Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets


(a)	Goodwill

The following tables present the goodwill allocated to our reportable segments as of July 27, 2019 and July 28, 2018, as well as the changes to goodwill during fiscal 2019 and 2018 (in millions):



	Balance at July 28, 2018		Acquisitions & Divestitures		Other			Balance at July 27, 2019
Americas	$	19,998	$	1,240	$	(118	)	$	21,120
EMEA	7,529		486		(38		)	7,977
APJC	4,179		274		(21		)	4,432
Total	$	31,706	$	2,000	$	(177	)	$	33,529



	Balance at July 29, 2017		Acquisitions		Other			Balance at July 28, 2018
Americas	$	18,691	$	1,355	$	(48	)	$	19,998
EMEA	7,057		491		(19		)	7,529
APJC	4,018		171		(10		)	4,179
Total	$	29,766	$	2,017	$	(77	)	$	31,706

“Other” in the tables above primarily consists of foreign currency translation as well as immaterial purchase accounting adjustments.


(b)	Purchased Intangible Assets

The following tables present details of our intangible assets acquired through acquisitions completed during fiscal 2019 and 2018 (in millions, except years):



	FINITE LIVES									INDEFINITE LIVES		TOTAL
	TECHNOLOGY			CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS			OTHER			IPR&D		TOTAL
Fiscal 2019	Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years)	Amount		Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years)	Amount		Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years)	Amount		Amount		Amount
Duo	5.0	$	153	5.0	$	94	2.5	$	18	$	77	$	342
Luxtera	4.0	2		5.0	58		1.6	3		256		319
Others (three in total)	4.4	11		—	—		—	—		—		11
Total		$	166		$	152		$	21	$	333	$	672



	FINITE LIVES									INDEFINITE LIVES		TOTAL
	TECHNOLOGY			CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS			OTHER			IPR&D		TOTAL
Fiscal 2018	Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years)	Amount		Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years)	Amount		Weighted- Average Useful Life (in Years)	Amount		Amount		Amount
Viptela	5.0	$	144	6.0	$	35	1.0	$	1	$	—	$	180
Springpath	4.0	157		—	—		—	—		3		160
BroadSoft	4.0	255		6.0	169		2.0	6		—		430
Accompany	4.0	55		—	—		—	—		—		55
Others (four in total)	3.9	39		4.0	3		—	—		—		42
Total		$	650		$	207		$	7	$	3	$	867

The following tables present details of our purchased intangible assets (in millions):



July 27, 2019	Gross		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Purchased intangible assets with finite lives:
Technology	$	3,270	$	(1,933	)	$	1,337
Customer relationships	840		(331		)	509
Other	41		(22		)	19
Total purchased intangible assets with finite lives	4,151		(2,286		)	1,865
In-process research and development, with indefinite lives	336		—			336
Total	$	4,487	$	(2,286	)	$	2,201



July 28, 2018	Gross		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Purchased intangible assets with finite lives:
Technology	$	3,711	$	(1,888	)	$	1,823
Customer relationships	1,538		(937		)	601
Other	63		(38		)	25
Total purchased intangible assets with finite lives	5,312		(2,863		)	2,449
In-process research and development, with indefinite lives	103		—			103
Total	$	5,415	$	(2,863	)	$	2,552

Purchased intangible assets include intangible assets acquired through acquisitions as well as through direct purchases or licenses.

Impairment charges related to purchased intangible assets were approximately $47 million for fiscal 2017. Impairment charges were as a result of declines in estimated fair value resulting from the reduction or elimination of expected future cash flows associated with certain of our technology and IPR&D intangible assets.

The following table presents the amortization of purchased intangible assets (in millions):



Years Ended	July 27, 2019		July 28, 2018		July 29, 2017
Amortization of purchased intangible assets:
Cost of sales	$	624	$	640	$	556
Operating expenses
Amortization of purchased intangible assets	150		221		259
Restructuring and other charges	—		—		38
Total	$	774	$	861	$	853

The estimated future amortization expense of purchased intangible assets with finite lives as of July 27, 2019 is as follows (in millions):



Fiscal Year	Amount
2020	$	761
2021	$	565
2022	$	307
2023	$	165
2024	$	67