INCOME TAXES

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, income before income taxes is broken out between U.S. and foreign-sourced operations and consisted of the following (in thousands):



	2013		2012		2011
Domestic	$	5,435	$	15,958	$	21,123
Foreign	14,404		11,660		11,752

Total	$	19,839	$	27,618	$	32,875

The components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, consisted of the following (in thousands):



	2013			2012			2011

Current expense (benefit):
Federal	$	(747	)	$	5,350		$	5,662
State	333			1,014			1,001
Foreign	2,324			995			1,491

Total current expense	1,910			7,359			8,154

Deferred expense (benefit):
Federal	1,089			871			1,121
State	278			(343		)	74
Foreign	(8		)	21			482

Total deferred expense	1,359			549			1,677

Total	$	3,269		$	7,908		$	9,831

The difference between the income tax expense reported and amounts computed by applying the statutory federal rate of 35.0% to pretax income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, consisted of the following (in thousands):



	2013			2012			2011

Computed federal income tax expense at statutory rate of 35%	$	6,943		$	9,667		$	11,506
State income taxes	397			436			699
Tax credits	(1,385		)	(779		)	(778		)
Production activity deduction	—			(388		)	(425		)
Foreign tax rate differential	(2,374		)	(1,419		)	(1,297		)
Uncertain tax positions	(520		)	(42		)	281
Deferred compensation insurance assets	(358		)	(155		)	88
Other — including the effect of graduated rates	566			588			(243		)

Total income tax expense	$	3,269		$	7,908		$	9,831

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2013 and 2012, consisted of the following temporary differences and carry-forward items (in thousands):



	2013			2012

Deferred income tax assets:
Allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable	$	342		$	348
Accrued compensation expense	5,001			3,954
Inventory differences	2,317			1,949
Net operating loss carry-forwards	18,060			19,622
Deferred revenue	280			237
Stock-based compensation expense	2,704			2,465
Uncertain tax positions	559			709
Federal research and development credit carry-forward	569			—
Other	3,197			3,762
Total deferred income tax assets	33,029			33,046

Deferred income tax liabilities:
Prepaid expenses	(751		)	(757		)
Property and equipment	(21,893		)	(19,001		)
Intangible assets	(3,837		)	(4,107		)
Other	(1,295		)	(1,116		)
Total deferred income tax liabilities	(27,776		)	(24,981		)
Valuation allowance	(1,363		)	(1,225		)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	3,890		$	6,840

Reported as:
Deferred income tax assets - Current	$	5,638		$	4,976
Deferred income tax assets - Long-term	800			4,237
Deferred income tax liabilities - Current	—			—
Deferred income tax liabilities - Long-term	(2,548		)	(2,373		)

Net deferred income tax assets	$	3,890		$	6,840

The long-term deferred income tax balances are not netted as they represent deferred amounts applicable to different taxing jurisdictions. Deferred income tax balances reflect the temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases and are stated at enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. The valuation allowance is primarily related to state credit carryforwards and capital losses for which we believe it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance increased by approximately $138,000, $864,000, and $361,000 during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

We have not provided U.S. deferred income taxes or foreign withholding taxes on the undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries that are intended to be reinvested indefinitely in operations outside the United States. It is not practical to estimate the amount of additional taxes that might be payable on such undistributed earnings.

As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, we had U.S federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $52.2 million and $56.0 million, respectively. These net operating loss carryforwards, which expire at various dates through 2030, are subject to an annual limitation under Internal Revenue Code Section 382. We anticipate that we will utilize the net operating loss carryforwards over the next 13 years. We utilized a total of approximately $3.8 million and $8.6 million in U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards during the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, we had non-U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $125,000 and $150,000, respectively, which have no expiration date. Non-U.S. net operating loss carryforwards utilized during 2013 and 2012 were not material.

On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which includes a reinstatement of the federal research and development credit for the tax year ended December 31, 2012, was signed into law. As a result, we recognized the retroactive benefit of the federal research and development credit of approximately $600,000 in 2013, the year in which the reinstatement was enacted.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and recording the related assets and liabilities. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In our opinion, we have made adequate provisions for income taxes for all years subject to audit. We are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2010. In foreign jurisdictions, we are no longer subject to income tax examinations for years before 2007.

Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, the final outcomes of these matters may be different from those which we have reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Such differences could have a material effect on our income tax provision and operating results in the period in which we make such determination.

The total liability for unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2013, including interest and penalties, was approximately $2.3 million, of which approximately $1.7 million would favorably impact our effective tax rate if recognized. Approximately $236,000 of the total liability at December 31, 2013 was presented as a reduction to non-current deferred income tax assets on our consolidated balance sheet as of that date. The total liability for unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2012, including interest and penalties, was approximately $2.9 million, of which approximately $2.2 million would favorably impact our effective tax rate if recognized. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, we had accrued approximately $139,000 and $161,000 respectively, in total interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits. We account for interest and penalties for unrecognized tax benefits as part of our income tax provision. During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, we removed interest and penalties of approximately $22,000 and $215,000, respectively, from our liability for unrecognized tax benefits. The decrease in interest and penalties during 2012 was primarily related to an interest payment to the IRS in order to settle a withholding tax issue related to our acquisition of BioSphere. During the year ended December 31, 2011, we added interest and penalties of approximately $12,000 to our liability for unrecognized tax benefits. We anticipate the total liability for unrecognized tax benefits may be reduced, net of potential increases and decreases due to the expiration of statutes of limitation, by a range of approximately $200,000 to $600,000 within the next 12 months.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of liabilities associated with uncertain tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, consisted of the following (in thousands):



Tabular Roll-forward	2013			2012			2011

Unrecognized tax benefits, opening balance	$	2,776		$	3,113		$	2,952
Gross increases in tax positions taken in a prior year	107			83			347
Gross increases in tax positions taken in the current year	236			260			865
Settlements with taxing authorities	—			—			(507		)
Lapse of applicable statute of limitations	(990		)	(680		)	(544		)
Unrecognized tax benefits, ending balance	$	2,129		$	2,776		$	3,113

The tabular roll-forward ending balance does not include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits. During the year ended December 31, 2011, we paid approximately $507,000 to the IRS in order to settle a withholding tax issue related to an acquisition. The payment of the withholding tax did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2011, as the tax liability had been identified as part of our acquisition accounting of BioSphere and recorded in our consolidated financial statements.