Segment Information and Major Customers


(a)	Revenue and Gross Margin by Segment

We conduct business globally and are managed on a geographic basis consisting of three segments: the Americas, EMEA, and APJC. Our management makes financial decisions and allocates resources based on the information it receives from our internal management system. Sales are attributed to a segment based on the ordering location of the customer. We do not allocate research and development, sales and marketing, or general and administrative expenses to our segments in this internal management system because management does not include the information in our measurement of the performance of the operating segments. In addition, we do not allocate amortization and impairment of acquisition-related intangible assets, share-based compensation expense, significant litigation settlements and other contingencies, charges related to asset impairments and restructurings, and certain other charges to the gross margin for each segment because management does not include this information in our measurement of the performance of the operating segments.

Summarized financial information by segment for fiscal 2019, 2018, and 2017, based on our internal management system and as utilized by our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), is as follows (in millions):



Years Ended	July 27, 2019			July 28, 2018			July 29, 2017
Revenue:
Americas	$	30,927		$	29,070		$	28,351
EMEA	13,100			12,425			12,004
APJC	7,877			7,834			7,650
Total	$	51,904		$	49,330		$	48,005
Gross margin:
Americas	$	20,338		$	18,792		$	18,284
EMEA	8,457			7,945			7,855
APJC	4,683			4,726			4,741
Segment total	33,479			31,463			30,880
Unallocated corporate items	(813		)	(857		)	(656		)
Total	$	32,666		$	30,606		$	30,224

Amounts may not sum and percentages may not recalculate due to rounding.

Revenue in the United States was $27.4 billion, $25.5 billion, and $25.0 billion for fiscal 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.


(b)	Revenue for Groups of Similar Products and Services

We design, manufacture, and sell IP-based networking and other products related to the communications and IT industry and provide services associated with these products and their use.

The following table presents revenue for groups of similar products and services (in millions):



Years Ended	July 27, 2019		July 28, 2018		July 29, 2017
Revenue:
Infrastructure Platforms	$	30,191	$	28,322	$	27,817
Applications	5,803		5,036		4,568
Security	2,730		2,352		2,152
Other Products	281		999		1,168
Total Product	39,005		36,709		35,705
Services	12,899		12,621		12,300
Total ⁽¹⁾	$	51,904	$	49,330	$	48,005

⁽¹⁾Includes SPVSS business revenue of $168 million and $903 million for fiscal 2019 and 2018, respectively.


(c)	Additional Segment Information

The majority of our assets as of July 27, 2019 and July 28, 2018 were attributable to our U.S. operations. In fiscal 2019, 2018, and 2017, no single customer accounted for 10% or more of revenue.

Property and equipment information is based on the physical location of the assets. The following table presents property and equipment information for geographic areas (in millions):



	July 27, 2019		July 28, 2018		July 29, 2017
Property and equipment, net:
United States	$	2,266	$	2,487	$	2,711
International	523		519		611
Total	$	2,789	$	3,006	$	3,322