SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization and Business

EMRISE Corporation (the “Company”) designs, manufactures and markets proprietary electronic devices and communications equipment for aerospace, defense, industrial, and communications applications. The Company has operations in the United States, England and France. The Company conducts its business through two operating segments: electronic devices and communications equipment. The subsidiaries within the electronic devices segment design, develop, manufacture and market electronic devices for defense, aerospace and industrial markets and operate out of facilities located in England. The subsidiaries within the communications equipment segment design, develop, manufacture and market network access equipment, including network timing and synchronization products and operate out of facilities located in the United States and France.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and each of its subsidiaries, after elimination of intercompany accounts and transactions. Certain prior years’ amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

During the fourth quarter of 2011, CXR Larus Corporation (“CXR Larus”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of EMRISE Corporation, committed to the sale of certain assets relating solely to the CXR Halcyon product line of telecommunications test equipment (the “Test Product Line”). The Test Product Line was classified within the communications equipment segment. The accompanying financial statements include the Test Product Line as a discontinued operation for all periods presented.

On August 31, 2010, EMRISE completed the sale of all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of a subsidiary of EMRISE Electronic Corporation’s (“EEC”) , Advanced Control Components, Inc. (“ACC”) and all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Custom Components, Inc. (“CCI”), (collectively the “ACC Operations”). The accompanying financial statements include the ACC Operations as a discontinued operation for all periods presented.

In March of 2010, EMRISE completed the sale of substantially all of the assets (“RO Operations”) of EEC’s subsidiary, RO Associates Incorporated ("RO"), to Massachusetts based Astrodyne Corporation (“RO Transaction”). The accompanying financial statements include the RO Operations as a discontinued operation for all periods presented.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers cash and cash equivalents to include cash in banks, commercial paper and deposits with financial institutions that can be liquidated without prior notice or penalty. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience, customer payment history, and current economic data. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts monthly. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable are reasonable estimates of their fair value because of the short maturity of these items. The Company believes the carrying amounts of its notes payable and long-term debt approximate fair value because the interest rates on these instruments are subject to change with, or approximate, market interest rates.

Inventories

The Company’s finished goods electronic devices inventories generally are built to order. The Company’s communications equipment inventories generally are built to forecast, which requires production of a larger amount of finished goods in the communications equipment business so that customers can be served promptly. The Company’s products consist of numerous electronic parts and other materials, which necessitates the exercise of detailed inventory management. The Company values its inventory at the lower of the actual cost to purchase or manufacture the inventory (first-in, first-out) or the current estimated market value of the inventory (net realizable value). The Company performs cycle counts of inventories using an ABC inventory methodology, which groups inventory into cycle counting categories, or conducts physical inventories at least once a year. The Company regularly reviews inventory quantities on hand and records a provision for excess and obsolete inventory based primarily on its estimated forecast of product demand and production requirements for the next 12 to 24 months. Additionally, to determine inventory write-down provisions, the Company reviews product line inventory levels and individual items as necessary and periodically reviews assumptions about forecasted demand and market conditions. Any inventory that the Company determines to be obsolete, either in connection with the physical count or at other times of observation, are reserved for and subsequently written-off.

The electronics devices and communications equipment industries are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product development, and rapid product obsolescence that could result in an increase in the amount of obsolete inventory quantities on hand. Also, estimates of future product demand may prove to be inaccurate, in which case the Company may have understated or overstated the provision required for excess and obsolete inventory. Although the Company makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of its forecasts of future product demand, any significant unanticipated changes in demand or technological developments could have a significant impact on the value of the Company’s inventory and its reported operating results.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed principally using the straight-line method over the useful lives of the assets (or lease term, if shorter) as follows:



Buildings	50 years
Machinery, equipment and fixtures	3-7 years
Leasehold improvements	5 years

Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred, while renewals and betterments are capitalized. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Debt Issuance Costs

Deferred financing costs are costs incurred to obtain debt financing, including all related fees, and are included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and are amortized as interest expense over the term of the related financing using the straight-line method which approximates the interest rate method. In August 2010, the Company significantly amended its credit agreements with its then principal lender and, as a result, all deferred financing costs were fully amortized. There were no deferred financing costs associated with the amended credit agreement. Total deferred financing costs amortized to interest expense were $0.3 million in 2010. There were no deferred financing costs amortized in 2011.

Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews the carrying amount of its long-lived assets, other than goodwill, for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) guidance for goodwill and other intangible assets disallows the amortization of goodwill and provides for impairment testing of goodwill carrying values on an annual basis or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The Company’s reporting units have been identified as electronic devices and communications equipment. The Company performed its annual required tests of impairment as of December 31, 2011 and 2010 for goodwill in the electronic devices reporting unit. In performing the valuation , the Company used cash flows that reflected management’s forecasts and discount rates that reflect the risks associated with the current market. The Company considered the results of an income approach in determining the fair value of the reporting units.

At December 31, 2011 and 2010, reported goodwill totaled $5.0 and $4.9 million, respectively, all of which belonged to the electronic devices reporting unit. Based on the results of our testing, the fair values of the electronic devices reporting unit exceeded its book values. No impairment adjustments were recorded in 2011 or 2010.

Intangible assets with identifiable useful lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their useful lives. Definite-lived intangible assets are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization, and are amortized on the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives ranging from two to twenty years. The Company periodically reviews the original estimated useful lives of long-lived assets and makes adjustments when appropriate. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset’s carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates its intangible assets for impairment by comparing the future undiscounted cash flows of the underlying assets to their respective carrying amounts.

Product Warranty Liabilities

Generally, the Company’s products carry a standard one-year, limited parts and labor warranty. In certain circumstances, the Company provides a two-year limited parts and labor warranty on communications test instruments and network access products. The Company offers extended warranties beyond two years for an additional cost to its customers. Products returned under warranty typically are tested and repaired or replaced at the Company’s option. Historically, the Company has not experienced significant warranty costs or returns.

