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EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Pension Plans

We historically sponsored several defined benefit pension plans covering most employees not covered by union-administered plans, including certain employees in foreign countries. These plans generally provided participants with benefits based on years of service and career-average compensation levels.

In past years, we made amendments to defined benefit retirement plans that froze the retirement benefits for non-grandfathered and certain non-union employees in the U.S., Canada and the U.K. As of December 31, 2022, our U.S., Canadian and U.K. pension plans are frozen for all remaining active employees. These employees have ceased accruing further benefits under the defined benefit pension plans and began receiving benefits under enhanced defined contribution plans. All pension benefits earned were fully preserved and will be paid in accordance with plan and legal requirements. We recognized curtailment losses in 2020 of $9 million in non-operating pension costs, net with an offset to accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of the freeze of the pension plans.

We also have a non-qualified supplemental pension plan covering certain U.S. employees, which provides for incremental pension payments so that the participants' payments equal the amounts that could have been received under our qualified pension plan if it were not for limitations imposed by income tax regulations. The accrued pension liability related to this plan was $45 million and $57 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Net Pension Expense

Components of net pension expense for defined benefit pension plans were as follows:
  Years ended December 31,
  (In millions)202220212020
Company-administered plans:
Service cost$1 $1 $12 
Interest cost63 58 68 
Expected return on plan assets(74)(86)(98)
Curtailment loss— — 9 
Amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service cost21 28 32 
Net pension expense$11 $1 $23 
Company-administered plans:
U.S.$13 $9 $32 
Non-U.S.(2)(8)(9)
Net pension expense$11 $1 $23 
 

Non-operating pension costs, net include the amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service cost, interest cost and expected return on plan assets components of pension and postretirement benefit costs, as well as any significant charges for settlements or curtailments if recognized.

The following table sets forth the weighted-average actuarial assumptions used in determining our annual net pension expense:
 U.S. Plans
Years ended December 31,		Non-U.S. Plans
Years ended December 31,
 202220212020202220212020
Discount rate2.95%2.60%3.18%2.14%1.53%2.28%
Rate of increase in compensation levels—%3.00%3.00%3.14%3.11%3.11%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets3.60%3.90%5.05%2.79%3.89%4.99%
Gain and loss amortization period (years)212121252424

The return on plan assets assumption reflects the weighted-average of the expected long-term rates of return for the broad categories of investments held in the plans net of fees. The expected long-term rate of return is adjusted when there are fundamental changes in expected returns or in asset allocation strategies of the plan assets.
Obligations and Funded Status

The following table sets forth the benefit obligations, assets and funded status associated with our pension plans:
 (In millions)20222021
Change in benefit obligations:
Benefit obligations at January 1$2,344 $2,509
Service cost1 1
Interest cost63 58
Actuarial gain(547)(114)
Pension curtailment and settlement1 —
Benefits paid(111)(106)
Foreign currency exchange rate changes(46)(4)
Benefit obligations at December 311,705 2,344
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at January 12,294 2,304
Actual return on plan assets(549)95
Employer contribution23 7
Benefits paid(111)(106)
Foreign currency exchange rate changes(57)(6)
Fair value of plan assets at December 311,600 2,294
Funded status$(105)$(50)
Funded percent94%98%


The funded status of our pension plans was presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:
 December 31,
 (In millions)20222021
Noncurrent asset$65 $125 
Current liability(4)(4)
Noncurrent liability(166)(171)
Net amount recognized$(105)$(50)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (pre-tax) consisted of:
 December 31,
 (In millions)20222021
Prior service cost$3 $4 
Net actuarial loss759 706 
Net amount recognized$762 $710 

In 2023, we expect to amortize $27 million of net actuarial loss and prior service cost as a component of pension expense.
    
The following table sets forth the weighted-average actuarial assumptions used in determining funded status:
 U.S. Plans
December 31,		Non-U.S. Plans
December 31,
 2022202120222021
Discount rate5.50%2.95%5.05%2.14%
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, our total accumulated benefit obligations, as well as our pension plan obligations (projected benefit obligations (PBO) and accumulated benefit obligations (ABO)) in excess of the fair value of the related plan assets, for our U.S. and foreign plans were as follows:
 U.S. Plans
December 31,		Non-U.S. Plans
December 31,		Total
December 31,
 (In millions)202220212022202120222021
Total accumulated benefit obligations$1,387 $1,826 $316 $516 $1,703 $2,342 
Plans with pension obligations in excess of plan assets:
PBO1,387 1,826 11 10 1,398 1,836 
ABO1,387 1,826 9 8 1,396 1,834 
Fair value of plan assets1,229 1,661 — — 1,229 1,661 
Investment Policy and Fair Value of Plan Assets 
Our pension investment strategy is to reduce the effects of future volatility on the fair value of our pension assets relative to our pension obligations. We increase our allocation of high quality, longer-term fixed income securities and reduce our allocation of equity investments as the funded status of the plans improve. The plans utilize several investment strategies, including passively managed equity and actively and passively managed fixed income strategies. The investment policy establishes targeted allocations for each asset class that incorporate measures of asset and liability risks. Deviations between actual pension plan asset allocations and targeted asset allocations may occur as a result of investment performance and changes in the funded status from time to time. Rebalancing of our pension plan asset portfolios is evaluated periodically and rebalanced if actual allocations exceed an acceptable range. U.S. plans account for approximately 77% of our total pension plan assets. Equity and fixed income securities in our international plans include actively and passively managed mutual funds.

