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Investments
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2018
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Investments
Note 2 - Investments
Fixed Maturities
The amortized cost and estimated fair values of the Company’s Investments in Fixed Maturities at June 30, 2018 were:
 
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross Unrealized
 
Fair Value
(Dollars in Millions)
 
Gains
 
Losses
 
U.S. Government and Government Agencies and Authorities
 
$
656.4

 
$
12.9

 
$
(19.9
)
 
$
649.4

States and Political Subdivisions
 
1,465.2

 
77.3

 
(10.1
)
 
1,532.4

Foreign Governments
 
4.7

 
—

 
(0.4
)
 
4.3

Corporate Securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bonds and Notes
 
2,717.7

 
157.1

 
(35.4
)
 
2,839.4

Collateralized Loan Obligations
 
227.0

 
3.0

 
(0.8
)
 
229.2

Other Mortgage- and Asset-backed
 
5.0

 
0.7

 
(0.1
)
 
5.6

Investments in Fixed Maturities
 
$
5,076.0

 
$
251.0

 
$
(66.7
)
 
$
5,260.3


The amortized cost and estimated fair values of the Company’s Investments in Fixed Maturities at December 31, 2017 were:
 
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross Unrealized
 
Fair Value
(Dollars in Millions)
 
Gains
 
Losses
 
U.S. Government and Government Agencies and Authorities
 
$
542.7

 
$
19.6

 
$
(6.2
)
 
$
556.1

States and Political Subdivisions
 
1,595.5

 
108.6

 
(2.3
)
 
1,701.8

Foreign Governments
 
3.0

 
0.2

 
—

 
3.2

Corporate Securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bonds and Notes
 
2,745.8

 
245.8

 
(11.0
)
 
2,980.6

Redeemable Preferred Stocks
 
0.1

 
—

 
—

 
0.1

Collateralized Loan Obligations
 
134.1

 
5.7

 
—

 
139.8

Other Mortgage- and Asset-backed
 
0.4

 
0.7

 
—

 
1.1

Investments in Fixed Maturities
 
$
5,021.6

 
$
380.6

 
$
(19.5
)
 
$
5,382.7


There were no unsettled sales of Investments in Fixed Maturities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities included unsettled purchases of Investments in Fixed Maturities of $31.8 million and $5.4 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
The amortized cost and estimated fair values of the Company’s Investments in Fixed Maturities at June 30, 2018 by contractual maturity were:
(Dollars in Millions)
 
Amortized Cost
 
Fair Value
Due in One Year or Less
 
$
147.4

 
$
149.7

Due after One Year to Five Years
 
928.2

 
935.6

Due after Five Years to Ten Years
 
1,380.1

 
1,408.3

Due after Ten Years
 
1,907.7

 
2,060.1

Mortgage- and Asset-backed Securities Not Due at a Single Maturity Date
 
712.6

 
706.6

Investments in Fixed Maturities
 
$
5,076.0

 
$
5,260.3


The expected maturities of the Company’s Investments in Fixed Maturities may differ from the contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Note 2 - Investments (continued)
Investments in Mortgage- and Asset-backed Securities Not Due at a Single Maturity Date at June 30, 2018 consisted of securities issued by the Government National Mortgage Association with a fair value of $458.8 million, securities issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association with a fair value of $9.5 million, securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation with a fair value of $3.4 million and securities of other non-governmental issuers with a fair value of $234.9 million.
An aging of unrealized losses on the Company’s Investments in Fixed Maturities at June 30, 2018 is presented below.
 
 
Less Than 12 Months
 
12 Months or Longer
 
Total
(Dollars in Millions)
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
Fixed Maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Government and Government Agencies and Authorities
 
$
461.9

 
$
(18.8
)
 
$
39.7

 
$
(1.1
)
 
$
501.6

 
$
(19.9
)
States and Political Subdivisions
 
293.4

 
(8.4
)
 
57.1

 
(1.7
)
 
350.5

 
(10.1
)
Foreign Governments
 
3.6

 
(0.4
)
 
0.7

 
—

 
4.3

 
(0.4
)
Corporate Securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bonds and Notes
 
965.5

 
(30.6
)
 
161.2

 
(4.8
)
 
1,126.7

 
(35.4
)
Collateralized Loan Obligations
 
77.8

 
(0.7
)
 
22.1

 
(0.1
)
 
99.9

 
(0.8
)
Other Mortgage- and Asset-backed
 
4.5

 
(0.1
)
 
—

 
—

 
4.5

 
(0.1
)
Total Fixed Maturities
 
1,806.7

 
(59.0
)
 
280.8

 
(7.7
)
 
2,087.5

 
(66.7
)

