20-F

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

[_] REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2019

OR

[_] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 OR

[_] SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 0-17601

BONSO ELECTRONICS INTERNATIONAL INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

British Virgin Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre,

9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui

Kowloon, Hong Kong

(Address of principal executive offices)

Albert So, Chief Financial Officer

Tel: (852) 2605-5822    Fax: (852) 2691-1724

Email: albert@bonso.com

Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre,

9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui

Kowloon, Hong Kong

 (Name, Telephone, email and/or fax number and address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:  None.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

COMMON STOCK, PAR VALUE $0.003

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None.

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

5,543,639 shares of common stock, $0.003 par value, at March 31, 2019 (including 872,866 shares that are held in treasury)

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Yes [_ ] No [X]

If the report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes [_ ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes [X] No [_]

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes [_]    No  [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer.

Large Accelerated Filer   [_]   Accelerated Filer  [_]   Non-accelerated filer   [X]

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the Registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP   [X] 

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board   [_]            Other [_]

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the Registrant has elected to follow:

Item 17 [_]   Item 18 [_]

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.)

Yes [_]    No [X]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors	5
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	5
Item 3.	Key Information	5
Item 4.	Information on the Company	24
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	37
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	37
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	55
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	63
Item 8.	Financial Information	64
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	65
Item 10.	Additional Information	66
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	70
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities	71
PART II
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	72
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	72
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	72
Item 16.	Reserved	74
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	74
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	74
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	75
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	76
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliates Purchasers	76
Item 16F.	Changes in Registrant’s Certifying Accountants	77
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	77
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	77
PART III
Item 17.	Financial Statements	78
Item 18.	Financial Statements	F-1 to F-44
Item 19.	Exhibits	79
SIGNATURES		80

3 

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements.  A forward-looking statement is a projection about a future event or result, and whether the statement comes true is subject to many risks and uncertainties.  These statements often can be identified by the use of terms such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “approximate” or “continue,” or the negative thereof.  The actual results or activities of the Company will likely differ from projected results or activities of the Company as described in this Annual Report, and such differences could be material.

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results and performance of the Company to be different from any future results, performance and achievements expressed or implied by these statements.  In other words, our performance might be quite different from what the forward-looking statements imply.  You should review carefully all information included in this Annual Report.

You should rely only on the forward-looking statements that reflect management's view as of the date of this Annual Report.  We undertake no obligation to publicly revise or update these forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.  You should also carefully review the risk factors described in other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).  The Private Securities Reform Act of 1995 contains a safe harbor for forward-looking statements on which the Company relies in making such disclosures.  In connection with the “safe harbor,” we are hereby identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf.  Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” under Item 3. – “Key Information.”

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND CURRENCY PRESENTATION

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and publish our financial statements in United States Dollars.

REFERENCES

In this Annual Report, “China” refers to all parts of the People's Republic of China other than the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong.  The terms “Bonso,” “we,” “our,” “us,” “the Group” and the “Company” refer to Bonso Electronics International Inc. and, where the context so requires or suggests, our direct and indirect subsidiaries.  References to “dollars,” “U.S. Dollars” or “US$” are to United States Dollars, “HK$” are to Hong Kong Dollars, “Euros” or “euro” are to the European Monetary Union's Currency and “RMB” are to Chinese Renminbi.

4 

PART I

Item 1.  Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors

Not Applicable to Bonso.

Item 2.  Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not Applicable to Bonso.

Item 3.  Key Information

A. Selected Financial Data

The selected consolidated financial data as of March 31, 2018 and 2019 and for each of the three fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 are derived from the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes which appear elsewhere in this Annual Report.

The Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America and expressed in United States Dollars.  The selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of March 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, and for each of the two fiscal years in the period ended March 31, 2015 and 2016, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report.  The selected consolidated financial data is qualified in their entirety by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in the F pages of this Annual Report and Item 5. – “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included in this Annual Report.

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5 

SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

Statement of Operations Data

(in 000s US$ except for shares and per share data)

	Year Ended March 31,
	2015(1)			2016(1)			2017(1)			2018			2019
	$			$			$			$			$
Net revenue		30,396			25,370			18,952			11,523			9,992
Cost of revenue		(23,742	)		(17,081	)		(11,274	)		(6,958	)		(6,035)
Gross profit		6,654			8,289			7,678			4,565			3,957
Selling, general and administrative expenses		(6,811	)		(6,948	)		(5,066	)		(4,669	)		(4,605)
Other income, net		619			1,961			554			342			108
Income / (loss) from operations		462			3,302			3,166			238			(540)
Non-operating (expenses) / income, net		(389	)		(121	)		229			(234	)		77
(Loss) / income before income taxes		(73	)		3,181			3,395			4			(463)
Income tax credit / (expense)		1,037			(310	)		(600	)		-			-
Net (loss) income		(1,110	)		2,871			2,795			4			(463)
Net (loss) / earnings per share - basic(2)	$	(0.21	)	$	0.55		$	0.54		$	0.00		$	(0.10)
Weighted average shares		5,246,903			5,173,431			5,143,648			4,910,357			4,703,224
Net (loss) / earnings per share - diluted(2)	$	(0.21	)	$	0.55		$	0.53		$	0.00		$	(0.10)
Diluted weighted average shares		5,246,903			5,173,431			5,316,393			5,290,904			4,703,224

⁽¹⁾ Certain amounts in the statement of operations for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 have been reclassified to conform to the presentation for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

⁽²⁾ All potential common shares, including the stock options, are anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted net (loss) / earnings per share.

Balance Sheet Data

(in 000s US$ except for shares and per share data)

	Year Ended March 31,
	2015			2016			2017		2018		2019
	$			$			$		$		$
Cash and cash equivalents, and fixed deposits maturing over three months		3,027			3,547			3,745		8,751		7,527
Working capital		(4,391	)		(530	)		2,499		7,016		6,249
Total assets		25,777			23,021			20,966		24,755		22,486
Current liabilities		13,429			8,137			5,244		4,369		4,155
Non-current financial liabilities at fair value		112			—			—		—		—
Total liabilities		13,922			8,443			5,371		7,666		7,337
Common stock		17			17			17		17		17
Stockholders’ equity		11,855			14,578			15,595		17,089		15,149
Dividends declared per share		—			—			—		—		—

Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the following risks, together with all other information included in this Annual Report.  The realization of any of the risks described below could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and future prospects.

6 

Political, Legal, Economic and Other Uncertainties of Operations in China and Hong Kong

Recent trade policy initiatives announced by the United States administration against the PRC may adversely affect our business. On August 14, 2017, the President of the United States issued a memorandum instructing the U.S. Trade Representative (“USTR”) to determine whether to investigate, under Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 (Trade Act), laws, policies, practices, or actions of the PRC government that may be unreasonable or discriminatory and that may be harming U.S. intellectual property rights, innovation, or technology development. Based on information gathered in that investigation, the USTR published a report on March 22, 2018 on the acts, policies and practices of the PRC government supporting findings that certain such acts, policies and practices are unreasonable or discriminatory and burden or restrict U.S. commerce.

On March 8, 2018, the President exercised his authority to issue the imposition of significant tariffs on imports of steel and aluminum from a number of countries, including the PRC. Subsequently, the USTR announced an initial proposed list of 1,300 goods imported from the PRC that could be subject to additional tariffs and initiated a dispute with the World Trade Organization against the PRC for alleged unfair trade practices. The President indicated that his two primary concerns to be addressed by the PRC were (i) a mandatory $100 billion reduction in the PRC/U.S. trade deficit and (ii) limiting the planned $300 billion PRC government support for advanced technology industries including artificial intelligence, semiconductors, electric cars and commercial aircraft. On June 15, 2018, the President announced that the U.S. would proceed with tariffs on $34 billion worth of Chinese goods, including agriculture and industrial machinery, which prompted the PRC government to impose tariffs on $34 billion worth of goods from the U.S., including beef, poultry, tobacco and cars. In response to the PRC’s proposed retaliatory measures, the President announced on June 19, 2018 that the U.S. would compile a list of $200 billion in Chinese goods for levies should the PRC move forward with their proposed tariffs. On August 7, 2018, the U.S. announced a tariff of 25% on approximately $16 billion worth of predominantly industrial goods from China, including tractors, plastic tubes and antennas, which went into effect on August 23, 2018. In response, on August 8, 2018, China announced a 25% tariff on $16 billion worth of U.S. goods, including large passenger cars, motorcycles, chemical items and diesel fuel, which also went into effect on August 23, 2018. On September 7, 2018, the President warned that he was prepared to impose tariffs on another $267 billion worth of Chinese goods, which, in addition to the other previously announced tariffs, would cover virtually all of China’s imports into the U.S. but, instead, on September 17, 2018 the U.S. imposed a 10% tariff on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods. On September 18, 2018, China retaliated with 5% tariffs on $60 billion of US goods. On May 10, 2019 the U.S. announced an increase from 10% to 25% in the tariff imposed on September 17, 2018 and on May 13, 2018 China announced increases from 5% to either 10%, 20% or 25% in the tariffs on many of the goods covered by the tariffs announced by on September 18, 2018. As of the date of this filing, the U.S. has applied 25% tariffs on US$250 billion worth of Chinese products. In response, China has imposed tariffs on $110 billion worth of U.S. goods.

7 

In addition to the retaliatory tariffs, the President also directed the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury to develop new restrictions on PRC investments in the U.S. aimed at preventing PRC-controlled companies and funds from acquiring U.S. firms with sensitive technologies. The Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act, which modernizes the restrictive powers imposed by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, was signed by President Trump on August 13, 2018.

The institution of trade tariffs both globally and between the U.S. and China specifically carries the risk of negatively affecting China’s overall economic condition, which could have a negative impact on us. Furthermore, imposition of tariffs could have a negative impact on our supply chain and on foreign demand for our products and, thus, could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. During the year ended March 31, 2019, approximately 32% of our sales were to customers in the United States.

We Could Face Increased Currency Risks If China Does Not Maintain The Stability Of The Hong Kong Dollar Or The Chinese Renminbi.  The Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar have been fixed at approximately 7.80 Hong Kong Dollars to 1.00 U.S. Dollar since 1983.  The market exchange rate has not deviated materially from the level of HK$7.80 to US$1.00 since the peg was first established. However, in May 2005, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority broadened the trading band from the original rate of HK$7.80 per U.S. dollar to a rate range of HK$7.75 to HK$7.85 per U.S. dollar. The Hong Kong government has stated its intention to maintain the link at that rate.  From 1994 until July 2005, the Chinese Renminbi had remained stable against the U.S. Dollar at approximately 8.28 to 1.00 U.S. Dollar.  On July 21, 2005, the Chinese currency regime was altered to link the RMB to a “basket of currencies,” which includes the U.S. Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen and Korean Won. Under the rules, the RMB was allowed to move 0.3% on a daily basis against the U.S. Dollar.  The People's Bank of China, on May 21 2007, widened the RMB trading band from 0.3% daily movement against the U.S. Dollar to 0.5%.  Following the removal of the U.S. Dollar peg, the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. Dollar over the following three years.  Since July 2008, however, the RMB has traded within a narrow range against the U.S. Dollar. As a consequence, the RMB has fluctuated significantly since July 2008 against other freely traded currencies, in tandem with the U.S. Dollar. On June 20, 2010, the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) announced that the government of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) would further reform the RMB exchange rate regime and increase the flexibility of the exchange rate.  Since June 2010, the PRC government has allowed the RMB to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar again, though there have been periods when the U.S. dollar has appreciated against the Renminbi as well. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future.  As of July 31, 2019, the RMB was valued at 6.8833 per U.S. Dollar.  Any significant revaluation of the RMB may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenues, earnings and financial position and the value of our common shares and any dividends payable to our common shareholders in U.S. Dollars.

8 

The Chinese government in the past has expressed its intention in the Basic Law of the PRC to maintain the stability of the Hong Kong currency after the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred to China in July 1997.  However, there can be no assurance that the Hong Kong Dollar will remain pegged against the U.S. Dollar.  If the current exchange rate mechanism is changed, we will face increased currency risks, which could have a material adverse effect upon the Company.

We Face Significant Risks If The Chinese Government Changes Its Policies, Laws, Regulations Or Tax Structure Or Its Current Interpretations Of Its Laws, Rules And Regulations Relating To Our Operations In China.  Our property in Shenzhen and our manufacturing facility in Xinxing are located in China.  As a result, our operations and assets are subject to significant political, economic, legal and other uncertainties.  Changes in policies by the Chinese government resulting in changes in laws or regulations or the interpretation of laws or regulations, confiscatory taxation, changes in employment restrictions, restrictions on imports and sources of supply, import duties, corruption, currency revaluation or the expropriation of private enterprise could materially and adversely affect us.  Over the past several years, the Chinese government has pursued economic reform policies, including the encouragement of private economic activity and greater economic decentralization.  If the Chinese government does not continue to pursue its present policies that encourage foreign investment and operations in China, or if these policies are either not successful or are significantly altered, then our business operations in China could be adversely affected.  We could even be subject to the risk of nationalization, which could result in the total loss of investment in that country.  Following the Chinese government’s policy of privatizing many state-owned enterprises, the Chinese government has attempted to augment its revenues through increased tax collection.  Continued efforts to increase tax revenues could result in increased taxation expenses being incurred by us.  Economic development may be limited as well by the imposition of austerity measures intended to reduce inflation, the inadequate development of infrastructure and the potential unavailability of adequate power and water supplies, transportation and communications.  If for any reason we were required to move our manufacturing operations outside of China, our profitability would be substantially impaired, our competitiveness and market position would be materially jeopardized and we might have to discontinue our operations.