The Company records a liability for estimated costs that it expects to incur under the basic limited warranties when product revenue is recognized. Factors affecting the warranty liability include the number of units sold, historical and anticipated rates of claim and costs per claim. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its warranty liability accrual based on changes in these factors.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company estimates the fair value of its stock option plans using the Black-Scholes option pricing model (the “Option Model”). The Option Model requires the use of subjective and complex assumptions, including the option’s expected term and the estimated future price volatility of the underlying stock, which determine the fair value of the stock-based awards. In accordance with FASB guidance on fair value, stock-based compensation expense recognized during a period is based on the value of the portion of the stock-based awards that are expected to vest with employees. Accordingly, the recognition of stock-based compensation expense has been reduced for estimated future forfeitures. FASB guidance requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant with adjustments recorded in subsequent period compensation expense if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. No stock options were granted during 2011 or 2010.

Loss Per Share

Loss per share is calculated according to FASB guidance which requires that basic loss per share includes no dilution and is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution of securities that could share in the earnings of the Company. As a result of losses incurred in both 2011 and 2010, the potentially dilutive common shares have been excluded from the earnings per share computation for this period because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

Foreign Currency Translation

The accounts of foreign subsidiaries have been translated using the local currency as the functional currency. Accordingly, foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities have been translated to U.S. dollars at the current rate of exchange on the balance sheet date and at the average for the period reported for the statement of operations. The effects of translation are recorded as a separate part of our net equity under the caption “accumulated other comprehensive loss.” Exchange gains and losses arising from transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rates applicable on the dates of the transactions and are included in operations.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments, which potentially expose the Company to concentration of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash with high quality financial institutions. At times, cash balances may be in excess of the amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

The Company’s accounts receivable result from sales to a broad customer base. The Company extends credit to its customers based upon an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition and credit history and generally does not require collateral. Accounts receivable are generally due within 30 days in the Company’s U.S. and France operations and 60 days in its England operations and are stated net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. Accounts outstanding for longer than the contractual payment terms are considered past due. Provisions for uncollectible accounts are made based on the Company’s specific assessment of the collectability of all past due accounts. Credit losses are provided for in the financial statements and consistently have been within management’s expectations. No customer represented 10% or more of the Company’s total net sales during 2011 or 2010.

Revenue Recognition

The Company derives revenues from sales of electronic devices and communications equipment products and services. The Company’s sales are based upon written agreements or purchase orders that identify the type and quantity of the item and/or services being purchased and the purchase price. The Company recognizes revenues when shipment of products has occurred or services have been rendered, no significant obligations remain on the part of the Company, and collectability is reasonably assured based on the Company’s credit and collections practices and policies and our experience of prior dealings with our customers.

The Company recognizes revenues from sales of its U.S. communications equipment business units at the point of shipment of those products. An estimate of warranty cost is recorded at the time the revenue is recognized. Product returns are infrequent and require prior authorization because sales are final and the Company quality tests its products prior to shipment to ensure products meet the specifications of the binding purchase orders under which those products are shipped. Normally, when a customer requests and receives authorization to return a product, the request is accompanied by a purchase order for a repair or for a replacement product.

Revenue recognition for products and services provided by the Company’s subsidiaries in England depends upon the type of contract involved. Engineering/design services contracts generally entail design and production of a prototype over a term of up to several years, with revenue deferred until recognized over the term of the contract on a percentage of completion basis. Production contracts provide for a specific quantity of products to be produced over a specific period of time. Customers issue binding purchase orders or enter into binding agreements for the products to be produced. The Company recognizes revenues on these orders as the products are shipped. Returns are infrequent and permitted only with prior authorization because these products are custom made to order based on binding purchase orders and are quality tested prior to shipment. An estimate of warranty cost is recorded at the time revenue is recognized. The Company offers extended warranty contracts for an additional cost to its customers, which are recognized ratably over the term of the extended warranty contract.

The Company recognizes revenues for products sold by its subsidiary in France at the point of shipment. Customer discounts are included in the product price list provided to the customer. Returns are infrequent and permitted only with prior authorization because these products are shipped based on binding purchase orders and are quality tested prior to shipment. An estimate of warranty cost is recorded at the time revenue is recognized.

Revenues from services such as repairs and modifications are recognized when the service is completed and invoiced. For repairs that involve shipment of a repaired product, the Company recognizes repair revenues when the product is shipped back to the customer. Service revenues contribute less than 5% of total revenue and, therefore, are considered to be immaterial to overall financial results.

Shipping and Handling Costs

Shipping and handling costs recorded in cost of goods sold were $418,000 and $349,000 in 2011 and 2010, respectively. Shipping and handling costs recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses were $16,000 in 2011 and $13,000 in 2010.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are charged to expense as incurred. Advertising costs for 2011 and 2010 were immaterial.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities at the applicable tax rates. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets by assessing its valuation allowance and by adjusting the amount of such allowance, if necessary. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization are the Company’s forecast of future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets. Failure to achieve forecasted taxable income in applicable tax jurisdictions could affect the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets and could result in an increase in the Company’s effective tax rate on future earnings. The provision for income taxes represents the tax payable for the year and the change during the year in deferred tax assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the Company had recorded no net unrecognized tax benefits associated with uncertain income tax positions.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity during a period except those that resulted from investments by or distributions to the Company’s stockholders. Other comprehensive income refers to revenues, expenses, gains and losses that, under GAAP, are included in comprehensive income, but excluded from net (loss) income as these amounts are recorded directly as an adjustment to stockholders’ equity. The Company’s other comprehensive income consists of foreign currency translation adjustments.