The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the Company’s Net Deferred Income Tax Assets and Deferred Income Tax Liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 were:


DOLLARS IN MILLIONS	2020		2019
Deferred Income Tax Assets:
Insurance Reserves	$	18.4	$	16.2
Unearned Premium Reserves	66.7		64.5
Tax Capitalization of Policy Acquisition Costs	46.6		44.6

Payroll and Employee Benefit Accruals	35.6		35.0
Net Operating Loss Carryforwards	1.1		3.3
Other	13.4		12.5
Total Deferred Income Tax Assets	181.8		176.1
Deferred Income Tax Liabilities:
Investments	258.8		155.6
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	123.7		112.9
Life VIF and P&C Customer Relationships	5.0		5.3
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Acquired	35.5		39.3
Depreciable Assets	42.1		37.6
Other	2.4		3.6
Total Deferred Income Tax Liabilities	467.5		354.3

Net Deferred Income Tax Liabilities	$	285.7	$	178.2

The expiration of federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and their related deferred income tax assets at December 31, 2020 is presented below by year of expiration.

The NOL carryforwards were acquired in connection with business acquisitions made in prior years and are subject to annual usage limitations under the Internal Revenue Code. The Company expects to fully utilize these federal NOL carryforwards.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of Unrecognized Tax Benefits for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 is presented below.


DOLLARS IN MILLIONS	2020		2019		2018
Liabilities for Unrecognized Tax Benefits at Beginning of Year	$	—	$	4.4	$	8.1
Additions for Tax Positions of Current Year	—		—		0.7
Reductions for Tax Positions of Prior Years	—		(4.4)		(4.4)

Liabilities for Unrecognized Tax Benefits at End of Year	$	—	$	—	$	4.4

There were no unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2020 and 2019. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. There were no liabilities for accrued interest and penalties as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.

The statute of limitations related to Kemper and its eligible subsidiaries’ consolidated Federal income tax returns is closed for all tax years up to and including 2011. As a result of the Company filing amended federal income tax returns resulting from an election to update interest rates used to compute the tax basis of reserves on life insurance contracts issued prior to 2018, tax years 2012 and 2013 are under limited examination with respect to carryback adjustments associated with the amended returns. The statute of limitations related to tax years 2014 and 2015 has been extended to March 31, 2022.

The expiration of the statute of limitations related to the various state income tax returns that Kemper and its subsidiaries file varies by state.


DOLLARS IN MILLIONS	2020		2019		2018
Current Income Tax Benefit (Expense)	$	(86.6)	$	(66.4)	$	32.2
Deferred Income Tax Expense	(13.6)		(68.5)		(46.5)
(Increase) Decrease Unrecognized Tax Benefits	—		4.4		3.6
Income Tax Expense	$	(100.2)	$	(130.5)	$	(10.7)

Income taxes paid, net of income tax refunds received, were $55.8 million, $68.1 million, and $0.2 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.

A reconciliation of the Statutory Federal Income Tax Expense and Rate to the Company’s Effective Income Tax Expense and Rate from Continuing Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 is presented below.


DOLLARS IN MILLIONS	2020				2019				2018
	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
Statutory Federal Income Tax Expense	$	(107.1)	21.0	%	$	(138.9)	21.0	%	$	(41.8)	21.0	%
Tax-exempt Income and Dividends Received Deduction	4.0		(0.8)		4.3		(0.7)		4.8		(2.4)




Untaxed Earnings on Company-Owned Life Insurance	2.7		(0.5)		1.6		(0.2)		0.8		(0.4)
Investment tax credits	3.2		(0.6)		—		—		—		—
Stock-Based Compensation	2.2		(0.5)		4.4		(0.7)		1.4		(0.7)
Nondeductible Executive Compensation	(2.7)		0.5		(2.5)		0.4		(1.4)		0.7

Tax Reform	—		—		—		—		26.4		(13.3)

Other, Net	(2.5)		0.5		0.6		(0.1)		(0.9)		0.5
Effective Income Tax Benefit (Expense) from Continuing Operations	$	(100.2)	19.6	%	$	(130.5)	19.7	%	$	(10.7)	5.4	%

Comprehensive Income Tax (Expense) Benefit included in the Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was:


DOLLARS IN MILLIONS	2020		2019		2018
Income Tax Benefit (Expense):
Continuing Operations	$	(100.2)	$	(130.5)	$	(10.7)
Discontinued Operations	—		—		(0.6)
Unrealized Depreciation (Appreciation) on Securities	(78.3)		(85.2)		49.6
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments on Investments	—		—		(0.1)
Tax Effects from Postretirement Benefit Plans	(15.3)		1.7		1.5
Tax Effects from Cash Flow Hedge	—		(0.1)		(0.3)

Comprehensive Income Tax (Expense) Benefit	$	(193.8)	$	(214.1)	$	39.4