The Company adopted FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements” and FASB ASC Topic 825, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities”, which provides a framework for measuring and disclosing fair value under U.S. GAAP. FASB ASC Topic 820 requires disclosures about the fair value of assets and liabilities recognized in the balance sheet in periods subsequent to initial recognition, whether the measurements are made on a recurring basis (for example, AFS investment securities) or on a nonrecurring basis (for example, individually evaluated loans).

FASB ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. FASB ASC Topic 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and to determine fair value disclosures. AFS securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis such as loans held for investment and certain other assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

Under FASB ASC Topic 820, the Company groups assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded, and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine the fair value. These hierarchy levels are:

Level 2 inputs - Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

Level 3 inputs - Unobservable inputs for determining the fair values of assets or liabilities that reflect an entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized on the actual date of the event or circumstances that caused the transfer, which generally coincides with the Company’s quarterly valuation process. Intra-quarter transfers in and out of level 3 assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are disclosed. There were no such transfers during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 or the year ended December 31, 2022.

AFS investment securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Standard inputs include quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange, Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets and money market funds. Level 2 securities include mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored entities (“GSEs”), municipal bonds and corporate debt securities. Securities classified as Level 3 include asset-backed securities in less liquid markets.

Equity securities carried at fair value through income are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Standard inputs include quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level 1 equity securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange. Level 2 equity securities include mutual funds with asset-backed securities issued by government sponsored entities (“GSEs”) as the underlying investment supporting the fund. Equity securities classified as Level 3 include mutual funds with asset-backed securities in less liquid markets.

The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis; however, from time to time, a loan is individually evaluated and an ACL is established. Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan are segregated individually. Management estimates the fair value of individually evaluated loans using one of several methods, including the collateral value, market value of similar debt, or discounted cash flows. Individually evaluated loans not requiring an allowance are those for which the fair value of expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investment in such loans. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, substantially all of the individually evaluated loans were based upon the fair value of the collateral.

In accordance with FASB ASC 820, loans where an allowance is established based on the fair value of collateral (loans with impairment) require classification in the fair value hierarchy. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price (e.g., contracted sales price), the Company records the loan as nonrecurring Level 2. When the fair value of the impaired loan is derived from an appraisal, the Company records the loan as nonrecurring Level 3. Fair value is re-assessed at least quarterly or more frequently when circumstances occur that indicate a change in the fair value. The fair values of impaired loans that are not measured based on collateral values are measured using discounted cash flows and considered to be Level 3 inputs.

OREO is adjusted for fair value upon transfer of the loans to foreclosed assets. Subsequently, OREO is reported at the lower of carrying value or fair value. Fair value is based on independent market prices, appraised value of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price (e.g., contracted sales price), the Company records the foreclosed asset as nonrecurring Level 2. When the fair value is derived from an appraisal, the Company records the foreclosed asset at nonrecurring Level 3.


(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023
Description of Asset	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
AFS securities
Asset-backed securities issued by GSEs and U.S. Agencies
MBS	$	114,031	$	—	$	114,031	$	—
CMOs	158,728		—		158,728		—
U.S. Agency	12,685		—		12,685		—
Asset-backed securities issued by Others:
Residential CMOs	11,999		—		11,999		—
Student Loan Trust ABSs	44,934		—		44,934		—

Municipal bonds	82,892		—		82,892		—
Corporate bonds	4,363		—		4,363		—
U.S. government obligations	34,317		—		34,317		—
Total AFS securities	$	463,949	$	—	$	463,949	$	—

Equity securities carried at fair value through income
CRA investment fund	$	4,380	$	—	$	4,380	$	—

Non-marketable equity securities
Other equity securities	$	207	$	—	$	207	$	—


(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2022
Description of Asset	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
AFS securities
Asset-backed securities issued by GSEs and U.S. Agencies
MBS	$	113,670	$	—	$	113,670	$	—
CMOs	159,413		—		159,413		—
U.S. Agency	12,356		—		12,356		—
Asset-backed securities issued by others:
Residential CMOs	12,206		—		12,206		—
Student Loan Trust ABSs	47,312		—		47,312		—

Municipal bonds	79,618		—		79,618		—

U.S. government obligations	33,767		—		33,767		—
Total AFS securities	$	462,746	$	—	$	462,746	$	—

Equity securities carried at fair value through income
CRA investment fund	$	4,286	$	—	$	4,286	$	—

Non-marketable equity securities
Other equity securities	$	207	$	—	$	207	$	—

The Company may be required to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period. Loans with an allowance had unpaid principal balances of $1.4 million and $0.1 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The fair value of individually assessed loans with an allowance measured on a non-recurring basis was zero as of December 31, 2022. Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2023 are included in the tables below.


(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023
Description of Asset	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Individually assessed loans with an allowances
Commercial real estate	$	948	$	—	$	—	$	948
Commercial loans	—		—		—		—
Commercial equipment	—		—		—		—
Total individually assessed loans with an allowances	$	948	$	—	$	—	$	948

The following tables provide information describing the unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements at March 31, 2023. There were no Level 3 recurring assets or liabilities at December 31, 2022.

March 31, 2023

Fair Value

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Inputs

Range (Weighted Average)

(dollars in thousands)

Description of Asset

Individually assessed loans with an allowances

948

Third party appraisals and in-house equipment evaluations of fair value

Management discount for equipment type and current market conditions

0% - 50% - 100%