On May 4, 2011, Kemper’s shareholders approved the 2011 Omnibus Equity Plan (“2011 Omnibus Plan”). The 2011 Omnibus Plan replaced the Company’s previous employee stock option plans, director stock option plan and restricted stock plan (collectively, the “Prior Plans”). Awards previously granted under the Prior Plans remain outstanding in accordance with their original terms, but no new equity-based compensation awards can be granted under the Prior Plans. A maximum number of 10,000,000 shares of Kemper common stock may be issued under the 2011 Omnibus Plan (the “Share Authorization”). As of December 31, 2019, there were 3,254,822 common shares available for future grants under the 2011 Omnibus Plan, of which 1,082,460 shares were reserved for future grants based on the performance results under the terms of outstanding performance share units (“PSUs”).

The design of the 2011 Omnibus Plan provides for fungible use of shares to determine the number of shares available for future grants, with a fungible conversion factor of three to one, such that the Share Authorization will be reduced at two different rates, depending on the type of award granted. Each share of Kemper common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options or stock appreciation rights will reduce the number of shares available for future grant under the Share Authorization by one share, while each share of Kemper common stock issued pursuant to “full value awards” will reduce the number of shares available for future grant under the Share Authorization by three shares. “Full value awards” are awards, other than stock options or stock appreciation rights, that are settled by the issuance of shares of Kemper common stock and include time-based restricted stock units (collectively “RSUs”), PSUs and deferred stock units (“DSUs”).

Outstanding equity-based compensation awards at December 31, 2019 consisted of tandem stock option and stock appreciation rights (“Tandem Awards”), RSUs, PSUs and DSUs. RSUs, PSUs and DSUs give the recipient the right to receive one share of Kemper common stock for each RSU, PSU or DSU issued. Recipients of DSUs receive full dividend equivalents on the same basis as all other outstanding shares of Kemper common stock, but do not receive voting rights until such shares are issued. For grants beginning in November 2017, recipients of RSUs and PSUs receive dividend equivalents on the same basis as all other outstanding shares of Kemper common stock only if, to the extent, and at the time that they vest and on subsequent dividend payment dates after they vest until the awards are settled, and do not receive voting rights until such shares are issued.

For grants prior to November 2017, recipients of RSUs and PSUs receive full dividend equivalents on the same basis as all other outstanding shares of Kemper common stock, but do not receive voting rights until such shares are issued. Except as described below for certain equity-based compensation awards granted to each member of the Board of Directors who is not employed by the Company (“Non-employee Directors”), all outstanding awards are subject to forfeiture until certain restrictions have lapsed.

For awards subject to a performance condition, the Company recognizes compensation expense based upon the probable outcome of the performance condition, which on the grant date reflects an estimate of attaining 100% of the performance units granted. The estimate is revised if the actual number of PSUs expected to vest is likely to differ from the previous estimate. Compensation expense for awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For equity-based compensation awards with a graded vesting schedule, the Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately-vesting portion of the awards as if each award were, in substance, multiple awards. Compensation expense is recognized only for those awards expected to vest, with forfeitures estimated at the date of grant based on the Company’s historical experience and future expectations. Equity-based compensation expense was $25.3 million, $18.6 million and $9.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Total unamortized compensation expense related to unvested awards at December 31, 2019 was $20.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over the next three years ending December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, or the Board’s authorized designee, has sole discretion to determine the persons to whom awards under the 2011 Omnibus Plan are granted, and the material terms of the awards. For Tandem Awards, material terms include the number of shares covered by such awards and the exercise price, vesting and expiration dates of such awards. Tandem Awards are non-transferable. The exercise price of Tandem Awards is the fair value of Kemper’s common stock on the date of grant. Tandem Awards and RSU awards granted to employees generally vest in three equal annual installments over a period of three years, with the Tandem Awards expiring ten years from the date of grant. Employee PSU awards generally vest over a period of three years, subject to performance results and other restrictions.

