievement by the Company of target capital returns based on net cash proceeds received by the Company on the sale, merger or other exit transaction of certain identified partner companies, as described above related to performance-based awards. Performance-based stock units represent the right to receive shares of the Company’s common stock, on a one-for-one basis. The Company did not issue any performance-based units during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, the Company issued 226 thousand and 153 thousand performance-based stock units to employees. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, 1 thousand, 1 thousand and 7 thousand performance-based stock units vested. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, 6 thousand, 49 thousand and 5 thousand performance-based stock units were canceled or forfeited. Under the terms of the 2016 and 2015 performance-based awards, once performance-based stock units are fully vested, participants are entitled to receive cash payments based on their initial performance grant values as target capital returns described above are exceeded. At December 31, 2017, the liability associated with such potential cash payments was $0.0 million.

During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, the Company issued 163 thousand, 130 thousand and 81 thousand restricted shares to employees. Restricted shares generally vest over a period of approximately four years. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 an 2015, respectively, 3 thousand, 12 thousand and 2 thousand restricted shares were canceled or forfeited.

During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, the Company issued 54 thousand, 47 thousand and 44 thousand deferred stock units to non-employee directors for annual service grants or fees earned during the preceding quarter. Deferred stock units issued to directors in lieu of directors fees are 100% vested at the grant date; matching deferred stock units equal to 25% of directors’ fees deferred vest one year following the grant date or, if earlier, upon reaching age 65. Deferred stock units are payable in stock on a one-for-one basis. Payments related to the deferred stock units are generally distributable following termination of employment or service, death or permanent disability.

During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company granted 22 thousand, 10 thousand and 9 thousand shares, respectively, to members of its advisory board. The advisory board was disbanded in February 2018. The Company recorded compensation expense of $0.3 million, $0.1 million and $0.1 million in each year related to these awards.

Total compensation expense for deferred stock units, performance-based stock units and restricted stock was $1.3 million $1.9 million, $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Unrecognized compensation expense related to deferred stock units, performance stock units and restricted stock at December 31, 2017 was $5.1 million. The total fair value of deferred stock units, performance stock units and restricted stock vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $1.6 million, $1.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Deferred stock unit, performance-based stock unit and restricted stock activity are summarized below:



	Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Unvested at December 31, 2015	670		$	16.16
Granted	413		13.27
Vested	(89	)	16.46
Forfeited	(61	)	17.08
Unvested at December 31, 2016	933		14.79
Granted	217		11.43
Vested	(135	)	13.75
Forfeited	(10	)	14.38
Unvested at December 31, 2017	1,005		14.21