Segment Information and Major Customers


(a)	Revenue and Gross Margin by Segment

We conduct business globally and are primarily managed on a geographic basis consisting of three segments: the Americas, EMEA, and APJC. Our management makes financial decisions and allocates resources based on the information it receives from our internal management system. Sales are attributed to a segment based on the ordering location of the customer. We do not allocate research and development, sales and marketing, or general and administrative expenses to our segments in this internal management system because management does not include the information in our measurement of the performance of the operating segments. In addition, we do not allocate amortization and impairment of acquisition-related intangible assets, share-based compensation expense, significant litigation settlements and other contingencies, charges related to asset impairments and restructurings, and certain other charges to the gross margin for each segment because management does not include this information in our measurement of the performance of the operating segments.

Summarized financial information by segment for fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, based on our internal management system and as utilized by our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), is as follows (in millions):



Years Ended	July 28, 2018			July 29, 2017			July 30, 2016
Revenue:
Americas	$	29,070		$	28,351		$	29,392
EMEA	12,425			12,004			12,302
APJC	7,834			7,650			7,553
Total	$	49,330		$	48,005		$	49,247
Gross margin:
Americas	$	18,792		$	18,284		$	18,986
EMEA	7,945			7,855			7,998
APJC	4,726			4,741			4,620
Segment total	31,463			30,880			31,604
Unallocated corporate items	(857		)	(656		)	(644		)
Total	$	30,606		$	30,224		$	30,960

Amounts may not sum and percentages may not recalculate due to rounding.

Revenue in the United States was $25.5 billion, $25.0 billion, and $25.9 billion for fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.


(b)	Revenue for Groups of Similar Products and Services

We design, manufacture, and sell IP-based networking and other products related to the communications and IT industry and provide services associated with these products and their use. Effective in the first quarter of fiscal 2018, we began reporting our product and service revenue in the following five categories: Infrastructure Platforms, Applications, Security, Other Products, and Services. The change better aligns our product categories with our evolving business model. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period's presentation.

The following table presents revenue for groups of similar products and services (in millions):



Years Ended	July 28, 2018		July 29, 2017		July 30, 2016
Revenue:
Infrastructure Platforms	$	28,270	$	27,779	$	28,851
Applications	5,035		4,568		4,438
Security	2,353		2,153		1,969
Other Products ⁽¹⁾	1,050		1,205		1,996
Total Product	36,709		35,705		37,254
Services	12,621		12,300		11,993
Total	$	49,330	$	48,005	$	49,247

⁽¹⁾During the second quarter of fiscal 2016, we completed the sale of our SP Video CPE Business. SP Video CPE Business revenue was $504 million for fiscal 2016.


(c)	Additional Segment Information

The majority of our assets as of July 28, 2018 and July 29, 2017 were attributable to our U.S. operations. In fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016, no single customer accounted for 10% or more of revenue.

Property and equipment information is based on the physical location of the assets. The following table presents property and equipment information for geographic areas (in millions):



	July 28, 2018		July 29, 2017		July 30, 2016
Property and equipment, net:
United States	$	2,487	$	2,711	$	2,822
International	519		611		684
Total	$	3,006	$	3,322	$	3,506