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Benefit Plans
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Benefit Plans Benefit Plans
Defined Contribution Benefit Plans
401(k) Plan
United offers a defined contribution safe harbor 401(k) plan (the “401(k) Plan”) that covers substantially all employees meeting certain minimum service requirements. The 401(k) Plan allows employees to make pre-tax contributions to the 401(k) Plan and United matches 100% of employee contributions up to 5% of eligible compensation. Employees begin to receive matching contributions after completing 90 days of service. Under safe harbor provisions, United is required to provide a matching contribution and participants are immediately 100% vested in safe harbor matching contributions.

United’s 401(k) Plan is administered in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Compensation expense related to the 401(k) Plan totaled $9.60 million, $7.31 million and $6.16 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Deferred Compensation Plan
United also sponsors a non-qualified deferred compensation plan for its executive officers, certain other key employees and members of the Board and its community banks’ advisory boards of directors. The deferred compensation plan provides for the pre-tax deferral of compensation, fees and other specified benefits. Specifically, the deferred compensation plan permits each employee participant to elect to defer a portion of base salary, bonus or vested restricted stock units and permits each eligible director participant to elect to defer all or a portion of director’s fees. Further, the deferred compensation plan allows for additional contributions by an employee, with matching contributions by United, for amounts that exceed the allowable amounts under the 401(k) Plan.
During 2022, 2021 and 2020, United recognized $104,000, $73,000 and $49,000, respectively, in matching contributions for this provision of the deferred compensation plan. The Board may also elect to make a discretionary contribution to any or all participants. No discretionary contributions were made in 2022, 2021 or 2020.

In addition to common stock related to elected deferrals of vested restricted stock units, United offers its common stock as an investment option for cash contributions to the deferred compensation plan. The common stock component is accounted for as an equity instrument and is reflected in the consolidated balance sheets as common stock issuable. The deferred compensation plan does not allow for diversification once an election is made to invest in United stock and settlement must be accomplished in shares at the time the deferral period is completed. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, United had 607,128 shares and 595,705 shares, respectively, of its common stock that were issuable under the deferred compensation plan.

Defined Benefit Pension Plan
United has an unfunded noncontributory defined benefit pension plan, or the Modified Retirement Plan, that covers certain executive officers and other key employees. The Modified Retirement Plan provides a fixed annual retirement benefit to plan participants.
 
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine the pension benefit obligation of the Modified Retirement Plan at year end and net periodic pension cost are shown in the table below:
 20222021
Discount rate for disclosures5.15 %2.90 %
Discount rate for net periodic benefit cost2.90 %2.55 %
Measurement date12/31/202212/31/2021
 
Discount rates are determined in consultation with the third-party actuary and are set by matching the projected benefit cash flow to a notional yield curve developed by reference to high-quality fixed income investments. The discount rates are determined as the rate which would provide the same present value as the plan cash flows discounted to the measurement date using the full series of spot rates along the notional yield curve as of the measurement date.

United recognizes the unfunded status of the Modified Retirement Plan as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets. Information about changes in obligations and plan assets follows (in thousands)
 20222021
Accumulated benefit obligation:  
Accumulated benefit obligation - beginning of year$26,261 $27,099 
Service cost626 659 
Interest cost744 676 
Actuarial gains(5,833)(1,066)
Benefits paid(1,124)(1,107)
Accumulated benefit obligation - end of year20,674 26,261 
Change in plan assets, at fair value:
Beginning plan assets— — 
Actual return— — 
Employer contribution1,124 1,107 
Benefits paid(1,124)(1,107)
Plan assets - end of year— — 
Funded status - end of year (plan assets less benefit obligations)$(20,674)$(26,261)
 
Components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income related to the Modified Retirement Plan are as follows (in thousands): 
 202220212020
Service cost$626 $659 $588 
Interest cost744 676 795 
Amortization of prior service cost313 469 531 
Amortization of net actuarial losses367 576 326 
Net periodic benefit cost$2,050 $2,380 $2,240 
 
The following table summarizes the estimated future benefit payments expected to be paid from the Modified Retirement Plan for the periods indicated (in thousands).
2023$1,192 
20241,186 
20251,199 
20261,220 
20271,510 
2028-20328,644 

Other United sponsored benefit plans
United's Employee Stock Purchase Program (“ESPP”), which was terminated during 2021, allowed eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock at a discount (10%), with no commission charges. During 2021 and 2020, United issued 6,676 shares and 34,423 shares, respectively, through the ESPP.