Continuing Economic Weakness May Adversely Affect Our Earnings, Liquidity And Financial Position.  The Company’s business has been challenging recently as a consequence of adverse worldwide economic conditions.  In particular, there has been an erosion of global consumer confidence from concerns over declining asset values, price instability, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, rising unemployment and the stability and solvency of financial institutions, financial markets, businesses and sovereign nations. These concerns slowed global economic growth and resulted in recessions in many countries, including in the U.S., Europe and certain countries in Asia. The global economic weakness has negatively impacted our operating results since 2008. Overall, the economic outlook is uncertain as a result of concerns about the general global economy and the decreased rate of growth in China and the European Union.  Recessionary conditions may return.  If negative economic conditions return, a number of material adverse effects on our business could occur and could have a negative impact upon our results of operations.  Further, slower overall growth of the Chinese economy may have a material adverse effect upon the Company and its results of operations.  Also, the Company’s Shenzhen factory is leased out to a third party whose main business is the manufacture of printing and packaging materials to be sold domestically and portions of the Company’s Xinxing facility are leased out to third parties whose products also are sold domestically.  Negative economic conditions in China would affect the results of operations of these tenants, which may not be able to pay future rent to the Company in full or on time according to the lease agreements.

9 

The Economy Of China Has Been Experiencing Significant Growth, Leading To Some Inflation and Increased Labor Costs.  The economy in China has grown significantly over the past 20 years, which has resulted in inflation and an increase in the average cost of labor, especially in the coastal cities. China’s consumer price index, the broadest measure of inflation, rose 2.42% in June 2014 from the level in June 2013, 1.40% between June 2014 and June 2015, 1.90% between June 2015 and June 2016, 1.50% between June 2016 and June 2017, 1.90% between June 2017 and June 2018 and 2.70% between June 2018 and June 2019. China’s overall economy and the average wage in the PRC are expected to continue to grow. Continuing inflation and material increases in the cost of labor in China could diminish our competitive advantage.  If the government tries to control inflation, it may have an adverse effect on the business climate and growth of private enterprise in the PRC.  An economic slowdown may reduce our revenues.  If inflation is allowed to proceed unchecked, our costs would likely increase, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to increase our prices to an extent that would offset the increase in our expenses.

Changes To PRC Tax Laws And Heightened Efforts By China’s Tax Authorities To Increase Revenues Are Expected To Subject Us To Greater Taxes.  Since January 1, 2012, our PRC subsidiaries have been subject to a single PRC enterprise income tax rate of 25%.  We base our tax position upon the anticipated nature and conduct of our business and upon our understanding of the tax laws of the various administrative regions and countries in which we have assets or conduct activities. However, our tax position is subject to review and possible challenge by taxing authorities and to possible changes in law, which may have retroactive effect.  We cannot determine in advance the extent to which some jurisdictions may require us to pay taxes or make payments in lieu of taxes.

We Face Risks By Operating In China Because The Chinese Legal System Relating To Foreign Investment And Foreign Operations Such As Bonso’s Is Evolving And The Application Of Chinese Laws Is Uncertain.  The legal system of China relating to foreign investments is continually evolving, and there can be no certainty as to the application of its laws and regulations in particular instances.  The Chinese legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes.  Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which decided legal cases have little precedential value.  In 1979, the Chinese government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general.  Legislation over the past 39 years has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China.  Enforcement of existing laws or agreements may be sporadic and implementation and interpretation of laws inconsistent.  The Chinese judiciary is relatively inexperienced in enforcing the laws that exist, leading to a higher than usual degree of uncertainty as to the outcome of any litigation.  Even where adequate law exists in China, it may not be possible to obtain swift and equitable enforcement of that law.  Further, various disputes may be subject to the exercise of considerable discretion by agencies of the Chinese government, and forces and factors unrelated to the legal merits of a particular matter or dispute may influence their determination.  Continued uncertainty relating to the laws in China and the application of the laws could have a material adverse effect upon us and our operations in China.

10 

Controversies Affecting China’s Trade With The United States Could Harm Our Results Of Operations Or Depress Our Stock Price.  While China has been granted permanent most favored nation trade status in the United States through its entry into the World Trade Organization, controversies between the United States and China have arisen that threaten the status quo involving trade between the United States and China.  These controversies could materially and adversely affect our business by, among other things, causing our products in the United States to become more expensive, resulting in a reduction in the demand for our products by customers in the United States, which would have a material adverse effect upon us and our results of operations.  Further, political or trade friction between the United States and China, whether or not actually affecting our business, could also materially and adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common shares.

If Our Factories Were Destroyed Or Significantly Damaged As A Result of Fire, Flood Or Some Other Natural Disaster, We Would Be Adversely Affected.  All of our products are manufactured at our manufacturing facilities located in Xinxing, Guangdong, China.  Fire-fighting and disaster relief or assistance in China may not be as developed as in Western countries. We currently maintain property damage insurance aggregating approximately $37 million covering our stock in trade, goods and merchandise, furniture and equipment and buildings.  We do not maintain business interruption insurance.  Investors are cautioned that material damage to, or the loss of, our factories due to fire, severe weather, flood or other act of God or cause, even if insured, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects.

Our Results Could Be Harmed If We Have To Comply With New Environmental Regulations.  Our operations create some environmentally sensitive waste that may increase in the future depending on the nature of our manufacturing operations.  The general issue of the disposal of hazardous waste has received increasing attention from China’s national and local governments and foreign governments and agencies and has been subject to increasing regulation.  Our business and operating results could be materially and adversely affected if we were to increase expenditures to comply with any new environmental regulations affecting our operations.

11 

Enforcement Of The Labor Contract Law, Minimum Wage Increases And Future Changes In The Labor Laws In China May Result In The Continued Increase In Labor Costs. On June 29, 2007, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China enacted the Labor Contract Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008. The Labor Contract Law introduces specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probation, consultation with labor union and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance and collective bargaining, which together represent enhanced enforcement of labor laws and regulations. According to the Labor Contract Law, an employer is obliged to sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for 10 consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract must have an unlimited term, with certain exceptions. The employer must also pay severance to an employee in nearly all instances where a labor contract, including a contract with an unlimited term, is terminated or expires. In addition, the government has continued to introduce various new labor-related regulations after the Labor Contract Law. Among other things, current annual leave requirements mandate that annual leave ranging from 5 to 15 days is available to nearly all employees and further require that the employer compensate an employee for any annual leave days the employee is unable to take in the amount of three times his daily salary, subject to certain exceptions.  In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these new regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practices do not, or will not, violate the Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations. Between the fiscal years ended March 31, 2010 and 2015, we experienced an increase in the cost of labor caused by the increase in the minimum hourly rate.  In accordance with the new minimum wage set by the local authorities, we increased the minimum wage for our labor in Shenzhen from RMB 1,100 (or approximately $162) per month to RMB 1,320 (or approximately $206) per month beginning April 1, 2011.  The minimum wage was increased to RMB 1,500 (or approximately $238) per month beginning February 1, 2012.  The minimum wage in Shenzhen was increased to RMB 1,600 (or approximately $254) per month beginning March 1, 2013, and later to RMB 1,808 (or approximately $293) per month beginning February 1, 2014. We started hiring workers in our Xinxing factory during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013, and the minimum wage at that time in Xinxing was RMB 1,010 per month (or approximately $160). On May 1, 2015, the minimum wage at Xinxing was increased to RMB 1,210 per month  (or approximately $181 per month) and since July 1, 2018, it has been RMB 1,410 (or approximately $213) per month. We believe that increased labor costs in China will have a significant effect on our total production costs and results of operations and that we will not be able to continue to increase our production at our manufacturing facilities without substantially increasing our non-production salaries and related costs.  If we are subject to severe penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with the enforcement of the Labor Contract Law, disputes or investigations, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. Any future changes in the labor laws in the PRC could result in our having to pay increased labor costs.  There can be no assurance that the labor laws will not change, which may have a material adverse effect upon our business and our results of operations.

12 

If We Were To Lose Our Existing Banking Facilities Or Those Facilities Were Substantially Decreased Or Less Favorable Terms Were Imposed Upon Us, The Company Could Be Materially And Adversely Affected.  We maintain banking facilities with Hang Seng Bank Limited, which are subject to renewal on an annual basis. We use these banking facilities to fund our working capital requirements.  The credit markets in Hong Kong and throughout the world have tightened and experienced extraordinary volatility and uncertainty.  We have had discussions with several of our banks and believe that the availability of our banking facilities will continue on terms that are acceptable to us.  However, as a result of changes in the capital or other legal requirements applicable to the banks or if our financial position and operations were to deteriorate further, our costs of borrowing could increase or the terms of our banking facilities could be changed so as to impact our liquidity.  If we are unable to obtain needed capital on terms acceptable to us, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Risk Factors Relating to Our Business

We Depend Upon Our Largest Customers For A Significant Portion Of Our Sales Revenue, And We Cannot Be Certain That Sales To These Customers Will Continue.  If Sales To These Customers Do Not Continue, Then Our Sales Revenue Will Decline And Our Business Will Be Negatively Impacted.  During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, three customers accounted for 60% of our revenue.  Those same three customers accounted for 59% and 35% during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We do not enter into long-term contracts with our customers but manufacture based upon purchase orders and therefore cannot be certain that sales to these customers will continue. Our largest customer prior to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, which accounted for 45% of our revenue during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 and 56% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016, ceased purchasing from us as of June 2017, causing a significant decrease in revenue. The loss of any of our remaining three largest customers would have a material negative impact on our sales revenue and our business.  There can be no assurance that we would be able to compensate for the loss of any of these major customers.

Defects In Our Products Could Impair Our Ability To Sell Our Products Or Could Result In Litigation And Other Significant Costs.  Detection of any significant defects in our products may result in, among other things, delay in time-to-market, loss of market acceptance and sales of our products, diversion of development resources, injury to our reputation or increased warranty costs.  Because our products are complex, they may contain defects that cannot be detected prior to shipment.  These defects could harm our reputation, which could result in significant costs to us and could impair our ability to sell our products.  The costs we may incur in correcting any product defects may be substantial and could decrease our profit margins.

Since certain of our products are used in applications that are integral to our customers’ businesses, errors, defects or other performance problems could result in financial or other damages to our customers, which would likely result in adverse effects upon our business with these customers.  If we were involved in any product liability litigation, even if it were unsuccessful, it would be time-consuming and costly to defend.  Further, our product liability insurance may not be adequate to cover claims.

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Our Sales Through Retail Merchants Result In Seasonality, Susceptibility To A Downturn In The Retail Economy And Sales Variances Resulting From Retail Promotional Programs.  Many of our customers sell to retail merchants.  Accordingly, these portions of our customer base are susceptible to downturns in the retail economy.  A greater number of our sales of scales products occur between the months of July and October in preparation for the Christmas holiday.  Throughout the remainder of the year, our products do not appear to be subject to significant seasonal variation.  However, past sales patterns may not be indicative of future performance.

Our Customers Are Dependent On Shipping Companies For Delivery Of Our Products, And Interruptions To Shipping Could Materially And Adversely Affect Our Business And Operating Results.  Typically, we sell our products either F.O.B. Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou), and our customers are responsible for the transportation of products from Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou) to their final destinations.  Our customers rely on a variety of carriers for product transportation through various world ports.  A work stoppage, strike or shutdown of one or more major ports or airports could result in shipping delays materially and adversely affecting our customers, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.  Similarly, an increase in freight surcharges due to rising fuel costs or general price increases could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Customer Order Estimates May Not Be Indicative Of Actual Future Sales.  Some of our customers have provided us with forecasts of their requirements for our products over a period of time.  We make many management decisions based on these customer estimates, including purchasing materials, hiring personnel and other matters that may increase our production capacity and costs.  If a customer reduces its orders from prior estimates after we have increased our production capabilities and costs, this reduction may decrease our net sales and we may not be able to reduce our costs to account for this reduction in customer orders.  Many customers do not provide us with forecasts of their requirements for our products.  If those customers place significant orders, we may not be able to increase our production quickly enough to fulfill the customers’ orders.  The inability to fulfill customer orders could damage our relationships with customers and reduce our net sales.

Pressure By Our Customers To Reduce Prices And Agree To Long-Term Supply Arrangements May Cause Our Net Sales Or Profit Margins To Decline.  Our customers are under pressure to reduce prices of their products.  Therefore, we expect to experience increasing pressure from our customers to reduce the prices of our products.  Continuing pressure to reduce the price of our products could have a material adverse effect upon our business and operating results.  Our customers frequently negotiate supply arrangements with us well in advance of placing orders for delivery within a year, thereby requiring us to commit to price reductions before we can determine if we can achieve the assumed cost reductions.  We believe we must reduce our manufacturing costs and obtain higher volume orders to offset declining average sales prices.  Further, if we are unable to offset declining average sales prices, our gross profit margins will decline, which would have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.

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We Depend Upon Our Key Personnel, And The Loss Of Any Key Personnel, Or Our Failure To Attract And Retain Key Personnel, Could Adversely Affect Our Future Performance, Including Product Development, Strategic Plans, Marketing And Other Objectives.  The loss or failure to attract and retain key personnel could significantly impede our performance, including product development, strategic plans, marketing and other objectives.  Our success depends to a substantial extent not only on the ability and experience of our senior management, but particularly upon Anthony So, our Chairman of the Board and Andrew So, our Chief Executive Officer.  We do not have key man life insurance on either Mr. Anthony So or Mr. Andrew So.  To the extent that the services of either Mr. Anthony So or Mr. Andrew So would be unavailable to us, we would be required to obtain another person or persons to perform their duties.  We may be unable to employ another qualified person with the appropriate background and expertise to replace Mr. So on terms suitable to us.

Contractual Arrangements We Have Entered Into Among Us And Our Subsidiaries May Be Subject To Scrutiny By The Respective Tax Authorities, And A Finding That Bonso And Its Subsidiaries Owe Additional Taxes Could Substantially Reduce Our Consolidated Net Income And The Value Of Your Investment. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the respective tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our subsidiaries and Bonso do not represent an arm’s length price and adjust Bonso’s, or any of its subsidiaries’, income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment.  Bonso did not consider it necessary to make tax provision in this respect.  However, there can be no assurance that the assessment performed by the local tax authorities will result in the same position.  A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction, for tax purposes, of expense deductions recorded by Bonso or any of its subsidiaries, which could in turn increase its tax liabilities.  In addition, the tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on our affiliated entities for underpaid taxes.  Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if our affiliated entities’ tax liabilities increase or if they are found to be subject to late payment fees or other penalties.

Increased Prices For Raw Materials May Have A Negative Impact Upon Us.  The price level of raw materials increased in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. The price of some of the raw materials fluctuates directly with the price of oil.  If oil prices increase in the future, it will likely result in a further increase in the costs of components to us, as well as an increase in our operating expenses, which could have a material adverse effect upon our business and results of operations.

We May Face An Increased Shortage Of Factory Workers.  Currently, we have a sufficient number of factory workers at our Xinxing factory and do not expect a significant labor shortage in the next 12 months.  However, there can be no assurance that we will not experience an increased need for workers in China in the future or that we will be able to adequately staff our factory in Xinxing in the future.  The inability to adequately staff our factories could have a material adverse impact on production, which could lead to delays in shipments or missed sales.  In the event that we have delayed or lost sales, we may need to deliver goods by air at our cost to ensure that our products arrive on time, which would likely result in an increase in air freight costs and vendor fines and could result in missed sales, any of which could have a material adverse effect upon our business and our results from operations.

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Recent Changes In The PRC’s Labor Law Could Penalize Bonso If It Needs To Make Additional Workforce Reductions.  In June 2007, the National People’s Congress of the PRC enacted new labor law legislation called the Labor Contract Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008.  It formalizes workers’ rights concerning overtime hours, pensions, layoffs, employment contracts and the role of trade unions.  Considered as one of the strictest labor laws in the world, among other things, this new law requires an employer to conclude an “open-ended employment contract” with any employee who either has worked for the employer for 10 years or more or has had two consecutive fixed-term contracts.  An “open-ended employment contract” is in effect a lifetime, permanent contract, which is terminable only in specified circumstances, such as a material breach of the employer’s rules and regulations, or for a serious dereliction of duty.  Under the new law, downsizing by 20% or more of each individual entity may occur only under specified circumstances, such as a restructuring undertaken pursuant to China’s Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, or where a company suffers serious difficulties in production and/or business operations.  Also, if we lay off more than 20 employees at one time, we have to communicate with the labor union of our Company and report to the District Labor Bureau.  During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2014, we paid severance payments of $1,194,000 for reducing our full workforce in Shenzhen, PRC as we moved our operations to the new factory in Xinxing, and the accumulated provision was approximately $437,000 as of March 31, 2019 (2018: $396,000; 2017: $297,000; 2016: $317,000; 2015: $256,000). This accrued severance payment allowance is reviewed every year.  We may incur much higher costs under China’s labor laws if we are forced to downsize again, and accordingly, this new labor law may exacerbate the adverse effect of the economic environment on our financial results and financial condition.

We Face Increasing Competition In Our Industry And May Not Be Able To Successfully Compete With Our Competitors.  Our business is in an industry that is becoming increasingly competitive, and many of our competitors, both local and international, have substantially greater technical, financial and marketing resources than we have.  As a result, we may be unable to compete successfully with these competitors.  We compete with scale manufacturers in the Far East, the United States and Europe.  We believe that our principal competitors in the scale market are other original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and original design manufacturers (“ODMs”), and all companies engaged in the branded, ODM and OEM business.  The scale market is highly competitive, and we face pressures on pricing which could result in lower margins.  Lower margins may affect our ability to cover our costs, which could have a material negative impact on our operations and our business.

We Are Controlled By Our Management, Whose Interests May Differ From Those Of The Other Shareholders.  As of June 30, 2019, Mr. Anthony So, our founder and Chairman, owned approximately 49.0% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Andrew So, our Chief Executive Officer and President, owned approximately 9.7% of our outstanding shares. Albert So, our Chief Financial Officer, owned approximately 5.4% of our outstanding shares. The record ownership of Mr. Anthony So, Mr. Andrew So and Mr. Albert So aggregates 64.1% of the shares entitled to vote. The other directors of the Company own of record 3.4% of the shares entitled to vote. Accordingly, the existing management and directors of the Company can vote in the aggregate 67.5% of the shares entitled to vote. As a result, the current directors and management of the Company are in a position to elect the Board of Directors and, therefore, to control our business and affairs, including certain significant corporate actions such as acquisitions, the sale or purchase of assets and the issuance and sale of our securities.  The current directors and management may be able to prevent or cause a change in control of the Company.  We also may be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us without the current directors’ and management’s consent.  The interest of our largest shareholders may differ from the interests of other shareholders. There are no agreements, understandings or commitments among the members of the Board to vote their shares in any specific manner or to vote collectively for or against any matter that may come before the shareholders.

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We Have Identified Material Weaknesses In Our Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Which Could, If Not Remediated, Result In Material Misstatements In Our Financial Statements.  We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As disclosed in Item 15 – “Controls and Procedures,” we have identified, in conjunction with our independent auditors, certain material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to our financial closing process, the lack of trained accounting personnel and the failure to enter certain transactions into the accounting records on a timely basis.

A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As a result of these material weaknesses, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of March 31, 2019, based on criteria set forth by the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.  We have experienced material weaknesses in our internal controls for several years; however, management has been unable to implement effective remediation measures.

As discussed in Item 15, we are developing and intend to implement remediation plans designed to address these material weaknesses; however, the material weaknesses will not be remediated until the necessary controls have been implemented and are determined to be operating effectively. We do not know the specific time frame needed to fully remediate the material weaknesses identified. We cannot assure you that our efforts to fully remediate these internal control weaknesses will be successful or that similar material weaknesses will not recur. If our remedial measures are insufficient to address the material weaknesses, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results.

Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management believes the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F fairly present in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Due To Inherent Limitations, There Can Be No Assurance That Our System Of Disclosure And Internal Controls And Procedures Will Be Successful In Preventing All Errors Or Fraud Or In Informing Management Of All Material Information In A Timely Manner.  Our disclosure controls and internal controls and procedures may not prevent all errors and all fraud.  A control system, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.  Further, the design of a control system reflects that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs.  Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been or will be detected.  These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur simply because of error or mistake.  Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by circumvention of the internal control procedures.  The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.  Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected. Management has concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, were ineffective.

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There Are Inherent Uncertainties Involved In Estimates, Judgments And Assumptions Used In The Preparation Of Financial Statements In Accordance With U.S. GAAP. Any Changes In Estimates, Judgments And Assumptions Could Have A Material Adverse Effect On Our Business, Financial Position And Results Of Operations. The consolidated financial statements included in the periodic reports we file with the SEC are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP involves making estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets (including intangible assets), liabilities and related reserves, revenues, expenses and income. Estimates, judgments and assumptions are inherently subject to changes in the future, and any such changes could result in corresponding changes to the amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and income. Any such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operation.

Compliance Costs With The Securities Laws, The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), The Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”), And Other Regulatory Initiatives Have Increased and May Continue to Increase Our Costs. Changes in corporate governance practices due to the Dodd-Frank Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, changes in the continued listing rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market, new accounting pronouncements and new regulatory legislation, rules or accounting changes have increased our cost of being a U.S. public company and may have an adverse impact on our future financial position and operating results. These regulatory changes and other legislative initiatives have made some activities more time-consuming and have increased financial compliance and administrative costs for public companies, including foreign private issuers like us. In addition, any future changes in regulatory legislation, rules or accounting may cause our legal and accounting costs to further increase. In addition, these new rules and regulations require increasing time commitments and resource commitments from our company, including from senior management. This increased cost could negatively impact our earnings and have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. Further, the new rules may increase the expenses associated with our director and officer liability insurance.

Our Operating Results And Stock Price Are Subject To Wide Fluctuations.  Our quarterly and annual operating results are affected by a wide variety of factors that could materially and adversely affect net sales, gross profit and profitability.  This could result from any one or a combination of factors, many of which are beyond our control.  Results of operations in any period should not be considered indicative of results to be expected in any future period, and fluctuations in operating results may also result in fluctuations in the market price of our common stock.

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Our Results Could Be Affected By Changes In Currency Exchange Rates.  Changes in currency rates involving the Hong Kong Dollar or Chinese Renminbi could increase our expenses.  During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017 and 2018 our financial results were affected by currency fluctuations, resulting in a total foreign exchange gain of approximately $258,000 and a total foreign exchange loss of approximately $353,000, respectively.  During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, our financial results were affected by currency fluctuations, resulting in a total foreign exchange loss of approximately $21,000.  Generally, our revenues are collected in United States Dollars and Chinese Renminbi.  Our costs and expenses are paid in United States Dollars, Hong Kong Dollars and Chinese Renminbi.  We face a variety of risks associated with changes among the relative value of these currencies.  Appreciation of the Chinese Renminbi against the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar would increase our expenses when translated into United States Dollars and could materially and adversely affect our margins and results of operations.  If the trend of Chinese Renminbi appreciation continues against the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar, our operating costs will further increase and our financial results will be adversely affected.  In addition, a significant devaluation in the Chinese Renminbi or Hong Kong Dollar could have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.  If we determined to pass onto our customers through price increases the effect of increases in the Chinese Renminbi relative to the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar, it would make our products more expensive in global markets, such as the United States and the European Union.  This could result in the loss of customers, who may seek, and be able to obtain, products and services comparable to those we offer in lower-cost regions of the world.  If we did not increase our prices to pass on the effect of increases in the Chinese Renminbi relative to the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar, our margins and profitability would suffer.

Protection And Infringement Of Intellectual Property.  We have no patents, licenses, franchises, concessions or royalty agreements that are material to our business.  We have obtained a trademark registration in Hong Kong for the marks BONSO and MODUS in connection with certain electronic apparatus.  Unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our products or trademarks or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary.  Policing unauthorized use of our products is difficult.  Our means of protecting our proprietary rights may not be adequate.  In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws of the United States.  Our failure to adequately protect our proprietary rights may allow third parties to duplicate our products or develop functionally equivalent or superior technology.  In addition, our competitors may independently develop similar technology or design around our proprietary intellectual property.

Further, we may be notified that we are infringing patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property rights owned by other parties.  In the event of an infringement claim, we may be required to spend a significant amount of money to develop a non-infringing alternative or to obtain licenses.  We may not be successful in developing such an alternative or obtaining a license on reasonable terms, if at all.  Any litigation, even without merit, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

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Cancellations Or Delays In Orders Could Materially And Adversely Affect Our Gross Margins And Operating Income.  Sales to our OEM customers are primarily based on purchase orders we receive from time to time rather than firm, long-term purchase commitments.  Although it is our general practice to purchase raw materials only upon receiving a purchase order, for certain customers we will occasionally purchase raw materials based on such customers’ rolling forecasts.  Further, during times of potential component shortages we have purchased, and may continue to purchase, raw materials and component parts in the expectation of receiving purchase orders for products that use these components.  In the event actual purchase orders are delayed, are not received or are canceled, we would experience increased inventory levels or possible write-downs of raw material inventory that could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We Generally Have No Written Agreements With Suppliers To Obtain Components, And Our Margins And Operating Results Could Suffer From Increases In Component Prices.  We are typically responsible for purchasing components used in manufacturing products for our customers.  We generally do not have written agreements with our suppliers of components.  This typically results in our bearing the risk of component price increases because we may be unable to procure the required materials at a price level necessary to generate anticipated margins from the orders of our customers.  Prices of components may increase in the future for a variety of reasons.  Accordingly, additional increases in component prices could materially and adversely affect our gross margins and results of operations.

We May Encounter Difficulties In Obtaining Approval To Redevelop Our Shenzhen Factory Land, Which Could Adversely Affect Our Growth And Business Prospects. As part of our ongoing business strategy we intend to focus our efforts on redeveloping our Shenzhen factory into a high-end commercial complex containing retail space, office space and some residential space.  We anticipate that it will take several years to obtain all necessary governmental approvals for us to redevelop the Shenzhen factory, and we think it is likely that we will obtain the necessary approvals. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain all requisite permits and approvals from relevant government authorities in relation to the redevelopment of the land, and the development of the commercial complex. Our planned real estate project is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including without limitation the following:

· we do not currently have strong brand recognition or relationships in the real estate development and management business;

· we may not be able to obtain all necessary government approvals or all requisite permits and approvals from relevant government authorities in relation to the redevelopment of the land, or to successfully redevelop the land in a timely manner;

· we face intense competition from real estate developers that are already in the business for years;

· our experience and expertise gained from our manufacturing business may not be particularly relevant or applicable to a real estate development and management business; and

· we may not be able to generate enough revenues to offset our costs in our real estate development and management business.

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We signed an agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen--Shenzhen Fangda Property Development Company Limited (“Fangda”) to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory in November 2017, and we signed a supplementary agreement with Fangda in July 2018. Fangda is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fangda Group Co., Ltd. (“Fangda Group”), which is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. Under the terms of the agreement, Fangda is responsible for applying for necessary government approvals and for financing and handling the redevelopment project, including facilitating the obtaining of necessary governmental approvals.  We anticipate completing the approval process in 2019; however, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining all necessary approvals.  If we are not successful in the implementation of our property development project, our growth, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We May Not Have Adequate Financing, Whether Through Bank Loans Or Other Arrangements, To Fund The Redevelopment Of Our Shenzhen Factory Site, And Capital Resources May Not Be Available On Commercially Reasonable Terms, Or At All. Although we have entered into an agreement for redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory under which Fangda will bear the costs of redevelopment, there can be no assurance that Fangda will have the funds available to redevelop the Shenzhen factory. If Fangda either does not have sufficient available capital or is unwilling to bear the costs of redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory, we will be required to undertake the redevelopment. Property development is capital intensive, and we do not currently have the necessary capital to fund the redevelopment project. If it were to be necessary, we would finance our property redevelopment from our cash on hand, bank facilities and other sources. We cannot assure you that lenders will grant us sufficient financing in the future to fully fund the redevelopment project or that funding will be available from other sources. Further, the financing policies of the PRC government relating to the property development sector have varied. It is possible that the PRC government may further tighten financing policies on PRC financial institutions for the property development sector. These property-related financing policies may limit our ability and flexibility to use bank borrowings to finance our property redevelopment project.

Fangda or We May Fail To Obtain, Or Experience Material Delays In Obtaining, Requisite Certificates, Licenses, Permits Or Governmental Approvals For Redevelopment Of Our Shenzhen Factory, And As A Result Our Redevelopment Plans, Business, Results Of Operations And Financial Condition May Be Materially And Adversely Affected. Property development in the PRC is heavily regulated. Property developers in China must abide by various laws and regulations, including implementation rules promulgated by local governments to enforce these laws and regulations. During various stages of our property redevelopment project, we/Fangda will be required to obtain and maintain various certificates, licenses, permits and governmental approvals, including but not limited to qualification certificates, land use rights certificates, construction land planning permits, construction works planning permits, construction works commencement permits, pre-sale permits and completion certificates. Before the government authorities issue any certificate, license or permit, we/Fangda must also meet specific conditions. We cannot assure you that we/Fangda will be able to adapt to new PRC land policies that may come into effect from time to time with respect to the property development industry or that we/Fangda will not encounter other material delays or difficulties in fulfilling the necessary conditions to obtain all necessary certificates, licenses or permits for our property development in a timely manner, or at all, in the future. If we/Fangda fail to obtain or encounter significant delays in obtaining the necessary certificates, licenses or permits we will not be able to continue with our redevelopment plans, and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

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Our Income From The Rental and Management Segment Will Drop Due To The Termination Of The Lease Agreement For Rental Of Our Shenzhen Factory. Previously, we derived a majority of our rental income from the rental of our Shenzhen factory facility. That lease was terminated as at January 31, 2019, and management was unable to lease the factory to another tenant. Assuming appropriate governmental approvals are obtained, of which there can be no assurance, development of the Shenzhen factory site will begin in late 2019. It will be several years before development is completed and before we will have any revenues relating to the redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory property. During that time there will not be rents generated from our Shenzhen factory facility.  However, we believe that we will have sufficient cash reserves plus cash flow from the rental of factory space at Xinxing and from manufacturing for our operations to continue and to meet the Company’s liquidity requirements.

Certain Legal Consequences of Foreign Incorporation and Operations

Judgments Against The Company And Management May Be Difficult To Obtain Or Enforce.  We are a holding corporation organized as an International Business Company under the laws of the British Virgin Islands (“BVI”), and our principal operating subsidiaries are organized under the laws of Hong Kong and the laws of the PRC.  Our principal executive offices are located in Hong Kong and the PRC.  Outside the United States, it may be difficult for investors to enforce judgments obtained against us in actions brought in the United States, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws.  In addition, most of our officers and directors reside outside the United States, and the assets of these persons are located outside the United States.  As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce against the Company or these persons judgments predicated upon the liability provisions of United States federal securities laws.  Our Hong Kong counsel and our British Virgin Islands counsel have advised that there is substantial doubt as to the enforceability against us or any of our directors or officers in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts in claims for liability based on the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws.

No treaty exists between Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands and the United States providing for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments. However, the courts of Hong Kong and the British Virgin Islands are generally prepared to accept a foreign judgment as evidence of a debt due. An action may then be commenced in Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands for recovery of this debt. A Hong Kong or British Virgin Islands court will only accept a foreign judgment as evidence of a debt due if:

· the judgment is for a liquidated amount in a civil matter;

· the judgment is final and conclusive;

· the judgment is not, directly or indirectly, for the payment of foreign taxes, penalties, fines or charges of a like nature (in this regard, a Hong Kong court is unlikely to accept a judgment for an amount obtained by doubling, trebling or otherwise multiplying a sum assessed as compensation for the loss or damage sustained by the person in whose favor the judgment was given);

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· the judgment was not obtained by actual or constructive fraud or duress;

· the foreign court has taken jurisdiction on grounds that are recognized by the common law rules as to conflict of laws in Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands;

· the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were not contrary to natural justice (i.e. the concept of fair adjudication);

· the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained, the judgment itself and the enforcement of the judgment are not contrary to the public policy of Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands;

· the person against whom the judgment is given is subject to the jurisdiction of a foreign court; and

· the judgment is not on a claim for contribution in respect of damages awarded by a judgment, which fall under Section 7 of the Protection of Trading Interests Ordinance, Chapter 7 of the Laws of Hong Kong.

Enforcement of a foreign judgment in Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands may also be limited or affected by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, arrangement and moratorium, or similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally, and will be subject to a statutory limitation of time within which proceedings may be brought.

Because We Are Incorporated In The British Virgin Islands, You May Not Have The Same Protections As Shareholders Of U.S. Corporations.  We are organized under the laws of the British Virgin Islands.  Principles of law relating to matters affecting the validity of corporate procedures, the fiduciary duties of our management, directors and controlling shareholders and the rights of our shareholders differ from, and may not be as protective of shareholders as, those that would apply if we were incorporated in a jurisdiction within the United States.  Our directors have the power to take certain actions without shareholder approval, including amending our Memorandum or Articles of Association, which are the terms used in the British Virgin Islands for a corporation’s charter and bylaws, respectively, and approving certain fundamental corporate transactions, including reorganizations, certain mergers or consolidations and the sale or transfer of assets.  In addition, there is doubt that the courts of the British Virgin Islands would enforce liabilities predicated upon United States federal securities laws.

Future Issuances Of Preference Shares Could Materially And Adversely Affect The Holders Of Our Common Shares Or Delay Or Prevent A Change Of Control.  Our Memorandum and Articles of Association provide the ability to issue an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in four classes.  While no preferred shares are currently issued or outstanding, we may issue preferred shares in the future.  Future issuance of preferred shares could materially and adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common shares, dilute the common shareholders’ holdings or delay or prevent a change of control.

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Our Shareholders Do Not Have The Same Protections Or Information Generally Available To Shareholders Of U.S. Corporations Because The Reporting Requirements For Foreign Private Issuers Are More Limited Than Those Applicable To Public Corporations Organized In The United States.  We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of rules promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”).  We are not subject to certain provisions of the Exchange Act applicable to United States public companies, including:  the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K, the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations with respect to a security registered under the Exchange Act and the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction (i.e., a purchase and sale, or sale and purchase, of the issuer’s equity securities within six months or less).  Because we are not subject to these rules, our shareholders are not afforded the same protections or information generally available to investors in public companies organized in the United States.

Our Board’s Ability To Amend Our Charter Without Shareholder Approval Could Have Anti-Takeover Effects That Could Prevent A Change In Control.  As permitted by the laws of the British Virgin Islands, our Memorandum and Articles of Association may be amended by our Board of Directors without shareholder approval.  This includes amendments to increase or reduce our authorized capital stock.  Our Board’s ability to amend our charter documents without shareholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of Bonso, including a tender offer to purchase our common shares at a premium over the current market price.

We Have Not Paid Dividends Since 2007 And May Not Pay Dividends In The Future.  We have not paid dividends on our common stock since 2007, and we may not be able to declare dividends, or the Board of Directors may decide not to declare dividends, in the future.  We will determine the amounts of any dividends when and if they are declared, in the future at the time of declaration.

Item 4.  Information on the Company

History and Development of the Company

Bonso Electronics International Inc. was formed on August 8, 1988 as a limited liability International Business Company under the laws of the British Virgin Islands under the name “Golden Virtue Limited.”  On September 14, 1988, we changed our name to Bonso Electronics International Inc.  We operate under the BVI Business Companies Act.

For a description of our current operating subsidiaries, see “Organizational Structure,” below.

Our corporate administrative offices are located at Cragmuir Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands and corporate administrative matters are conducted through our registered agent, HWR Services Limited, located at P.O. Box 71, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. Our principal executive offices are located at Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre, 9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong.  Our telephone number is (852) 2605-5822, our facsimile number is (852) 2691-1724, our e-mail address is info@bonso.com and our website is www.bonso.com.

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Organizational Structure

We have two wholly-owned Hong Kong subsidiaries, Bonso Electronics Limited (“BEL”) and Bonso Advanced Technology Limited (“BATL”).  Both BEL and BATL were organized under the laws of Hong Kong and are responsible for the design, development, manufacture and sale of our products.

BEL has one active Hong Kong subsidiary, Bonso Investment Limited (“BIL”).  BIL was organized under the laws of Hong Kong and has been used to acquire and hold our investment properties in Hong Kong and China.

BEL also has one active PRC subsidiary, Bonso Electronics (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BESCL”), which is organized under the laws of the PRC and was used to manufacture our products until January 2014.   BESCL leased its factory to a third party from August 2013 to August 2019; however, the tenant terminated the lease as at January 31, 2019, and the Company was unable to lease the factory. Effective with the transfer of manufacturing operations to Xinxing, we ceased manufacturing in this subsidiary. Subject to receiving the necessary governmental approvals, we will commence reconstruction of the existing Shenzhen factory into a high-rise industrial and commercial complex through our agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen (“Fangda”), which is described below under “Business Overview.”

BATL has two active PRC subsidiaries, Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company, Limited (“BATXXCL”), which is organized under the laws of the PRC and is used to acquire and hold our new manufacturing facility in Xinxing, Guangdong, China, and Bonso Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited (“BTL”), in Shenzhen, PRC, which provides product design and distribution services for the Group.

We also have a wholly-owned British Virgin Islands subsidiary, Modus Enterprise International Inc. (“Modus”), which owned 100% of Bonso USA, which has been dormant since 2009 and was formally deregistered during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.

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Business Overview

Since inception, Bonso Electronics International Inc. has designed, developed, produced and sold electronic sensor-based and wireless products for private label original equipment manufacturers (individually “OEM” or, collectively, “OEMs”), original brand manufacturers (individually “OBM” or, collectively, “OBMs”) and original design manufacturers (individually, “ODM” or, collectively, “ODMs”).

Since 1989, we have manufactured all of our products in China in order to take advantage of the lower overhead costs and competitive labor rates.  From 1989 until 2013, all of our production took place in our Shenzhen factory; however, during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013 we began production in our Xinxing factory.  We moved all production processes from our Shenzhen factory to the Xinxing factory during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2014, and we rented out the old Shenzhen factory to a third party as a source of rental income.

We have two factories in China and our business operations are organized based upon the products we offer. Our manufacturing operations are conducted at our factory in Xinxing. We operate in four business segments:

· Scales—manufactured at our factory in Xinxing

· Pet Electronic Products—manufactured at our factory in Xinxing

· Rental and Management—involves the leasing of our factory in Shenzhen, and the leasing of both factory space and equipment at our Xinxing facility

· Others—principally includes the activities of (i) tooling and mould charges for scales and pet electronic products, and (ii) sales of scrap materials.

The following table sets forth the percentage of net sales for each of the product lines mentioned above for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019:

	Year ended March 31,
Product Line	2017			2018			2019
Scales and Others		83	%		68	%		67	%
Pet Electronic Products		9	%		16	%		14	%
Rental and Management		8	%		16	%		19	%
Total		100	%		100	%		100	%

Our primary business has been the design, development, production and sale of electronic sensor-based and wireless products. Effective with the transfer of manufacturing operations to our factory in Xinxing we leased our factory in Shenzhen to a third party. This lease marked our entry into the “Rental and Management” business, into which we have been expanding and intend to expand further in the future.

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The lease with the third party for the Shenzhen factory was terminated as at January 31, 2019. We have engaged consultants to assist us in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals to permit us to redevelop the Shenzhen factory into a high-end commercial complex, containing retail space, office space and some residential space. In July 2017, we signed a letter of intent, and in November 2017, we signed the definitive agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen (“Fangda”) to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. Fangda is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fangda Group Co., Ltd. (“Fangda Group”), which is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. In July 2018, we signed a supplementary agreement with Fangda to modify our approach in obtaining government approvals.  Under the terms of the agreement, Fangda is responsible for applying for necessary government approvals and for financing and handling the redevelopment project.  The agreement provides that both companies will share the redeveloped property after reconstruction/redevelopment is completed with Bonso holding a 45% interest in the total floor area. However, the final sharing ratio is subject to government approval of the total floor area.  Fangda is in the process of obtaining necessary governmental approvals.  We anticipate completing the approval process in 2019; however, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining all necessary approvals.  If we are successful in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals for the redevelopment, we believe that the rental income derived from leasing the redeveloped property will be a significant contributing factor to our profit in the future.

In addition, since October 2016 we have leased excess space and equipment in our Xinxing facility to third parties in order to supplement our manufacturing revenues, and in June 2018, we completed construction of two additional buildings at our Xinxing facility that are being leased to third parties. See “Property, Plant and Equipment – China.”

Our principal capital expenditures on property, plant and equipment over the last three years are set forth below:

	On March 31,
	2017		2018			2019
Property, plant & equipment and land use rights	$	289,000		$	364,000		$	592,000

Our capital expenditures include construction-in-progress, leasehold improvement and the purchase of machinery used in the production of certain of our products.

All of the foregoing capital expenditures were financed principally from internally generated funds, except for three motor vehicles purchased with capital leases.

Business Strategy

Management of the Company believes that is in the best interest of the Company and our shareholders to further expand the Rental and Management segment. Since 2013, the Company has leased its entire Shenzhen facility, consisting of seven buildings for a total of approximately 375,000 square feet, to an unaffiliated third party, and it is also currently leasing an aggregate of approximately 236,000 square feet of its Xinxing facility to unaffiliated third parties. In addition, the Company, through its partner, Fangda, is in the process of applying for the required permits to redevelop the Shenzhen facility into a high-end commercial complex, containing retail space, office space and some residential space, all of which is intended to be leased out.  Management believes that the Rental and Management segment will increase and constitute a more significant part of our total revenues in the future.

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Scales, Pet Electronic Products and Other Segments

Products.  Our sensor-based scale products include bathroom, kitchen, office, jewelry, laboratory, postal and industrial scales that are used in consumer, commercial and industrial applications.  These products accounted for 82% of revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, 67% for 2018 and 66% for 2019.  We believe that our sensor-based scale products will continue to be a major portion of our scales revenue as we are able to secure orders from our major customers.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013, the Company began to produce certain pet electronic products, including a bark control device.  These products accounted for 9% of revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, 16% for 2018 and 14% for 2019.

We also receive revenue from certain customers for the development and manufacture of tooling and moulding for scales and pet electronic products although most of the tools and moulds that we produce are used by us for the manufacture of our products.  We also generate some sales of scrap materials.  These revenues accounted for approximately 1% of net sales for each of the last three fiscal years.

The following table sets forth the percentage of net revenue for each of the product lines mentioned above for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019:

	Fiscal Year Ended March 31,
Product Line	2017			2018			2019
Scales		82	%		67	%		66	%
Pet Electronic Products		9	%		16	%		14	%
Other		1	%		1	%		1	%
Total		92	%		84	%		81	%

Business Strategy – Scales and Pet Electronic Products.  With respect to our scales and pet electronic products business, we believe that our future growth depends upon our ability to strengthen our customer base by enhancing and diversifying our products, increasing the number of customers and expanding into additional markets while maintaining or increasing sales of our products to existing customers, and focusing upon the production and sale of higher margin products. Our future growth and our ability to maintain and increase profitability are also dependent upon our ability to control production costs and increase production capacity.  Our strategy to achieve these goals is as follows:

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Increased Focus upon Manufacturing and Selling Higher Margin Products and the Elimination or Decrease in the Production and Sale of Lower Margin Products.  Since 2015 we have focused upon eliminating the production and sale of lower margin products that require the employment of larger numbers of workers and the commitment of substantial resources to carry or stock raw materials and components inventory. We advised our largest customer for these low margin electronic scale products that without substantial price increases, we would not be in position to continue manufacturing these products in the calendar year beginning January 1, 2015. That customer did not agree to the price increases that we requested, and has shifted this business to alternative suppliers.  With the decrease in the production and sale of lower margin products, the Company increased its gross profit from 21.9% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, to 32.7% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016, 40.5% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, 39.6% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 and 39.6% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

Product Enhancement and Diversification.  We continually seek to improve and enhance our existing products in order to provide a longer product life cycle and to meet increasing customer demands for additional features.  Our research and development staff is currently working on a variety of projects to enhance our existing scale products and in the postal scale/meter area.  Further, we are developing certain pet electronic products for distribution into the China market.  See “Product Research and Development” and “Competition,” below.

Maintaining and Expanding Business Relations with Existing Customers.  We promote relationships with our significant customers through regular communication, including visiting certain of our customers in their home countries and providing direct access to our manufacturing and quality control personnel.  This access, together with our concern for quality, has resulted in a relatively low level of defective products.  Moreover, we believe that our emphasis on timely delivery, good service and low cost has contributed, and will continue to contribute, to good relations with our customers and increased orders.  Further, we solicit suggestions from our customers for product enhancement and when feasible, attempt to develop and incorporate the enhancements suggested by our customers into our products.

Controlling Production Costs.  In 1989, recognizing that labor cost was a major factor permitting effective competition in the consumer electronic products industry, we relocated all of our manufacturing operations to China to take advantage of the large available pool of lower-cost manufacturing labor.  Continuing this approach and recognizing that labor costs are significantly lower in Xinxing than in Shenzhen, we moved all of our manufacturing from Shenzhen to Xinxing, and there was a reduction in our labor costs as a result. In addition, we have continued to shift production and manufacturing of various parts and components to third party suppliers, including plastic injection molded parts and metal parts. In some cases, we have entered into agreements with third parties in which they lease our equipment and part of our manufacturing facility from us, and then manufacture parts and components that we use in assembling our final products. Those third parties provide the workers and supervisors, and the necessary raw materials. We lease our machinery or equipment, a portion of our dormitory and manufacturing facilities for their workers and supervisory staff and our meals or cafeteria services for the third party’s workers and staff. There are other third-party contractors that utilize their own equipment and their own facilities in manufacturing specific components or parts for us.

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We are actively seeking to control production costs by such means as redesigning our existing products in order to decrease material and labor costs, controlling the number of our employees, increasing the efficiency of workers by providing regular training and tools and redesigning the flow of our production lines.

Xinxing Manufacturing Facility.  In November 2006, Bonso entered into a land purchase agreement to acquire 133,500 square meters of land use right for future expansion in Xinxing, China.  In July 2015, the Company entered into an agreement to sell approximately 23,500 square meters of that land use right, leaving the Company with approximately 110,000 square meters. The office building on the Xinxing site was completed in February 2015, and its leasehold renovations were completed in January 2016. All manufacturing operations have been moved from Shenzhen to Xinxing.  We intend to carefully monitor our capacity needs and to expand or reduce capacity as necessary in the future. Excess space in this facility is currently being rented out to third parties.

Customers and Marketing.  We sell our products primarily in the United States and Europe.  Customers for our products are primarily OEMs, OBMs and ODMs which market the products under their own brand names.  We market our products to OEMs, OBMs and ODMs through our sales staff at trade shows and via e-mail, our website and facsimile.

Net export sales to customers in the United States and Europe constituting 10% or more of total revenue of the Company consisted of the following for each of the three years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

	Year ended March 31,
	2017				2018				2019
	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
United States of America		10,356		55		4,807		42		3,184		32
Germany		2,797		15		3,621		31		3,760		38
Netherlands		2,299		12		87		1		–		–
Total		15,452		82		8,515		74		6,944		70

We maintain a marketing and sales team of ten people.  Also, our experienced engineering teams work directly with our customers to develop and tailor our products to meet the customers’ specific needs.  We market our products primarily through a combination of direct contact by our experienced in-house technical sales staff and through trade shows and via e-mail, our website and facsimile.  Commission payments of approximately $11,000 were paid to the sales team during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 (2018: $13,000; 2017: $nil).

Our major sensor-based electronic scale products and pet electronic products customers and their percentage of sales revenue for the prior three fiscal years are below:

Percent of Sales – Year ended March 31,

Customer	2017			2018			2019
Customer A		14	%		31	%		37	%
Customer C		13	%		14	%		12	%
Customer B		8	%		14	%		10	%
Customer E		6	%		9	%		10	%
Customer D(1)		45	%		10	%		–

⁽¹⁾  This customer is no longer purchasing from us as of June 2017.

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Component Parts and Suppliers.  We are not dependent upon any single supplier for key components.  We purchase components for our products primarily from suppliers in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and China.

We have taken steps to reduce our exposure to any inability to obtain components by forecasting with an increased buffer rate and placing orders for components earlier to allow for longer delivery lead times.  Because of these actions, we do not expect to experience any difficulty in obtaining needed component parts for our products.  The price level of certain raw materials increased in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 compared to that in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 and increased in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

Quality Control.  We have received ISO 9001:2015 certification from BSI Assurance UK Limited.  The ISO 9001:2015 certification was awarded to our subsidiary, Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company Limited.  ISO 9001 is one of the ISO 9000 series of quality system standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization, a worldwide federation of national standards bodies.  ISO 9001 provides a model for quality assurance (and continuous improvement) in product development, manufacturing, installation and servicing that focuses on meeting customer requirements.  We have also received certification on the management system for medical devices of ISO13485:2003, which  ensures that we have implemented and maintained a quality system for the design and manufacture of medical devices and allows us to develop and manufacture safe and effective medical devices.

The European Union has enacted the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (“RoHS”).  RoHS prohibits the use of certain substances, including lead, in certain products.  We believe that we are in compliance with RoHS and have a supply of compliant components from suppliers.

The Company provides to certain customers an additional one to two percent of certain products ordered in lieu of a warranty, which are recognized as cost of sales when these products are shipped to customers from our facility.

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Patents, Licenses, Trademarks, Franchises, Concessions and Royalty Agreements.  We have obtained a trademark registration in Hong Kong and China for the marks BONSO and MODUS in connection with certain electronic apparatus.

We rely on a combination of patent, trademark and trade secret laws, employee and third-party non-disclosure agreements and other intellectual property protection methods to protect our proprietary rights.  There can be no assurance that third parties will not assert infringement or other claims against us with respect to any existing or future products.  We cannot assure you that licenses would be available if any of our technology were successfully challenged by a third party, or if it became desirable to use any third-party technology to enhance the Company’s products.  Litigation to protect our proprietary information or to determine the validity of any third-party claims could result in a significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, whether or not such litigation is determined in our favor.

While we have no knowledge that we are infringing upon the proprietary rights of any third party, there can be no assurance that such claims will not be asserted in the future with respect to existing or future products.  Any such assertion by a third party could require us to pay royalties, to participate in costly litigation and defend licensees in any such suit pursuant to indemnification agreements or to refrain from selling an alleged infringing product or service.

Product Research and Development.  The major responsibility of the product design, research and development personnel is to develop and produce designs to the satisfaction of, and in accordance with, the specifications provided by the OEMs, OBMs and ODMs.  We believe our engineering and product development capabilities are important to the future success of our business.  As an ODM, we take specifications that are provided to us by the customer and design a product to meet those specifications.  Some of our product design, research and development activities are customer funded and are under agreements with specific customers for specific products.  To reduce costs, we conduct our research and development at our facilities in China.  We principally employ Chinese engineers and technicians at costs that are substantially lower than those that would be required in Hong Kong.  At March 31, 2019, we employed nine individuals in Hong Kong and China for our engineering staff, who are at various times engaged in research and development.

Competition.  The manufacture and sale of electronic sensor-based and wireless products is highly competitive.  Competition is primarily based upon unit price, product quality, reliability, product features and management’s reputation for integrity. Accordingly, reliance is placed on research and development of new products, line extensions and technological quality and other continuous product improvement.  There can be no assurance that we will enjoy the same degree of success in these efforts in the future.  Research and development expenses aggregated approximately $158,000, $152,000 and $175,000 during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Seasonality.  Generally, the first calendar quarter of each year is typically the slowest sales period because our manufacturing facilities in China are closed for two weeks for the Chinese New Year holidays to permit employees to travel to their homes in China.  In addition, sales during the first calendar quarter of scales products usually dip following the increase in sales during the Christmas season.  Throughout the remainder of the year, our products do not appear to be subject to significant seasonal variation.  However, past sales patterns may not be indicative of future performance.

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Transportation.  Typically, we sell products either F.O.B. Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou), which means that our customers are responsible for the transportation of finished products from Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou) to their final destination.  Transportation of components and finished products to and from the point of shipment is by truck.  To date, we have not been materially affected by any transportation problems.  However, transportation difficulties affecting air cargo or shipping, such as an extended closure of ports that materially disrupts the flow of our customers’ products to their destination, mainly the United States and Europe, could materially and adversely affect our sales and margins if, as a result, our customers delay or cancel orders or seek concessions to offset expediting charges they incurred pending resolution of the problems causing the port closures.

Government Regulation.  We are subject to comprehensive and changing foreign, federal, provincial, state and local environmental requirements, including those governing discharges into the air and water, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous waste and the remediation of contamination associated with releases of hazardous substances.  We believe that we are in compliance with current environmental requirements.  Nevertheless, we use hazardous substances in our operations and, as is the case with manufacturers in general, if a release of hazardous substances occurs on or from our properties we may be held liable and may be required to pay the cost of remediation.  The amount of any resulting liability could be material.

Foreign Operations.  Our products are manufactured at our factory located in China.  While China has been granted permanent most favored nation trade status in the United States through its entry into the World Trade Organization, controversies between the United States and China have arisen that threaten the status quo involving trade between the United States and China. The U.S. government has recently imposed tariffs on certain foreign goods, including some of the Company’s products, and has indicated a willingness to impose tariffs on imports of other products.  Related to this action, certain foreign governments, including China, have instituted retaliatory tariffs on certain U.S. goods, and have indicated a willingness to impose additional tariffs on U.S. products. It remains unclear what the U.S. government or foreign governments will or will not do with respect to recent or future tariffs or other international trade agreements and policies. A trade war or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements or policies has the potential to adversely impact our supply chain and foreign demand for our products and, thus, to have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, the United States accounted for approximately 32% of net export sales of our manufactured products as opposed to 42% and 55% for the years ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.

Sovereignty over Hong Kong reverted to China on July 1, 1997.  The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, the 1990 Basic Law of Hong Kong, the 1992 United States-Hong Kong Policy Act and other agreements provide some indication of the business climate we believe will continue to exist in Hong Kong.  Hong Kong remains a Special Administrative Region (“SAR”) of China, with certain autonomies from the Chinese government.  Hong Kong is a full member of the World Trade Organization.  It has separate customs territory from China, with separate tariff rates and export control procedures.  It has a separate intellectual property registration system.  The Hong Kong Dollar is legal tender in the SAR, freely convertible and not subject to foreign currency exchange controls by China.  The SAR government has sole responsibility for tax policies, though the Chinese government must approve the SAR’s budgets.  Notwithstanding the provisions of these international agreements, we cannot be assured of the continued stability of political, legal, economic or other conditions in Hong Kong.  No treaty exists between Hong Kong and the United States providing for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments.  Accordingly, Hong Kong courts might not enforce judgments predicated on the federal securities laws of the United States, whether arising from actions brought in the United States or, if permitted, in Hong Kong.

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Adequacy of Facilities. We believe our manufacturing complex will be adequate for our reasonably foreseeable needs.

Rental and Management Segment

Since 2014, when we leased our Shenzhen manufacturing facility to a third party, we have gradually been developing a rental and management segment of our business.  The lease with the third party for the Shenzhen factory was terminated as at January 31, 2019. We currently lease approximately 236,000 square feet of space to third parties for an aggregate gross monthly income of approximately RMB 302,000, or $45,000. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, rental and management income accounted for approximately 19% of our net income. A description of the leases of factory space and equipment that we have entered into is set forth below under “Real Property.”

Real Property. A description of our real properties follows:

Hong Kong.  We own a residential property in Hong Kong, which is located at Savanna Garden, House No. 27, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong.  House No. 27 consists of approximately 2,475 square feet plus a 177 square foot terrace and a 2,308 square foot garden area.  The use of House No. 27 is provided as quarters to Mr. Anthony So, the Chairman of the Company.

China.  Our Shenzhen factory is located in the DaYang Synthetical Development District, close to the border between Hong Kong and China.  This factory consists of one factory building, which contains approximately 186,000 square feet, two workers’ dormitories, containing approximately 103,000 square feet, a canteen and recreation center of approximately 26,000 square feet, an office building, consisting of approximately 26,000 square feet, and two staff quarters for supervisory employees, consisting of approximately 34,000 square feet, for a total of approximately 375,000 square feet.  The Company entered into a rental agreement in June 2013 to rent out the Shenzhen factory to a third party from August 2013 to July 31, 2019.  However, in December 2018, the local environmental protection bureau ordered the tenant to cease production of its primary products as a result of the imposition of higher pollution standards resulting from the conversion two years ago of a nearby industrial factory to residential buildings.  The tenant terminated the lease agreement as at January 31, 2019 and relocated, and the Company was not able to find another tenant. As a result the Company lost the monthly rental income of approximately $107,000 per month.

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We have engaged consultants to assist us in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals to permit us to redevelop the Shenzhen factory into a high-end commercial complex, containing retail space, office space and some residential space.  In November 2017, we entered into an agreement with Fangda, a property developer in Shenzhen.  Fangda has taken over the process to facilitate and obtain the necessary governmental approvals. We anticipate completing the approval process in 2019; however, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining all necessary approvals. If we are successful in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals for the redevelopment, we believe that the rental income derived from leasing the redeveloped property will be a significant contributing factor to our profit in the future.

In November 2018, the Company paid a deposit of approximately RMB 6,035,000, or approximately $905,000, to a third party for a residential unit in Shenzhen. This unit, namely Unit 302, 5^th Building, Hua Qiang City, is located at Feng Tang Road in Fu Hai, Bao An, Shenzhen. This unit, consisting of 1,354 square feet, is located near our existing Shenzhen factory and will be utilized as quarters for the senior officers of the Company during their visit and monitoring of the redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory.

In addition, we own two office units in Beijing, namely Units 12 and 13 on the third floor, Block A of Sunshine Plaza in Beijing, China.  Unit 12 consists of 1,102 square feet and Unit 13 consists of 1,860 square feet.  One unit is rented to an unaffiliated third party for an aggregate monthly rental of approximately RMB 19,000, or approximately $3,000, while the other unit is rented to another unaffiliated third party for an aggregate monthly rental of approximately RMB 12,000, or approximately $2,000.

Our Xinxing factory is located in Xinxing High-Tech Industrial Estate, Xinxing, Yunfu City, Guangdong, China.  This factory land area is approximately 1,185,000 square feet, with six factory buildings consisting of approximately 421,000 square feet, three dormitories consisting of an aggregate of approximately 85,000 square feet, a canteen consisting of 15,000 square feet and an office building consisting of 49,000 square feet.

The Company entered into a rental agreement in July 2013 to rent out approximately 13,000 square feet of the factory building, plus some machines and equipment, to a third party from July 2013 to June 2016.  We received a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 43,000, or approximately $7,000, under that rental agreement.  The rental agreement was renewed in July 2016 and extended to June 2019 for the machines and equipment only, for which the Company receives a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 26,000, or approximately $4,000.

The Company entered into a rental agreement in January 2015 to rent out approximately 46,000 square feet of the factory building, as well as some machines and equipment, to another third party from January 2015 to December 2020.  We receive a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 54,000, or approximately $8,000, under that rental agreement.

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The Company entered into a rental agreement in September 2015 to rent out approximately 28,000 square feet of the factory building to another third party from September 2015 to February 2019. We received a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 26,000, or approximately $4,000, under that rental agreement.  In July 2016, the Company entered into another rental agreement to rent out another 28,000 square feet of the factory building to this third party from July 2016 to February 2019. These two rental agreements ended in February 2019 without renewal. In June 2018, the Company entered into another rental agreement to rent out another 42,000 square feet of the factory building to this third party from June 2018 to June 2024.  The total floor area rented to this third party and its related companies currently is approximately 55,000 square feet.  We receive a total monthly rental income of approximately RMB 60,000, or approximately $9,000, under that rental agreement.

The Company entered into a rental agreement in October 2016 to rent out approximately 29,000 square feet of the factory building to another third party from October 2016 to September 2018.  We received a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 27,000, or approximately $4,000, under that rental agreement.  This lease has been renewed at a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 38,000 or approximately $6,000, and this renewed rental agreement will end in September 2024.

The Company entered into a rental agreement in January 2017 to rent out approximately 19,000 square feet of the factory building to another third party from January 2017 to December 2022.  We receive a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 19,000, or approximately $3,000, under that rental agreement.

The Company entered into a rental agreement in February 2017 to rent out approximately 43,000 square feet of the factory building to another third party from February 2017 to February 2026.  We receive a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 46,000, or approximately $7,000, under that rental agreement.

In addition, the Company entered into a rental agreement in June 2018 to rent out approximately 21,000 square feet of the factory building to another third party from June 2018 to June 2024.  We receive a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 29,000, or approximately $4,000, under that rental agreement.

In addition, the Company entered into a rental agreement in February 2019 to rent out approximately 24,000 square feet of the factory building to another third party from February 2019 to January 2021.  We receive a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 29,000, or approximately $4,000, under that rental agreement.

The Company entered into a rental agreement in December 2016 to rent out 957 square feet of an apartment unit in Shenzhen to a third party from December 2016 to November 2018.  We received a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 2,800, or approximately $400 under that rental agreement. The rental agreement was renewed up to November 2019 with a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 3,000, or approximately $400, and we expect to renew this rental agreement with the same rent.

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Item 4A.  Unresolved Staff Comments

Not Applicable to Bonso.

Item 5.  Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Item 3. – “Key Information – Selected Financial Data” and the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Overview

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, the Company experienced decreased revenues from our scales and pet electronic products segments and increased revenues from our rental and management segment.

We derive our revenues principally from the sale of sensor-based scales manufactured in China, which represent 67% of total revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.  As mentioned in Item 3. – “Key Information – Risk Factors,” we are dependent upon a limited number of major customers for a significant portion of our revenues.  Our revenues and business operation are subject to fluctuation if there is a loss of orders from any of our largest customers.  Further, the pricing of our scale products is becoming increasingly competitive, especially to our customers in the United States and Germany, who together contributed approximately 70% of our revenue during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, we derived approximately $1,896,000 of rental and management income from leasing our facilities to third parties.

Net revenue, income/(loss) from operations and net income/(loss) were approximately $18,952,000, $3,166,000 and $2,795,000, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, $11,523,000, $238,000 and $4,000, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 and $9,992,000, ($540,000) and ($463,000), respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

Labor costs per worker are increasing in China. In Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC, the minimum wage was RMB 1,010 (or approximately $160) per month beginning in May 1, 2013, RMB 1,210 (or approximately $181) per month beginning in May 1, 2015, and since July 1, 2018 it has been RMB 1,410 (or approximately $213). We believe that future increases in labor costs in China would have a significant effect on our total production costs and results of operations.  Our labor costs represented approximately 14.0% of our total production costs in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, compared to 13.2% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 and 10.6% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017. Total labor costs decreased from approximately $919,000 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 to approximately $844,000 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in overall labor costs was the result of reduced sales in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. There can be no assurance that labor costs will not increase in the future or that any future increase in labor costs will not have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.

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We have continued to shift production and manufacturing of various parts and components to third party suppliers, including plastic injection molded parts and metal parts. In some cases, we have entered into agreements with third parties in which they lease our equipment from us, and then manufacture parts and components that we use in assembling our final products. Those third parties provide the workers and supervisors, and the necessary raw materials. We lease our machinery or equipment, our dormitory and manufacturing facilities for their workers and supervisory staff, and our meals or cafeteria services for the third party’s workers and staff. There are other third-party contractors that utilize their own equipment and their own facilities in manufacturing specific components or parts for us.

We have not experienced significant difficulties in obtaining raw materials for our products, and management does not anticipate any such difficulties in the foreseeable future.  The price of raw materials has increased over each of the last three fiscal years. There can be no assurance that raw material costs will not fluctuate or that any future increase in raw material costs will not have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.

In 2014 we analyzed our product mix and concluded that it would be advisable to eliminate the production and sale of lower margin products that require the employment of larger numbers of workers and the commitment of substantial resources to carry or stock raw materials and components inventory. With the decrease in the production and sale of lower margin products, the Company has increased its gross profit from 21.9% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, to 39.6% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

Operating Results

The following table presents selected statement of operations data expressed in thousands of United States Dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the fiscal years indicated below:

Statement of Operations Data	Year Ended March 31,
		2017 (1)				2018				2019
		$‘000		%		$’000		%		$’000		%
Net revenue - scales		15,814		83.4		7,862		68.2		6,686		66.9
Net revenue - pet electronic products		1,662		8.8		1,861		16.2		1,410		14.1
Net revenue - rental and management		1,476		7.8		1,800		15.6		1,896		19.0
Net revenue - subtotal		18,952		100.0		11,523		100.0		9,992		100.0
Cost of revenue - scales		(9,428	)	(49.7	)	(4,809	)	(41.7	)	(4,340	)	(43.4	)
Cost of revenue - pet electronic products		(991	)	(5.3	)	(1,139	)	(9.9	)	(915	)	(9.2	)
Cost of revenue - rental and management		(855	)	(4.5	)	(1,010	)	(8.8	)	(780	)	(7.8	)
Cost of revenue - subtotal		(11,274	)	(59.5	)	(6,958	)	(60.4	)	(6,035	)	(60.4	)
Gross profit - scales		6,386		33.7		3,053		26.5		2,346		23.5
Gross profit - pet electronic products		671		3.5		722		6.3		495		5.0
Gross profit - rental and management		621		3.3		790		6.8		1,116		11.2
Gross profit - subtotal		7,678		40.5		4,565		39.6		3,957		39.6
Selling, general and administrative expenses		(5,066	)	(26.7	)	(4,669	)	(40.5	)	(4,605	)	(4.6	)
Other income, net		554		2.9		342		3.0		108		1.1
Income / (loss) from operations		3,166		16.7		238		2.1		(540	)	(5.4	)
Non-operating (expenses) / income, net		229		1.2		(234	)	(2.0	)	77		0.8
Income / (loss) before income taxes		3,395		17.9		4		–		(463	)	(4.6	)
Income tax expense		(600	)	(3.2	)	–		–		–		–
Net income / (loss)		2,795		14.7		4		–		(463	)	(4.6	)

(1) Certain amounts in the statement of operations for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 have been reclassified to conform to the presentation for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

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Fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 compared to fiscal year ended March 31, 2018

Net Revenue.  Our revenue decreased approximately $1,531,000, or 13.3%, from approximately $11,523,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 to approximately $9,992,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. The decrease was mainly related to a decrease in sales revenue of approximately $1,176,000 in our scales segment and a decrease of approximately $451,000 from the pet electronic products segment, offsetting an increase of approximately $96,000 from the rental and management segment.

The decrease in sales revenue from scales segment was primarily due to lower demand of our scales products during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 since one of the major customers has stopped purchasing from us as of June 2017 and we completed all prior orders for that customer during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

The revenue decrease in the pet electronic products segment was due to lower demand of our pet electronic products to be exported to the United States and decreased orders from a major customer.

The revenue increase in the rental and management segment was due to increased floor area rented out in our Xinxing factory.

Gross Profit.  Gross profit as a percentage of revenue remained at approximately 39.6% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, as compared to approximately 39.6% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.  The same level of gross margin was primarily the result of same cost structure for the two years.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses.  Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $64,000, or 1.4%, from approximately $4,669,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 to approximately $4,605,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.  The decrease was primarily the result of reduced salaries and related costs during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, as compared to those during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

Other Income, Net.  Other income, net decreased approximately $234,000 or 68.4% from approximately $342,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 to approximately $108,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.  The decrease was primarily the result of lower gain from investment of financial instruments and less government subsidies received during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

Income / (Loss) from Operations.  As a result of the factors described above, income from operations decreased by 326.9% from a profit of approximately $238,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 to a loss of approximately $540,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

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Non-operating (Expenses) / Income, Net.  Non-operating (expenses) / income, net increased approximately $311,000 or 132.9% from a loss of approximately $234,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 to an income of approximately $77,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.  The increase was primarily the result of an increase in interest income resulting from more bank deposits placed for fixed deposits.

Income Tax Expense.  Income tax expense was $nil during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, as compared to an income tax expense of $nil during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

Net Income / (Loss).  As a result of the factors described above, consolidated net income decreased from approximately $4,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 to a net loss of approximately $463,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, a decrease in income of approximately $467,000, or 11,675.0%.

Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Net of Tax. Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax, decreased from a gain of approximately $2,062,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 to a loss of approximately $1,113,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, a decrease of approximately $3,175,000, or 154.0%.  The decreased foreign currency translation gain, net of tax, was primarily the result of the reduced amount of assets denominated in Chinese RMB since the Chinese RMB depreciated against the USD from March 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019.

Comprehensive Income.  As a result of the factors described above, comprehensive income decreased from approximately $2,066,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 to a loss of approximately $1,576,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, a decrease of approximately $3,642,000, or 176.3%.

Fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 compared to fiscal year ended March 31, 2017

Net Revenue.  Our revenue decreased approximately $7,429,000, or 39.2%, from approximately $18,952,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 to approximately $11,523,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.  The decrease was mainly related to a decrease in sales revenue of approximately $7,952,000 in our scales segment, offsetting increases of approximately $199,000 from the pet electronic products segment and approximately $324,000 from the rental and management segment.

The decrease in sales revenue from scales segment was primarily due to the loss of a major customer who stopped purchasing from the Company as of June 2017.

The revenue increase in the pet electronic products segment was due to increased demand for our products from customers selling into the U.S. and the PRC.

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The revenue increase in the rental and management segment was due to an increase in factory floor area being leased out.

Gross Profit.  Gross profit as a percentage of revenue decreased to approximately 39.6% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, as compared to approximately 40.5% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.  The lower gross margin was primarily the result of an increase in labor costs and manufacturing costs as a percentage of revenue during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, as compared to that during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses.  Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $397,000, or 7.8%, from approximately $5,066,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 to approximately $4,669,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.  The decrease was primarily the result of a decrease in selling expenses of approximately $43,000 due to fewer shipments made during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, a reduction of repair and maintenance expenses of approximately $66,000, a reduction in charitable donations of approximately $61,000 and a reduction of motor vehicle expenses of $41,000 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, as compared to those during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017.  In addition, there was a loss from forward contracts of approximately $70,000 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, whereas there was no such loss during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

Other Income, Net.  Other income, net decreased approximately $212,000 or 38.3% from approximately $554,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 to approximately $342,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.  The decrease was primarily the result of a gain on disposal of intangible assets of approximately $79,000 and a gain from deregistration of subsidiaries of approximately $22,000 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, whereas there were no such gains during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

Income from Operations.  As a result of the factors described above, income from operations decreased by 92.5% from a profit of approximately $3,166,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 to a profit of approximately $238,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

Non-operating (Expenses) / Income, Net.  Non-operating (expenses) / income, net decreased approximately $463,000 or 202.2% from a gain of approximately $229,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 to a loss of approximately $234,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.  The decrease was primarily the result of an increase in foreign exchange loss of approximately $611,000 from a gain of approximately $258,000 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 to a loss of approximately $353,000 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, as a result of the appreciation of the Chinese Renminbi against the United States Dollar during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, which offset an increase in interest income of approximately $183,000 resulting from more deposits placed for earning interest income during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

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Income Tax Expense.  Income tax expense was $nil during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, as compared to an income tax expense of $600,000 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017. The decrease in income tax expense was the result of reduced income from operations recorded during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 and the utilization of tax losses from prior years to offset taxable income.

Net Income.  As a result of the factors described above, consolidated net income decreased from approximately $2,795,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 to approximately $4,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, a decrease in income of approximately $2,791,000, or 99.9%.

Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Net of Tax. Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax, increased from a loss of approximately $1,410,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 to a gain of approximately $2,062,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, an increase of approximately $3,472,000, or 246.2%.  The increased foreign currency translation gain, net of tax, was primarily the result of the fluctuation of the Chinese Renminbi against the United States Dollar.

Comprehensive Income.  As a result of the factors described above, comprehensive income increased from approximately $1,385,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 to approximately $2,066,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, an increase of approximately $681,000, or 49.2%.

Impact of Inflation

Although we believe that the impact of inflation on our business was minimal during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 due to the lower price of oil, we believe that inflation did affect our business during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2018 and 2019. The minimum wage in Xinxing, PRC was increased from RMB 1,010 per month (or approximately $160) to RMB 1,210 per month (or approximately $181) as of May 1, 2015, and then to RMB 1,410 per month (or approximately $213) as of July 1, 2018.  We believe that inflation will continue to increase our operating costs and the cost of raw materials and that it will have a significant impact upon us in the future.  We have generally been able to modify and improve our product designs so that we could either increase the prices of our products or lower the production costs in order to keep pace with inflation.  Oil prices have been volatile in recent years.  If oil prices increase, it will likely result in an increase in the cost of components to us, as well as an increase in our operating expenses, which will have a material adverse effect upon our business and results of operations.  Further, the increase in labor costs and operating costs in the PRC has had a material impact on our profitability. 

Taxation

The companies comprising the Group are subject to tax on an entity basis on income arising in, or derived from, Hong Kong and the PRC.  The current rate of taxation of the subsidiary operating in Hong Kong is 16.5%.  However, BATL, which operates in Hong Kong, is subject to a Hong Kong profits tax rate of 8.25% on its first HKD 2 million of estimated assessable profits and at 16.5% on the remaining estimated assessable profits. The Group is not subject to income taxes in the British Virgin Islands.

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The tax rate for our subsidiary in the PRC has been 25% since 2012. There is no tax payable in Hong Kong on offshore profit or on dividends paid to Bonso Electronics Limited by its subsidiaries or to us by Bonso Electronics Limited.  Therefore, our overall effective tax rate may be lower than that of most United States corporations; however, this advantage could be materially and adversely affected by changes in the tax laws of the British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong or China.

Efforts by the Chinese government to increase tax revenues could result in decisions or interpretations of the tax laws by the Chinese tax authorities that are unfavorable to us and which increase our future tax liabilities or deny our expected refunds.  Changes in Chinese tax laws or their interpretation or application may subject us to additional Chinese taxation in the future.

No reciprocal tax treaty regarding withholding taxes exists between the United States and the British Virgin Islands.  Under current British Virgin Islands law, dividends, interest or royalties paid by us to individuals are not subject to tax as long as the recipient is not a resident of the British Virgin Islands.  If we were to pay a dividend, we would not be liable to withhold any tax, but shareholders would receive gross dividends, irrespective of their residential or national status.

Contractual arrangements we have entered into among us and our subsidiaries in different locations may be subject to scrutiny by respective tax authorities, and a finding against the Company and its subsidiaries may result in additional tax liabilities that could substantially reduce our consolidated net income.  We could face material and adverse tax consequences if respective tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our subsidiaries and Bonso do not represent an arm’s length price and adjust Bonso’s or its subsidiaries’ income.  Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if our affiliated entities’ tax liabilities increase.

Dividends, if any, paid to any United States resident or citizen shareholder are treated as dividend income for United States federal income tax purposes.  Such dividends are not eligible for the 50% dividends-received deduction allowed to United States corporations on dividends from a domestic corporation under Section 243 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”).  Various Internal Revenue Code provisions impose special taxes in certain circumstances on non-United States corporations and their shareholders.  You are urged to consult your tax advisor with regard to such possibilities and your own tax situation.

In addition to United States federal income taxation, shareholders may be subject to state and local taxes upon their receipt of dividends.

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Foreign Currency Exchange Rates

We sell most of our products to international customers.  Our principal export markets are North America (mainly the United States), Europe (mainly Germany) and Asia.  Other markets are other European countries (such as the United Kingdom), Australia and Africa.  Sales to international customers are made directly by us to our customers.  We sell all of our products in United States Dollars and Chinese Renminbi and pay for our material components principally in United States Dollars, Hong Kong Dollars and Chinese Renminbi.  Most factory expenses incurred are paid in Chinese Renminbi.  Because the Hong Kong Dollar is pegged to the United States Dollar, in the past our only material foreign exchange risk arose from potential fluctuations in the Chinese Renminbi and a devaluation in United States Dollars.  For the reasons discussed in the paragraphs below, management believes that it may be possible that there will be some fluctuation in the coming year. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, we experienced a foreign currency exchange loss of approximately $21,000.

A summary of our debts from our banking facilities utilized as at March 31, 2018 and 2019 which were subject to foreign currency risk is as follows:

	March 31, 2018		March 31, 2019
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Hong Kong dollars		99		445

The amount above is due within one year.

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Fluctuations in the value of the Hong Kong Dollar have not been significant since October 17, 1983, when the Hong Kong government tied the value of the Hong Kong Dollar to that of the United States Dollar.  However, there can be no assurance that the value of the Hong Kong Dollar will continue to be tied to that of the United States Dollar.  China adopted a floating currency system on January 1, 1994, unifying the market and official rates of foreign exchange.  China approved current account convertibility of the Chinese Renminbi on July 1, 1996, followed by formal acceptance of the International Monetary Fund’s Articles of Agreement on December 1, 1996.  These regulations eliminated the requirement for prior government approval to buy foreign exchange for ordinary trade transactions, though approval is still required to repatriate equity or debt, including interest thereon.  From 1994 until July 2005, the Chinese Renminbi had remained stable against the United States Dollar at approximately 8.28 to 1.00 United States Dollar.  On July 21, 2005, the Chinese currency regime was altered to link the RMB to a “basket of currencies,” which includes the United States Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen and Korean Won.  Under the rules, the RMB was allowed to move 0.3% on a daily basis against the United States Dollar.  The People's Bank of China, on May 21 2007, widened the RMB trading band from 0.3% daily movement against the United States Dollar to 0.5%.  On June 20, 2010, the People's Bank of China increased the flexibility of the exchange rate and between June 30, 2010 and December 31, 2013, the value of the Renminbi appreciated approximately 12.0% against the United States Dollar, although the value of the Renminbi depreciated approximately 2.5% against the United States Dollar in 2014. In August 2015, the People's Bank of China changed the way it calculates the mid-point price of Renminbi against the United States Dollar, requiring the market-makers who submit for reference rates to consider the previous day's closing spot rate, foreign-exchange demand and supply as well as changes in major currency rates. As a result, in 2015, the value of the Renminbi depreciated approximately 5.8% against the United States Dollar, and from December 31, 2015 through May 20, 2016, the value of the Renminbi further depreciated approximately 1.1% against the United States Dollar. From May 20, 2016 to July 14, 2017, the value of Renminbi further depreciated approximately 3.5% against the United States Dollar, and from July 2017 to July, 2018 it appreciated by approximately 1.2% against the U.S. Dollar.  From July 2018 to July 2019, it depreciated by approximately 2.8% against the U.S Dollar. There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a more flexible currency policy, which could result in greater fluctuations of the Renminbi against the United States Dollar. Accordingly, it is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the United States Dollar in the future.  As of July 14, 2019, the RMB was valued at 6.8802 per U.S. Dollar as compared to 6.6926 per U.S. Dollar as of July 14, 2018.

To manage our exposure to foreign currency and translation risks, we may purchase currency exchange forward contracts, currency options or other derivative instruments, provided such instruments may be obtained at suitable prices. 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our growth and cash needs to date primarily from internally generated funds and bank debt.  We do not use off-balance sheet financing arrangements, such as securitization of receivables or obtaining access to assets through special purpose entities, as sources of liquidity.  Our primary uses of cash have been to fund upgrades to our manufacturing facilities and purchases of equipment and toolings.

45 

Operating activities generated approximately $15,000 of net cash for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, as compared to approximately $2,786,000 of net cash for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.  This decrease in the amount of cash generated by operating activities was primarily attributable to a decrease in net income during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 as discussed above.

As of March 31, 2019, we had approximately $7,527,000 in cash and cash equivalents, as compared to approximately $8,751,000 in cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2018.  Working capital at March 31, 2019 was approximately $6,249,000, as compared to approximately $7,016,000 at March 31, 2018.  The decrease in working capital was primarily the result of an increase in acquisition of property, plant and equipment during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.  We believe there are no material restrictions (including foreign exchange controls) on the ability of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to us in the form of cash dividends, loans, advances or product/material purchases.  We believe our working capital is sufficient for our present requirements.