The following table presents the fair value of each major category of pension plan assets and the level of inputs used to measure fair value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

 (In millions)Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022
Asset CategoryTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Equity securities:
U.S. common collective trusts$115 $— $115 $— 
Non-U.S. common collective trusts59 — 59 — 
Fixed income securities:
Corporate bonds53 — 53 — 
Common collective trusts1,242 — 1,237 5 
Invested in Collective trusts21 — 21 — 
Private equity and hedge funds110 — — 110 
Total$1,600 $— $1,485 $115 

 
 (In millions)Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021
Asset CategoryTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Equity securities:
U.S. common collective trusts$191 $— $191 $— 
Non-U.S. common collective trusts155 — 155 — 
Fixed income securities:
Corporate bonds72 — 72 — 
Common collective trusts1,754 — 1,754 — 
Private equity and hedge funds122 — — 122 
Total$2,294 $— $2,172 $122 
The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for our pension assets as well as the level of input used to measure fair value:

Equity securities — These investments include common and preferred stocks and index common collective trusts that track U.S. and foreign indices. The common collective trusts were valued at the unit prices established by the funds’ sponsors based on the fair value of the assets underlying the funds. Since the units of the funds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Fixed income securities — These investments include investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers from diverse industries, government issuers, index common collective trusts that track the Barclays Aggregate Index and other fixed income investments (primarily mortgage-backed securities). Fair values for the corporate bonds were valued using third-party pricing services. These sources determine prices utilizing market income models which factor in, where applicable, transactions of similar assets in active markets, transactions of identical assets in infrequent markets, interest rates, bond or credit default swap spreads and volatility. Since the corporate bonds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The common collective trusts were valued at the unit prices established by the funds’ sponsors based on the fair value of the assets underlying the funds. Since the units of the funds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The other investments are not actively traded and fair values are estimated using bids provided by brokers, dealers or quoted prices of similar securities with similar characteristics or pricing models. Therefore, the other investments have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Private equity and hedge funds — These investments represent limited partnership interests in private equity and hedge funds. The partnership interests are valued by the general partners based on the underlying assets in each fund. The limited partnership interests are valued using unobservable inputs and have been classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table presents a summary of changes in the fair value of the pension plans’ Level 3 assets for 2022 and 2021: 
(In millions)20222021
Beginning balance at January 1$122 $123 
Return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date(9)25 
Relating to assets sold during the period— — 
Purchases, sales, settlements and expenses2 (26)
Ending balance at December 31$115 $122 
Funding Policy and Contributions

The funding policy for these plans is to make contributions when required by statute. We may, from time to time, make voluntary contributions to our pension plans, which exceed the amount required by statute. The majority of the plans’ assets are invested in a master trust that, in turn, is invested primarily in commingled funds whose investments are listed stocks and bonds. During 2022, total global pension contributions were $23 million compared with $7 million in 2021. We estimate total 2023 required contributions to our pension plans to be approximately $5 million, and we do not expect to make voluntary contributions.
Estimated Future Benefits Payments

The following table details pension benefits expected to be paid in each of the next five fiscal years and in the aggregate for the five fiscal years thereafter:
 (In millions)
2023$118 
2024118 
2025120 
2026123 
2027125 
2028-2032628 

Savings Plans
Employees who do not actively participate in pension plans and are not covered by union-administered plans are generally eligible to participate in enhanced savings plans. These plans provide for (1) a company contribution even if employees do not make contributions for employees hired before January 1, 2016, (2) a company match of employee contributions of eligible pay, subject to tax limits and (3) a discretionary company match. Savings plan costs totaled $49 million, $45 million and $40 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Deferred Compensation and Long-Term Compensation Plans
We have deferred compensation plans that permit eligible U.S. employees, officers and directors to defer a portion of their compensation. The deferred compensation liability, including Ryder matching amounts and accumulated earnings, was $85 million and $97 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

We have established grantor trusts (Rabbi Trusts) to provide funding for benefits payable under the supplemental pension plan, deferred compensation plans and long-term incentive compensation plans. The assets held in the trusts were $85 million and $98 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Rabbi Trusts’ assets consist of short-term cash investments and a managed portfolio of equity securities, including our common stock. These assets, except for the investment in our common stock, are included in “Sales-type leases and other assets” because they are available to our general creditors in the event of insolvency. The equity securities are classified as trading securities and stated at fair value. The realized and unrealized investment income (loss) recognized in "Miscellaneous (income) loss, net" was a $15 million loss for 2022 and $11 million of income for 2021 and 2020. The Rabbi Trusts’ investments in our common stock as of both December 31, 2022 and 2021 were not material.

Investments held in Rabbi Trusts are assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis. All investments are considered Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, except for the fixed income mutual funds, which are considered Level 2 investments. The following table presents the asset classes as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
 December 31,
 (In millions)20222021
Cash and cash equivalents$26 $22 
U.S. equity mutual funds44 53 
Foreign equity mutual funds8 11 
Fixed income mutual funds7 10 
Total investments held in Rabbi Trusts$85 $96