RESTRUCTURING CHARGES AND FEES, NET

In the fourth quarters of 2017, 2016 and 2015, we approved plans to reduce our workforce in multiple locations as a result of cost containment actions, resulting in charges of $13 million, $5 million and $9 million in each of the respective years. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2015, we committed to a plan to divest our Ryder Canadian Retail Shippers Association Logistics (CRSAL) operations and shutdown our Ryder Container Terminals (RCT) business in Canada. We recognized charges for employee termination costs of $3 million and asset impairment of $2 million to adjust assets held for sale, including goodwill and intangible assets, to fair value less costs to sell. We sold CRSAL to a third party for approximately $2 million during 2016.

The following table summarizes the activities within, and components of, restructuring liabilities for 2017, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):



	Employee Termination Costs
Balance as of December 31, 2014	$	2,486
Workforce reduction charges	8,830
CRSAL divestiture and RCT shut-down	3,225
Utilization ⁽¹⁾	(2,208		)
Balance as of December 31, 2015	12,333
Workforce reduction charges	5,074
Utilization ⁽¹⁾	(10,129		)
Balance as of December 31, 2016	7,278
Workforce reduction charges	13,320
Utilization ⁽¹⁾	(7,524		)
Balance as of December 31, 2017 ⁽²⁾	$	13,074

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Note: The restructuring liabilities shown above are included in "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(1) Principally represents cash payments.

(2) The majority of the balance remaining for employee termination costs is expected to be paid by the end of 2018.

As discussed in Note 28, “Segment Reporting,” our primary measure of segment financial performance excludes, among other items, restructuring charges and fees, net. However, the applicable portion of the restructuring charges and fees, net that related to each segment in 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:



	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2016	2015
	(In thousands)
Fleet Management Solutions	$	2,995	3,550	4,817
Dedicated Transportation Solutions	771		22	250
Supply Chain Solutions	2,278		278	7,033
Central Support Services	15,361		1,224	5,968
Total	$	21,405	5,074	18,068

During 2017 and 2015, we also incurred charges of $11 million and $4 million, respectively, related to consulting fees associated with cost-savings programs and during 2017 we recognized restructuring credits of $3 million related to the gains on sales of certain UK facilities that were closed as part of prior year restructuring activities. All of these items were included within "Restructuring charges and fees, net" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings.