Investments

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Net Investment Income

The components of net investment income for the following periods were as follows:


($ in millions)	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Fixed maturity securities	$	65.2	$	62.0	$	132.9	$	120.6
Equity securities	0.7		4.0		3.4		5.3
Limited partnership interests	15.7		13.2		20.1		26.2
Short-term and other investments	3.5		2.7		7.0		5.4
Investment expenses	(2.6)		(2.5)		(6.2)		(5.1)
Net investment income - investment portfolio	82.5		79.4		157.2		152.4
Investment income - deposit asset on reinsurance	26.0		25.8		51.7		50.7
Total net investment income	$	108.5	$	105.2	$	208.9	$	203.1

Net Investment Losses

Net investment gains (losses) for the following periods were as follows:


($ in millions)	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Fixed maturity securities	$	(14.7)	$	(2.9)	$	(17.1)	$	(5.2)
Equity securities	(3.5)		(12.6)		(4.5)		(28.1)
Short-term investments and other	0.8		—		0.3		2.3
Net investment losses	$	(17.4)	$	(15.5)	$	(21.3)	$	(31.0)

The Company, from time to time, sells fixed maturity securities subsequent to the reporting date that were considered temporarily impaired at such reporting date. Such sales are due to issuer-specific events occurring subsequent to the reporting date that result in a change in the Company's intent to sell a fixed maturity security. The types of events that may result in a sale include significant changes in the economic facts and circumstances related to the invested asset, significant unforeseen changes in liquidity needs, or changes in the Company's investment strategy.

Net Investment Losses by Transaction Type

The breakdown of net investment gains (losses) by transaction type for the following periods were as follows:


($ in millions)	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Credit loss impairments	$	(0.5)	$	(1.3)	$	(0.5)	$	(2.2)
Intent-to-sell impairments	(6.1)		(0.5)		(6.1)		(1.4)
Total impairments	(6.6)		(1.8)		(6.6)		(3.6)
Sales and other, net	(19.3)		(1.1)		(21.7)		—
Change in fair value - equity securities	7.7		(12.6)		6.7		(29.7)
Change in fair value and gains (losses) realized on settlements - derivatives	0.8		—		0.3		2.3
Net investment losses	$	(17.4)	$	(15.5)	$	(21.3)	$	(31.0)

Allowance for Credit Loss Impairments on Fixed Maturity Securities

The following table presents changes in the allowance for credit loss impairments on fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale for the category of other asset-backed securities (no other categories of fixed maturity securities have an allowance for credit loss impairments):


($ in millions)	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	1.2	$	8.3	$	1.2	$	7.7
Credit losses on fixed maturity securities for which credit losses were not previously reported	0.5		—		0.5		—
Net increase related to credit losses previously reported	—		1.3		—		2.2
Reduction of credit allowances related to sales	—		—		—		—
Write-offs	(0.5)		(0.1)		(0.5)		(0.4)
Ending balance	$	1.2	$	9.5	$	1.2	$	9.5

Fixed Maturity Securities

The Company's investment portfolio is comprised primarily of fixed maturity securities. Amortized cost, net, gross unrealized investment gains (losses) and fair values of all fixed maturity securities in the portfolio were as follows:


($ in millions)	Amortized Cost, net		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
June 30, 2023
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations:(1)
Mortgage-backed securities	$	650.4	$	0.8	$	68.1	$	583.1
Other, including U.S. Treasury securities	432.4		0.3		63.6		369.1
Municipal bonds	1,342.3		20.2		110.0		1,252.5
Foreign government bonds	26.1		—		1.3		24.8
Corporate bonds	2,053.8		12.6		238.0		1,828.4
Other asset-backed securities	1,207.7		2.7		56.4		1,154.0
Totals	$	5,712.7	$	36.6	$	537.4	$	5,211.9

December 31, 2022
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations:(1)
Mortgage-backed securities	$	638.2	$	1.3	$	69.1	$	570.4
Other, including U.S. Treasury securities	410.0		0.5		67.8		342.7
Municipal bonds	1,380.9		16.9		128.1		1,269.7
Foreign government bonds	35.1		—		1.6		33.5
Corporate bonds	2,161.2		12.7		272.2		1,901.7
Other asset-backed securities	1,131.5		3.6		68.1		1,067.0
Totals	$	5,756.9	$	35.0	$	606.9	$	5,185.0

(1) Fair value includes securities issued by Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) of $330.3 million and $330.8 million; Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) of $293.2 million and $273.3 million; and Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) of $82.4 million and $86.2 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The following table presents the fair value and gross unrealized losses for fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company views the decrease in fair value of all of the fixed maturity securities with unrealized losses as of June 30, 2023 — which was driven largely by increasing interest rates, spread widening, financial market illiquidity and/or market volatility from the date of acquisition — as temporary. As of June 30, 2023, the Company has not made the decision to sell and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the fixed maturity securities with unrealized losses before an anticipated recovery in value. Following significant increases in interest rates throughout 2022, driven mostly by increases in U.S. Treasury yields, rates have mostly stabilized, though not without periods of volatility. As of June 30, 2023, the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield decreased 3 basis points since December 31, 2022, declining from 3.87% as of December 31, 2022 to 3.84% as of June 30, 2023. Additionally, credit spreads tightened during the same time period, with investment grade and high yield tighter by 12 and 64 basis points, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, investment grade and high yield total returns were up 3.23% and 5.42%, respectively, since December 31, 2022. As of June 30, 2023, the Bloomberg Barclays Index Yield-to-Worst for Investment Grade declined 0.06% since December 31, 2022, ending at 5.48%, while the High Yield Index declined 0.46% to 8.50% since December 31, 2022. As of recent, unrealized investment losses remain elevated as a result of interest rates remaining at relatively high levels. Therefore, it was determined that the unrealized losses on the fixed maturity securities presented in the table below were not indicative of any credit loss impairments as of June 30, 2023.


($ in millions)	12 Months or Less					More than 12 Months					Total
	Fair Value			Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value			Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value			Gross Unrealized Losses
June 30, 2023
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	211.9		$	12.1	$	327.6		$	56.0	$	539.5		$	68.1
Other	147.6			6.6		203.8			57.0		351.4			63.6
Municipal bonds	302.8			8.9		634.9			101.1		937.7			110.0
Foreign government bonds	21.8			0.7		2.9			0.6		24.7			1.3
Corporate bonds	186.5			11.0		1,119.2			227.0		1,305.7			238.0
Other asset-backed securities	214.8			5.3		804.0			51.1		1,018.8			56.4
Total	$	1,085.4		$	44.6	$	3,092.4		$	492.8	$	4,177.8		$	537.4

Number of positions with a gross unrealized loss	742					2,227					2,969
Fair value as a percentage of total fixed maturity securities at fair value	20.8		%			59.3		%			80.1		%

December 31, 2022
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Government and federally sponsored agency obligations:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	458.3		$	54.4	$	52.6		$	14.7	$	510.9		$	69.1
Other	242.7			34.1		65.8			33.7		308.5			67.8
Municipal bonds	911.6			113.7		42.2			14.4		953.8			128.1
Foreign government bonds	32.7			1.4		0.4			0.2		33.1			1.6
Corporate bonds	1,345.0			221.1		148.9			51.1		1,493.9			272.2
Other asset-backed securities	543.4			37.1		424.3			31.0		967.7			68.1
Total	$	3,533.7		$	461.8	$	734.2		$	145.1	$	4,267.9		$	606.9

Number of positions with a gross unrealized loss	2,515					587					3,102
Fair value as a percentage of total fixed maturity securities at fair value	68.2		%			14.2		%			82.4		%

With regards to fixed maturity securities that had gross unrealized losses more than 12 months, the number of positions by their respective credit ratings were as follows:


	Number of Positions
	June 30, 2023	December 31, 2022
Credit Rating
AAA	229	67
AA	835	217
A	399	94
BBB	436	93
BB	183	68
B	85	31
CCC or lower	5	2
Not rated	55	15
Totals:	2,227	587

Fixed maturity securities with an investment grade rating represented 97.2% of the gross unrealized losses as of June 30, 2023. With respect to fixed maturity securities involving securitized financial assets, the underlying collateral cash flows were stress tested to determine there was no adverse change in the present value of cash flows below the net amortized cost basis.

Maturities of Fixed Maturity Securities

The following table presents the distribution of the Company’s fixed maturity securities portfolio by estimated expected maturity. Estimated expected maturities differ from contractual maturities, reflecting assumptions regarding borrowers' utilization of the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. For structured securities, estimated expected maturities consider broker-dealer survey prepayment assumptions and are verified for consistency with the interest rate and economic environments.


($ in millions)	Percent of Total Fair Value				June 30, 2023
	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		Fair Value		Amortized Cost, net
Estimated expected maturity:
Due in 1 year or less	4.9	%	4.4	%	$	253.5	$	261.6
Due after 1 year through 5 years	26.7		26.3		1,390.7		1,448.0
Due after 5 years through 10 years	27.5		27.9		1,431.8		1,520.5
Due after 10 years through 20 years	24.6		25.0		1,286.9		1,444.5
Due after 20 years	16.3		16.4		849.0		1,038.1
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%	$	5,211.9	$	5,712.7

Average option-adjusted duration, in years	6.2		6.4

Sales of Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities

Proceeds received from sales of fixed maturity and equity securities, each determined using the specific identification method, and gross gains and gross losses realized as a result of those sales for each period were as follows:


($ in millions)	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Fixed maturity securities
Proceeds received	$	143.5	$	197.0	$	206.2	$	365.3
Gross gains realized	0.3		1.2		0.6		3.6
Gross losses realized	(8.4)		(2.3)		(11.1)		(5.2)

Equity securities
Proceeds received	$	9.8	$	—	$	9.8	$	5.8
Gross gains realized	—		—		—		1.7
Gross losses realized	(11.3)		—		(11.3)		(0.1)

Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) on Fixed Maturity Securities

The following table reconciles net unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities, net of tax, included in AOCI:


($ in millions)	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities, net of tax
Beginning of period	$	(356.4)	$	13.0	$	(449.6)	$	347.1
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities	(48.9)		(297.1)		42.4		(633.0)
Reclassification of net investment losses on fixed maturity securities to net income	11.6		2.3		13.5		4.1
End of period	$	(393.7)	$	(281.8)	$	(393.7)	$	(281.8)

Limited Partnership Interests

Investments in limited partnership interests are accounted for using the equity method of accounting (EMA) and include interests in commercial mortgage loan funds, private equity funds, infrastructure equity funds, real estate equity funds, infrastructure debt funds and other funds. Principal factors influencing carrying amount appreciation or depreciation include operating performance, comparable public company earnings multiples, capitalization rates and the economic environment. The Company recognizes an impairment loss for EMA limited partnership interests when evidence demonstrates that the loss is other than temporary. Evidence of a loss in value that is other than temporary may include the absence of an ability to recover the carrying amount of the investment or the inability of the investee to sustain a level of earnings that would justify the carrying amount of the investment. The carrying amounts of EMA limited partnership interests were as follows:


($ in millions)
	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Commercial mortgage loan funds	$	642.7	$	593.6
Private equity funds	80.6		76.3
Infrastructure equity funds	72.4		72.0
Real estate equity funds	86.8		71.3
Infrastructure debt funds	62.8		60.0
Other funds(1)	128.5		110.5
Total	$	1,073.8	$	983.7

(1)Other funds consist primarily of limited partnership interests in corporate mezzanine, venture capital and private credit funds.

Offsetting of Assets and Liabilities

The Company's derivatives are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements. Collateral support agreements associated with each master netting arrangement provides that the Company will receive or pledge financial collateral in the event minimum thresholds have been reached. The Company’s reverse repurchase agreements are also subject to enforceable master netting arrangements but there was no offsetting in their presentation in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Information regarding the Company's derivatives is contained in Part II - Item 8, Note 5 in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The following table presents instruments that were subject to a master netting arrangement for the Company.


($ in millions)			Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets		Net Amounts of Assets/ Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets		Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
	Gross Amounts						Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
June 30, 2023
Asset derivatives:
Free-standing derivatives	$	12.7	$	—	$	12.7	$	—	$	12.0	$	0.7

December 31, 2022
Asset derivatives:
Free-standing derivatives	$	6.8	$	—	$	6.8	$	—	$	5.9	$	0.9

Reverse Repurchase Agreements

In connection with reverse repurchase agreements, the Company transfers primarily U.S. government, government agency and corporate securities and receives cash. For reverse repurchase agreements, the Company receives cash in an amount equal to at least 95% of the fair value of the securities transferred, and the agreements with third parties contain contractual provisions to allow for additional collateral to be obtained when necessary. The Company accounts for reverse repurchase agreements as secured borrowings. The securities transferred under reverse repurchase agreements are included in Fixed maturity securities with the obligation to repurchase those securities reported in Other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of the securities transferred was $0.4 million as of June 30, 2023 and $73.3 million as of December 31, 2022. The obligation for securities sold under reverse repurchase agreements was a net amount of $0.2 million as of June 30, 2023 and $70.2 million December 31, 2022.

Deposits

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $28.8 million and $28.6 million, respectively, were on deposit with governmental agencies as required by law in various states for which the insurance subsidiaries of HMEC conduct business. In addition, as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $961.6 million and $860.4 million, respectively, were on deposit with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago (FHLB) as collateral for amounts subject to funding agreements, advances and borrowings which were equal to $889.5 million as of June 30, 2023 and $792.5 million as of December 31, 2022. The deposited securities are reported as Fixed maturity securities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.