
9.	Fair Value

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be either recorded or disclosed at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact, and it also considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.


(a)	Fair Value Hierarchy

The accounting guidance for fair value measurement requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the level of independent, objective evidence surrounding the inputs used to measure fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices, that are observable for the asset or liability, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.

Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.


(b)	Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of April 26, 2014 and July 27, 2013 were as follows (in millions):



	APRIL 26, 2014 FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS						JULY 27, 2013 FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
	Level 1		Level 2		Total Balance		Level 1		Level 2		Total Balance
Assets
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	4,475	$	—	$	4,475	$	6,045	$	—	$	6,045
Available-for-sale investments:
U.S. government securities	—		31,703		31,703		—		27,823		27,823
U.S. government agency securities	—		1,061		1,061		—		3,089		3,089
Non-U.S. government and agency securities	—		820		820		—		1,095		1,095
Corporate debt securities	—		8,115		8,115		—		7,881		7,881
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities	—		570		570		—		—		—
Publicly traded equity securities	1,959		—		1,959		2,797		—		2,797
Derivative assets	—		148		148		—		182		182
Total	$	6,434	$	42,417	$	48,851	$	8,842	$	40,070	$	48,912
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities	$	—	$	54	$	54	$	—	$	171	$	171
Total	$	—	$	54	$	54	$	—	$	171	$	171

Level 1 publicly traded equity securities are determined by using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Level 2 fixed income securities are priced using quoted market prices for similar instruments or nonbinding market prices that are corroborated by observable market data. The Company uses inputs such as actual trade data, benchmark yields, broker/dealer quotes, and other similar data, which are obtained from quoted market prices, independent pricing vendors, or other sources, to determine the ultimate fair value of these assets and liabilities. The Company uses such pricing data as the primary input to make its assessments and determinations as to the ultimate valuation of its investment portfolio and has not made, during the periods presented, any material adjustments to such inputs. The Company is ultimately responsible for the financial statements and underlying estimates. The Company’s derivative instruments are primarily classified as Level 2, as they are not actively traded and are valued using pricing models that use observable market inputs. The Company did not have any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements during the periods presented.


(c)	Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

For the nine months ended April 26, 2014, the Company recognized $10 million of losses related to the impairment of privately held investments.

For the three and nine months ended April 27, 2013, the Company’s financial instruments and nonfinancial assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are summarized as follows (in millions):



	April 27, 2013
	Net Carrying Value as of End of Period		Total Gains (Losses) for the Three Months Ended			Total Gains (Losses) for the Nine Months Ended
Assets held for sale	$	72	$	44		$	44
Investments in privately held companies (impaired)	$	66	(5		)	(23		)
Gains on assets no longer held at period end			34			34
Net losses for nonrecurring measurement			$	73		$	55

The assets in the preceding table were measured at fair value due to events or circumstances the Company identified as having significant impact on their fair value during the respective periods. To arrive at the valuation of these assets, the Company considers any significant changes in the financial metrics and economic variables, and also uses third-party valuation reports to assist in the valuation as necessary.

The fair value measurement of the impaired investments was classified as Level 3 because significant unobservable inputs were used in the valuation due to the absence of quoted market prices and inherent lack of liquidity. Significant unobservable inputs, which included financial metrics of comparable private and public companies, financial condition and near-term prospects of the investees, recent financing activities of the investees, and the investees’ capital structure as well as other economic variables, reflected the assumptions market participants would use in pricing these assets. The impairment charges, representing the difference between the net book value and the fair value as a result of the evaluation, were recorded to other income (loss), net.

The assets held for sale represent primarily land and buildings, as well as other items which met the criteria to be classified as held for sale. The fair value of assets held for sale was measured with the assistance of third-party valuation models which used discounted cash flow techniques as part of their analysis. The fair value measurement was categorized as Level 3 as significant unobservable inputs were used in the valuation report. The impairment charges as a result of the valuations, which represented the difference between the fair value less cost to sell and the carrying amount of the assets held for sale, were included in G&A expenses. Substantially all of the assets held for sale as of April 27, 2013 were sold by the end of fiscal 2013.


(d)	Other Fair Value Disclosures

The carrying value of the Company’s investments in privately held companies that were accounted for under the cost method was $273 million and $242 million as of April 26, 2014 and July 27, 2013, respectively. It was not practicable to estimate the fair value of this portfolio.

The fair value of the Company’s short-term loan receivables and financed service contracts approximates their carrying value due to their short duration. The aggregate carrying value of the Company’s long-term loan receivables and financed service contracts and other as of April 26, 2014 and July 27, 2013 was $1.7 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively. The estimated fair value of the Company’s long-term loan receivables and financed service contracts and other approximates their carrying value. The Company uses significant unobservable inputs in determining discounted cash flows to estimate the fair value of its loan receivables and financed service contracts, and therefore they are categorized as Level 3.

As of April 26, 2014, the fair value of the Company’s senior notes and other long-term debt was $22.4 billion with a carrying amount of $20.9 billion. This compares to a fair value of $17.6 billion and a carrying amount of $16.2 billion as of July 27, 2013. The fair value of the senior notes and other long-term debt was determined based on observable market prices in a less active market and was categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.