Under the Non-employee Director compensation program in effect for 2019, each non-employee director received an annual RSU award with an aggregate grant date fair value of $130,000 (“Director RSUs”) at the conclusion of the 2019 annual shareholder meeting. The Director RSUs vest over a period of one year, enable the award holder to make an election to defer the conversion to shares of common stock in accordance with applicable deferral rules, and include the right to receive dividend equivalents on the same basis as all other outstanding shares of Kemper common stock only if, to the extent, and at the time that they vest and on subsequent dividend payment dates after they vest until the awards are settled. Under the Non-employee Director compensation program in effect for 2018 and 2017, each non-employee director received an annual DSU award with an aggregate grant date fair value of $110,000 at the conclusion of each annual shareholder meeting. The DSUs granted to Non-employee Directors are fully vested on the date of grant and include the right to receive full dividend equivalents on the same basis as all other outstanding shares of Kemper common stock. Conversion of the DSUs into shares of Kemper’s common stock is deferred until the date a director’s board service terminates.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of each Tandem Award on the date of grant. The expected terms of Tandem Awards are developed by considering the Company’s historical Tandem Award exercise experience, demographic profiles, historical share retention practices of employees and assumptions about their propensity for early exercise in the future. Expected volatility is estimated using weekly historical volatility. The Company believes that historical volatility is currently the best estimate of expected volatility. The dividend yield in 2019, 2018 and 2017 was calculated by taking the natural logarithm of the annualized yield divided by the Kemper common stock price on the date of grant. The risk-free interest rate was the yield on the grant date of U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues with a maturity comparable to the expected term of the option.

The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes pricing model for Tandem Awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are presented below.



	2019					2018					2017
RANGE OF VALUATION ASSUMPTIONS
Expected Volatility	28.97	%	-	33.78	%	27.31	%	-	32.15	%	26.17	%	-	30.39	%
Risk-free Interest Rate	1.35		-	2.60		2.44		-	3.00		1.59		-	2.25
Expected Dividend Yield	1.05		-	1.38		1.16		-	1.72		1.39		-	2.43
WEIGHTED-AVERAGE EXPECTED LIFE IN YEARS
Employee Grants	4		-	6		4		-	6		4		-	6.5

Tandem Award activity for the year ended December 31, 2019 is presented below.



	Shares Subject to Awards		Weighted- average Exercise Price Per Share ($)		Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($ In Millions)
Outstanding at Beginning of the Year	1,434,273		$	46.48
Granted	578,375		76.96
Exercised	(159,630	)	36.92
Forfeited or Expired	(44,203	)	68.43
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	1,808,815		56.53		7.65	$	38.3
Vested and Expected to Vest at December 31, 2019	1,718,559		$	56.03	7.61	$	37.2
Exercisable at December 31, 2019	803,769		$	42.15	6.50	$	28.4

The weighted-average grant-date fair values of Tandem Awards granted during 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $20.99, $15.14 and $8.89, respectively. Total intrinsic value of Tandem Awards exercised was $7.7 million, $3.9 million and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Cash received from exercises of Tandem Awards was $2.4 million, $0.9 million and $4.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Total tax benefit realized for tax deductions from exercises of Tandem Awards was $1.6 million, $0.8 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Information pertaining to Tandem Awards outstanding at December 31, 2019 is presented below.



				Outstanding				Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices ($)				Shares Subject to Awards	Weighted- average Exercise Price Per Share ($)		Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years)	Shares Subject to Awards	Weighted- average Exercise Price Per Share ($)
$	20.01	-	30.00	150,627	$	27.77	5.63	150,627	$	27.77
30.01		-	40.00	173,895	34.83		5.36	165,086	34.58
40.01		-	50.00	401,385	42.56		6.79	313,459	42.41
50.01		-	60.00	461,459	59.90		8.07	147,944	59.89
60.01		-	70.00	57,395	67.04		8.14	22,289	66.85
70.01		-	80.00	518,820	76.27		9.09	3,435	77.76
80.01		-	90.00	45,234	85.44		9.30	929	82.10
20.01		-	90.00	1,808,815	56.53		7.65	803,769	42.15

Activity related to nonvested RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2019 is presented below.



	Time-based Restricted Stock Unit Awards
	Number of Restricted Stock Units		Weighted- average Grant-date Fair Value Per Unit
Nonvested Balance at Beginning of the Year	316,241		$	65.36
Granted	23,383		82.56
Vested	(135,909	)	61.59
Forfeited	(21,527	)	69.48
Nonvested Balance at December 31, 2019	182,188		$	71.12

The initial number of PSUs awarded to each participant represents the number of Kemper common shares that would vest and be issued if the performance level attained were to be at the “target” performance level. For performance above the target level, each participant would receive a grant of additional shares of stock up to a maximum of 100% of the initial number of PSUs awarded to the participant. The final payout of these awards, and any forfeitures of PSUs for performance below the “target” performance level, will be determined based on the Company’s performance. If, at the end of the applicable performance period, the Company’s performance:

Activity related to nonvested PSU awards for the year ended December 31, 2019 is presented below.



	PSU Awards
	Number of PSUs		Weighted- average Grant-date Fair Value Per PSU
Nonvested Balance at Beginning of the Year	327,300		$	47.14
Granted	254,535		61.22
Vested	(204,542	)	29.20
Forfeited	(16,473	)	65.55
Nonvested Balance at December 31, 2019	360,820		$	66.42

The number of additional shares that would be granted if the Company were to meet or exceed the maximum performance levels related to the outstanding PSU awards for the 2019, 2018 and 2017 three-year performance periods was 146,134 common shares, 137,343 common shares and 77,343 common shares, respectively, (as “full value awards,” the equivalent of 438,402 shares, 412,029 shares, and 232,029 shares, respectively, under the Share Authorization) at December 31, 2019.

The grant date fair values of the PSU awards with a market performance condition are determined using the Monte Carlo simulation method. The Monte Carlo simulation model produces a risk-neutral simulation of the daily returns on the common stock of Kemper and each of the other companies included in the peer group. Returns generated by the simulation depend on the risk-free interest rate used and the volatilities of, and the correlation between, these stocks. The model simulates stock prices and dividend payouts to the end of the three-year performance period. Total shareholder returns are generated for each of these stocks based on the simulated prices and dividend payouts. The total shareholder returns are then ranked, and Kemper’s simulated ranking is converted to a payout percentage based on the terms of the PSU awards. The payout percentage is applied to the simulated stock price at the end of the performance period, reinvested dividends are added back, and the total is

Fifty percent of the PSU awards granted to employees and officers in 2019, 2018 and 2017 are measured using a market performance condition. Fair value for these awards was estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation method described above. Final payout for these awards, and any forfeitures of units for performance below the “target” performance level, will be based on Kemper’s total shareholder return, relative to a peer group comprised of all the companies in the S&P Supercomposite Insurance Index, over a three-year performance period. The three-year performance periods for the 2019, 2018 and 2017 awards end on January 31, 2022, January 31, 2021 and January 31, 2020, respectively. Compensation cost for these awards is recognized ratably over the requisite service period. In the event that the market performance condition is not satisfied, previously recognized compensation cost would not reverse, but it would reverse if the requisite service period is not met.

Fifty percent of the PSU awards granted to employees and officers in 2019, 2018 and 2017 are measured solely using a Company-specific metric. Final payout for these awards, and any forfeitures of shares for performance below the “target” performance level, will be determined based on Kemper’s adjusted return on equity over a three-year performance period. The three-year performance periods for the 2019, 2018 and 2017 awards end on December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Fair value for these awards was determined using the closing price of Kemper common stock on the date of grant. Accruals of compensation cost for these awards are estimated based on the probable outcome of the performance condition.

The total fair value of RSUs and PSUs that vested during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $24.8 million. The tax benefits for tax deductions realized from such awards was $5.2 million. The total fair value of RSUs and PSUs that vested during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $8.7 million. The tax benefits for tax deductions realized from such awards was $1.8 million. The total fair value of RSUs and PSUs that vested during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $3.2 million. The tax benefits for tax deductions realized from such awards was $1.1 million.

The grant-date fair values of DSU awards granted to Non-employee Directors are determined using the closing price of Kemper common stock on the date of grant. The total fair value of DSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $1.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

Activity related to DSU awards for the year ended December 31, 2019 is presented below.



	Number of DSUs		Weighted- average Grant-date Fair Value Per DSU
Vested Balance at Beginning of the Year	57,340		$	44.89
Reduction for Shares Issued on Conversion	(12,520	)	45.44
Vested Balance at December 31, 2019	44,820		$	44.74