The Company regularly reviews its fixed maturity investment portfolio for factors that may indicate that a decline in fair value of an investment is other than temporary. The portions of the declines in the fair values of fixed maturity investments that are determined to be other than temporary are reported as losses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the periods when such determinations are made.
Unrealized losses on fixed maturities, which the Company has determined to be temporary at June 30, 2018, were $66.7 million, of which $7.7 million was related to fixed maturities that were in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer. There were $0.2 million of unrealized losses at June 30, 2018 related to securities for which the Company has recognized credit losses in earnings in the preceding table under the heading “Less Than 12 Months.” There were no unrealized losses at June 30, 2018 related to securities for which the Company has recognized credit losses in earnings in the preceding table under the heading “12 Months or Longer.” Investment-grade fixed maturity investments comprised $57.6 million and below-investment-grade fixed maturity investments comprised $9.1 million of the unrealized losses on investments in fixed maturities at June 30, 2018. For below-investment-grade fixed maturity investments in an unrealized loss position, the unrealized loss amount, on average, was approximately 4% of the amortized cost basis of the investment. At June 30, 2018, the Company did not have the intent to sell these investments, and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell these investments before it recovered the amortized cost of such investments, which may be at maturity. Based on the Company’s evaluation at June 30, 2018 of the prospects of the issuers, including, but not limited to, the credit ratings of the issuers of the investments in the fixed maturities, and the Company’s intention to not sell and its determination that it would not be required to sell before it recovered the amortized cost of such investments, the Company concluded that the declines in the fair values of the Company’s investments in fixed maturities presented in the preceding table were temporary at the evaluation date.
Note 2 - Investments (continued)
An aging of unrealized losses on the Company’s Investments in Fixed Maturities at December 31, 2017 is presented below.
 
 
Less Than 12 Months
 
12 Months or Longer
 
Total
(Dollars in Millions)
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
Fixed Maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Government and Government Agencies and Authorities
 
$
140.0

 
$
(1.1
)
 
$
103.4

 
$
(5.1
)
 
$
243.4

 
$
(6.2
)
States and Political Subdivisions
 
57.0

 
(0.3
)
 
124.2

 
(2.0
)
 
181.2

 
(2.3
)
Corporate Securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bonds and Notes
 
283.1

 
(4.2
)
 
208.9

 
(6.8
)
 
492.0

 
(11.0
)
Collateralized Loan Obligations
 
2.8

 
—

 
2.4

 
—

 
5.2

 
—

Total Fixed Maturities
 
482.9

 
(5.6
)
 
438.9

 
(13.9
)
 
921.8

 
(19.5
)

Unrealized losses on fixed maturities, which the Company determined to be temporary at December 31, 2017, were $19.5 million, of which $13.9 million was related to fixed maturities that were in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer. There were no unrealized losses at December 31, 2017 related to securities for which the Company has recognized credit losses in earnings in the preceding table under the heading “Less Than 12 Months.” There were no unrealized losses at December 31, 2017 related to securities for which the Company has recognized credit losses in earnings in the preceding table under the heading “12 Months or Longer.” Investment-grade fixed maturity investments comprised $12.6 million and below-investment-grade fixed maturity investments comprised $6.9 million of the unrealized losses on investments in fixed maturities at December 31, 2017. For below-investment-grade fixed maturity investments in an unrealized loss position, the unrealized loss amount, on average, was approximately 4% of the amortized cost basis of the investment. At December 31, 2017, the Company did not have the intent to sell these investments, and it was not more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell these investments before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. Based on the Company’s evaluation at December 31, 2017 of the prospects of the issuers, including, but not limited to, the credit ratings of the issuers of the investments in the fixed maturities, and the Company’s intention to not sell and its determination that it would not be required to sell before recovery of the amortized cost of such investments, the Company concluded that the declines in the fair values of the Company’s investments in fixed maturities presented in the preceding table were temporary at the evaluation date.
The following table sets forth the pre-tax amount of other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) credit losses recognized in Retained Earnings for Investments in Fixed Maturities held by the Company as of the beginning and end of the periods presented for which a portion of the OTTI loss related to factors other than credit has been recognized in AOCI, and the corresponding changes in such amounts.
 
 
Six Months Ended
 
Three Months Ended
(Dollars in Millions)
 
Jun 30,
2018
 
Jun 30,
2017
 
Jun 30,
2018
 
Jun 30,
2017
Cumulative Balance of Pre-tax Credit Losses Recognized in Retained Earnings at Beginning of Period
 
$
1.6

 
$
1.4

 
$
1.6

 
$
1.6

Pre-tax Credit Losses on Fixed Maturities without Pre-tax Credit Losses Included in Cumulative Balance at Beginning of Period
 
—

 
1.2

 
—

 
0.8

Reductions for Change in Impairment Status:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
From Status of Credit Loss to Status of Intent-to-sell or Required-to-sell
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Reductions for Investments Sold During Period
 
—

 
(0.2
)
 
