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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2013
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES
INCOME TAXES

Uncertain Tax Positions

We are subject to tax audits in numerous jurisdictions in the U.S. and foreign countries. Tax audits by their very nature are often complex and can require several years to complete. In the normal course of business, we are subject to challenges from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other tax authorities regarding amounts of taxes due. These challenges may alter the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions, or the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions. As part of our calculation of the provision for income taxes on earnings, we recognize the tax benefit from uncertain tax positions that are at least more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, based on the technical merits of the tax position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Such calculations require management to make estimates and judgments with respect to the ultimate outcome of a tax audit. Actual results could vary materially from these estimates. We reevaluate uncertain tax positions each quarter based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, expiration of statutes of limitations, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit, and new audit activity. Depending on the jurisdiction, such a change in recognition or measurement may result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision in the period.

The following is a summary of tax years that are no longer subject to examination:
Federal — audits of our U.S. federal income tax returns are closed through fiscal year 2008.
State — for the majority of states, tax returns are closed through fiscal year 2008.
Foreign — we are no longer subject to foreign tax examinations by tax authorities for tax years before 2005 in Canada, 2007 in Brazil, 2008 in Mexico and 2011 in the U.K., which are our major foreign tax jurisdictions. Refer to Note (D), “Discontinued Operations,” for further discussion on various assessments related to our former South American operations.

At June 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits (excluding the federal benefit received from state positions) was $54.1 million and $52.3 million, respectively. Unrecognized tax benefits related to federal, state and foreign tax positions may decrease by $2.3 million by June 30, 2014, if audits are completed or tax years close.

Like-Kind Exchange Program

We have a like-kind exchange program for certain of our U.S.-based revenue earning equipment. Pursuant to the program, we dispose of vehicles and acquire replacement vehicles in a form whereby tax gains on disposal of eligible vehicles are deferred. To qualify for like-kind exchange treatment, we exchange through a qualified intermediary eligible vehicles being disposed of with vehicles being acquired, allowing us to generally carryover the tax basis of the vehicles sold (“like-kind exchanges”). The program results in a material deferral of federal and state income taxes, and a decrease in cash taxes in periods when we are not in a net operating loss (NOL) position. As part of the program, the proceeds from the sale of eligible vehicles are restricted for the acquisition of replacement vehicles and other specified applications. Due to the structure utilized to facilitate the like-kind exchanges, the qualified intermediary that holds the proceeds from the sales of eligible vehicles and the entity that holds the vehicles to be acquired under the program are required to be consolidated in the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The total assets, primarily revenue earning equipment, and the total liabilities, primarily vehicle accounts payable, held by these consolidated entities are equal in value as these entities are solely structured to facilitate the like-kind exchanges. At June 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, these consolidated entities had total assets and total liabilities of $181.2 million and $25.8 million, respectively.

In the second quarter of 2012, we began to restructure and centralize the administration of vehicle purchasing, licensing and sales in order to reduce vehicle acquisition costs as well as realize operational efficiencies. During 2012, we were in a NOL position for tax purposes and were not realizing any benefits from the like-kind exchange program. As a result, effective April 1, 2012, we temporarily suspended the like-kind exchange program. Once we suspended the program, tax gains on vehicles sold during that period were no longer deferred. Those tax gains resulted in an immaterial decrease in the NOL. Although the suspension did not impact our 2012 tax provision or capital spending program, our cash flows increased $19.2 million from the release of the program's restricted cash.

In the first quarter of 2013, once we had completed our restructuring of the administrative processes for purchasing and selling vehicles, we reinstated our like-kind exchange program. The reinstated program operates, and will provide cash tax benefits, in the same manner as it did prior to suspension once we are no longer in a NOL position. Our cash flow declined $15.1 million as a result of the program's restricted cash. There were no other impacts to cash flow as a result of the program's reinstatement.

Effective Tax Rate

Our effective income tax rate from continuing operations for the second quarter of 2013 was 35.7% compared with 36.6% in the same period of the prior year. The decrease in our effective tax rate in the second quarter of 2013 is due to a higher proportionate amount of 2013 earnings in lower tax rate jurisdictions as well as the impact of a prior year tax law change.

Our effective income tax rate from continuing operations for the six months ended June 30, 2013 was 35.3% compared with 32.8% in the same period of the prior year. The effective rate from continuing operations in the first half of 2012 was favorably impacted by a tax benefit of $5.0 million (4.1% of earnings before tax) relating to the favorable resolution of a tax item from prior periods. The increase in the effective tax rate in the first half of 2013 reflects the $5.0 million tax benefit in the prior year partially offset by a higher proportionate amount of 2013 earnings in lower tax rate jurisdictions.