—

 
—

Cumulative Balance of Pre-tax Credit Losses Recognized in Retained Earnings at End of Period
 
$
1.6

 
$
2.4

 
$
1.6

 
$
2.4


Note 2 - Investments (continued)
Equity Securities
Investments in Equity Securities at Fair Value were $514.9 million and $526.0 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Net unrealized gains arising during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and recognized in earnings, related to such investments still held as of June 30, 2018, were $1.6 million.
For Equity Securities at Modified Cost, the Company performs a qualitative impairment analysis on a quarterly basis consisting of various factors such as earnings performance, current market conditions, changes in credit ratings, changes in the regulatory environment and other factors. If the qualitative analysis identifies the presence of impairment indicators, the Company estimates the fair value of the investment. If the estimated fair value is below the carrying value, the Company records an other-than-temporary impairment in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income to reduce the carrying value to the estimated fair value. When the Company identifies observable transactions of the same or similar securities to those held by the Company, the Company increases or decreases the carrying value to the observable transaction price. The Company did not recognize any increases or decreases in the carrying value due to observable transactions. The Company recognized an impairment of $0.2 million on Equity Securities at Modified Cost for the six months ended June 30, 2018 as a result of the Company’s qualitative impairment analysis. No impairments were recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2018. The Company has recognized no cumulative increases in the carrying value due to observable transactions, no cumulative decreases in the carrying value due to observable transactions and $0.2 million of cumulative impairments on Equity Securities at Modified Cost held as of June 30, 2018.
There were no unsettled sales of Investments in Equity Securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Unsettled purchases of Investments in Equity Securities were $20.0 million at June 30, 2018. There were no unsettled purchases of Investments in Equity Securities at December 31, 2017.
Equity Method Limited Liability Investments include investments in limited liability investment companies and limited partnerships in which the Company’s interests are not deemed minor and are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Company’s investments in Equity Method Limited Liability Investments are generally of a passive nature in that the Company does not take an active role in the management of the investment entity. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss at June 30, 2018 is limited to the total carrying value of $170.9 million. In addition, the Company had outstanding commitments totaling approximately $97.5 million to fund Equity Method Limited Liability Investments at June 30, 2018.
Other Investments
The carrying values of the Company’s Other Investments at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were:
(Dollars in Millions)
 
Jun 30,
2018
 
Dec 31,
2017
Loans to Policyholders at Unpaid Principal
 
$
296.5

 
$
298.6

Real Estate at Depreciated Cost
 
115.2

 
116.8

Trading Securities at Fair Value
 
—

 
6.7

Other
 
—

 
0.1

Total
 
$
411.7

 
$
422.2










Note 2 - Investments (continued)
Net Investment Income
Net Investment Income for the six and three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was:
 
 
Six Months Ended
 
Three Months Ended
(Dollars in Millions)
 
Jun 30,
2018
 
Jun 30,
2017
 
Jun 30,
2018
 
Jun 30,
2017
Investment Income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest on Fixed Income Securities
 
$
126.8

 
$
122.2

 
$
64.4

 
$
62.1

Dividends on Equity Securities Excluding Alternative Investments
 
4.5

 
4.4

 
2.6

 
2.3

Alternative Investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity Method Limited Liability Investments
 
8.5

 
10.8

 
1.4

 
4.0

Fair Value Option Investments
 
—

 
0.5

 
—

 
(0.6
)
Limited Liability Investments Included in Equity Securities
 
9.1

 
12.8

 
5.2

 
5.4

Total Alternative Investments
 
17.6

 
24.1

 
6.6

 
8.8

Short-term Investments
 
2.0

 
0.5

 
1.2

 
0.2

Loans to Policyholders
 
11.0

 
10.8

 
5.5

 
5.3

Real Estate
 
4.8

 
5.7

 
2.4

 
2.8

Other
 
0.4

 
0.1

 
0.4

 
0.1

Total Investment Income
 
167.1

 
167.8

 
83.1

 
81.6

Investment Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real Estate
 
4.9

 
5.1

 
2.6

 
2.5

Other Investment Expenses
 
4.6

 
4.0

 
2.1

 
2.0

Total Investment Expenses
 
9.5

 
9.1

 
4.7

 
4.5

Net Investment Income
 
$
157.6

 
$
158.7

 
$
78.4

 
$
77.1


Gross gains and losses on sales of investments in fixed maturities for the six and three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were:
 
 
Six Months Ended
 
Three Months Ended
(Dollars in Millions)
 
Jun 30,
2018
 
Jun 30,
2017
 
Jun 30,
2018
 
Jun 30,
2017
Fixed Maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gains on Sales
 
$
5.3

 
$
4.9

 
$
1.2

 
$
3.5

Losses on Sales
 
(4.0
)
 
(0.4
)
 
(1.9
)
 
(0.2
)