As of March 31, 2019, we had approximately $600,000 in net trade receivables, as compared to approximately $794,000 as of March 31, 2018.  This decrease of approximately $194,000 was primarily attributable to lower sales revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

As of March 31, 2019, we had approximately $829,000 in inventories, as compared to approximately $1,012,000 as of March 31, 2018.  This decrease of approximately $183,000 was primarily attributable to a lower inventory level required as a result of lower sales revenue.

As of March 31, 2019, we had a total of approximately $443,000 in notes and accounts payable, as compared to approximately $1,023,000 as of March 31, 2018.  The decrease of approximately $580,000 was primarily attributable to a decrease in raw materials purchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

As of March 31, 2019, we had in place general banking facilities with one financial institution with amounts available aggregating approximately $5,128,000 (2018: $5,128,000).  Such facility includes the ability to obtain overdrafts, letters of credit, short-term notes payable, factoring, short-term loans, long-term loans and financial instruments including forward contracts.  As of March 31, 2019, we had utilized approximately $445,000 from this general banking facility.  Interest on this indebtedness fluctuates with the prime rate and the Hong Kong Interbank Offer Rate as set by the Hong Kong Bankers Association, and the People’s Bank of China’s loan benchmark interest rate.  The bank credit facility is collateralized by our bank guarantee and an investment property of the Company.  Our bank credit facility is due for renewal annually.  We anticipate that the banking facilities will be renewed on substantially the same terms and our utilization in the next year will remain at a similar level as that in the current year.  During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, we paid a total of approximately $10,000 and $23,000, respectively, in interest on indebtedness.

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Our current ratio decreased from 2.61 as of March 31, 2018 to 2.50 as of March 31, 2019.  Our quick ratio decreased from 2.37 as of March 31, 2018 to 2.30 as of March 31, 2019.

As of March 31, 2019, we expect to spend approximately $41,000 on additional construction, leasehold improvements, new machinery and tooling in our Xinxing manufacturing facility in the next twelve months.

We believe that our cash flows from operations, our current cash balance and funds available under our working capital and credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs and planned capital expenditures for at least the next 12 to 24 months. However, a decrease in the demand for our products or increase in our costs of goods sold or expenses may affect our internally generated funds, and we would further look to our banking facilities, as well as to leasing out of excess space at our Xinxing facility, to meet our working capital demands.

Commitments

The following table sets forth information with respect to our commitments as of March 31, 2019:

			Payments due by Period
	Total		Within 1 year		2 to 3 years		4 to 5 years		More than 5 years
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Bank loans		445		445		—		—		—
Operating leases		463		112		219		132		—
Capital leases(1)		33		28		5		—		—
Construction in Xinxing, and mould		41		41		—		—		—
Income tax liabilities		—		—		—		—		—
Total		982		626		224		132

⁽¹⁾  Includes interest payment.

For a discussion of interest rates on our notes payable and bank loans, see Item 11. – “Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” below.

Critical Accounting Policies

The methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our most critical accounting policies have a significant impact on the results we report in our financial statements.  The SEC has defined the most critical accounting policies as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require us to make our most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain.  Based on this definition, our most critical policies include valuation of inventories, revenue recognition, impairment of long-lived assets, stock-based compensation, allowance for trade receivables and income and deferred income taxes.

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Below, we discuss these policies further, as well as the estimates and judgments involved.  We believe that our other policies either do not generally require us to make estimates and judgments that are as difficult or as subjective, or it is less likely that they would have a material impact on our reported results of operations for a given period.  For a discussion of all our significant accounting policies, see footnote 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Valuation of Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined on a first-in, first-out basis.  Net realizable value is the price at which inventories can be sold in the normal course of business after allowing for the costs of completion and disposal.  The Company continuously reviews slow-moving and obsolete inventory and assesses any inventory obsolescence based on inventory levels, material composition and expected usage as of that date.

Revenue Recognition

Effective April 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new guidance of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition”. Topic 606 requires the Company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company applies the following steps to recognize revenues: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Product sales

The Company’s revenue from contracts with customers is derived from product revenue principally from the sales of electronic scales and pet electronic products directly to customers. The Company sells goods to customers based on purchase orders received from the customers. The Company has determined there is one performance obligation for each model included in the purchase orders. The performance obligation is considered to be met and revenue is recognized when the customer obtains control of the goods, which is generally the point at which products are leaving the ports of Hong Kong, Shenzhen or Nansha (Guangzhou). The Company did not recognize any revenue from contracts with customers for performance obligations satisfied overtime during the year ended March 31, 2019. The timing of revenue recognition is not impacted by the new standard.

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The transaction price is generally in the form of a fixed price which is agreed with the customer at contract inception. The transaction price is recorded net of any sales return, surcharges and value-added taxes on gross sales. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the purchase orders. Customers are required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 15 to 60 days. In certain circumstances, the Company will request a deposit from a customer. Customers’ deposits are settled part of the outstanding bill upon receiving an acknowledgement from customers. For the remaining balance of the outstanding bill, the customer is required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 0 to 15 days.

Return rights

The Company does not provide its customers with a right of return or production protection. Each customer is required to perform a product quality check before accepting delivery of goods. The Company provides to certain customers an additional one to two percent of the quantity of certain products ordered in lieu of a warranty, which is recognized as cost of sales when these products are shipped to customers from the Company’s facilities.

Value-added taxes and surcharges

The Company presents revenue net of value-added taxes (“VAT”) and surcharges incurred. Surcharge are sales related taxes representing the City Maintenance and Construction Tax and Education Surtax. VAT, business taxes and surcharges collected from customers, net of VAT paid for purchases, are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets until these are paid to the tax authorities.

Outbound freight and handling costs

The Company accounts for product outbound freight and handling costs as fulfillment activities and present the associated costs in selling, general and administrative expenses in the period in which it sells the product.

Disaggregation of revenue

The Company disaggregates its revenue from different types of contracts with customers by principal product categories, as the Company believes it best depicts the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows. See Note 19 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for product revenues by segment.

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Contract balances

The Company did not recognize any contract asset as of April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019. The timing between the recognition of revenue and receipt of payment is not significant. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of deposits received from customers. As of April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the balances of the contract liabilities are approximately $57,000 and $17,000, respectively. All contract liabilities at the beginning of the year ended March 31, 2019 were recognized as revenue during the year ended March 31, 2019 and all contract liabilities as of year ended March 31, 2019 are expected to be realized in the following year. As of April 1, 2019, the adoption of ASU 606 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidation financial statements.

Rental income is recognized according to the rental agreements. Rental income for non-uniform rent payments is recognized on a straight-line basis throughout the lease term.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Intangible Assets

Long-lived assets held and used by the Company and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.  The Company evaluates recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the asset.  If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets calculated using a discounted future cash flows analysis.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company follows the guidance of ASC 718, “Accounting for Stock Options and Other Stock-Based Compensation.”  ASC 718 requires companies to record compensation expense for share-based awards issued to employees and directors in exchange for services provided.  The amount of the compensation expense is based on the estimated fair value of the awards on their grant dates and is recognized over the required service periods. Our share-based awards include stock options and restricted stock awards.  The estimated fair value underlying our calculation of compensation expense for stock options is based on the Black-Scholes pricing model. Forfeitures of share-based awards are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if our estimates change based on the actual amount of forfeitures we have experienced.

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Trade Receivables

Allowance is made against trade receivables to the extent that collection is considered to be doubtful.  This allowance is primarily determined from our monthly aging analysis.  It also requires judgment regarding the collectability of certain receivables, as certain receivables may be identified as collectible that are subsequently uncollectible and which could result in a subsequent write-off of the related receivable to the statement of operations.  Most of the Company’s trade receivables are generally unsecured.  To determine the necessity of a provision, the Company analyzes the age of the receivables and the customer’s ability to pay based on past payment history, financial statements and various information of the customer.   Any change in the collectability of accounts receivable that were not previously provided for could significantly change the calculation of such provision and the results of our operations.

Income and Deferred Income Taxes

The Company complies with ASC 740 which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return.  ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition.  Only tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold at the effective date may be recognized or continue to be recognized upon adoption of ASC 740.  The Company’s accounting policy is to treat interest and penalties as a component of income taxes.

Amounts in the consolidated financial statements related to income taxes are calculated using the principles of ASC 740 and ASU 2013-11 “Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists.”  ASC 740 requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns.  Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and the tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.  Future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carry forwards, are recognized as deferred tax assets.  Recognized deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Trend Information

We continue to be dependent upon a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our revenues, and the loss of any of these customers could have a material adverse effect upon us and our results of operations.  As of March 31, 2019, our backlog of manufacturing orders was approximately $679,000 as compared to approximately $1,641,000 as of March 31, 2018.  We expect that the demand for our products in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2020 will be similar to that in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The new accounting pronouncements in the United States that may be relevant to the Group are as follows:

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Subtopic 842)" ("ASU 2016-02"), and associated ASUs related to Topic 842, which requires an entity that leases assets to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Leases will be classified as either financing or operating, similar to current accounting requirements, with the applicable classification determining the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of operations. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018 and must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, which requires lessees and lessors to recognize and measure all leases within the scope of this ASU using one of the following transition methods: (i) the effective date or (ii) the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements at the date of initial application. The Company has elected to apply the transition requirements on April 1, 2019, effective date rather than at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. This approach allows for a cumulative effect adjustment in the period of adoption, and prior periods will not be restated. In addition, the Company has elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which does not require a reassessment of prior conclusions related to contracts containing a lease, lease classification and initial direct lease costs. As an accounting policy election, the Company will exclude short-term leases (term of 12 months or less) from the balance sheet presentation and will account for non-lease and lease components in a contract as a single lease component for all asset classes.

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The Company analyzed the impact of ASU 2016-02 across all lease arrangements to evaluate and implement the new standard. The Company are expected to meet the new accounting and disclosure requirements upon adoption on April 1, 2019. Based on the Company’s preliminary assessment, the Company expects to record right-of-use assets of approximately $413,000 and lease liabilities of approximately $413,000 in the consolidated balance sheets on the adoption date of April 1, 2019. The impact on the Group’s consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows is not expected to be material.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" ("ASU 2016-13"), which improves financial reporting by providing timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The ASU requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Forward-looking information will now be used to better inform credit loss estimates. This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, "Earnings Per Share (Topic 260) (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception" ("ASU 2017-11"). The amendments require companies to disregard the down round feature when assessing whether the instrument is indexed to its own stock, for purposes of determining liability or equity classification. Companies that provide earnings per share (EPS) data will adjust their basic EPS calculation for the effect of the feature when triggered (i.e., when the exercise price of the related equity-linked financial instrument is adjusted downward because of the down round feature) and will also recognize the effect of the trigger within equity.  For public business entities, this ASU should be effective for annual periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2017-11 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In September 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-13, "Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842)" ("ASU 2017-13"): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments. The amendments in ASU 2017-13 amend the early adoption date option for certain companies related to the adoption of ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2016-02. The effective date is the same as the effective date and transition requirements for the amendments for ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2016-02.

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In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, "Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)" ("ASU 2018-02"). The amendments in this Update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Consequently, the amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. However, because the amendments only relate to the reclassification of the income tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the underlying guidance that requires that the effect of a change in tax laws or rates be included in income from continuing operations is not affected. The amendments in this Update also require certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. Public business entities should apply the amendments in ASU 2018-02 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this Update is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-02 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” ("ASU 2018-13") which is part of the FASB disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments in the new guidance remove, modify and add certain disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements covered in Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement.” The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for either the entire standard or only the requirements that modify or eliminate the disclosure requirements, with certain requirements applied prospectively, and all other requirements applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, “Consolidation: Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities,” ("ASU 2018-17") which modifies the guidance related to indirect interests held through related parties under common control for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interest. ASU 2018-17 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses,” (“ASU 2018-19”) which clarifies and improves guidance related to credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement. Same as ASU 2016-13, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-20, “Leases (Topic 842): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors,” (“ASU 2018-20”) which aligns the guidance for fair value of the underlying asset by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in Topic 842, with that of existing guidance. Same as ASU 2016-02, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company believes adoption of this ASU would not have significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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In March 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-01, “Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements,” (“ASU 2019-01”) which provides guidance on determining the fair value of the underlying asset by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers and presenting sales-type and direct financing leases on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2019-01 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

We believe there is no additional new accounting guidance adopted, but not yet effective that is relevant to the readers of our financial statements. However, there are numerous new proposals under development which, if and when enacted, may have a significant impact on our financial reporting.

Item 6.  Directors, Senior Management and Employees

Directors and Senior Management

Our Board of Directors and executive officers are listed below:

Name	Age	Position with Bonso
Anthony So	75	Chairman of the Board, and Director
Andrew So	33	Deputy Chairman of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Albert So	41	Director, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, Financial Controller and Secretary
Kim Wah Chung	61	Director, Director of Engineering and Research and Development
Woo-Ping Fok	70	Director
Henry F. Schlueter	68	Director and Assistant Secretary

ANTHONY SO is the founder of Bonso.  He has been our Chairman of the Board of Directors since July 1988.  He was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer and President on November 16, 2006, and served in those capacities until March 20, 2015 when Andrew So was appointed President.  On March 15, 2019, Mr. Anthony So resigned from the position of Chief Executive Officer. Mr. So received his BSE degree in civil engineering from National Taiwan University in 1967 and a Master degree in Business Administration (“MBA”) from the Hong Kong campus of the University of Hull, Hull, England in 1994.  Mr. So has been Chairman of the Hong Kong GO Association since 1986 and also served as Chairman of the Alumni Association of National Taiwan University for the 1993-1994 academic years.  Mr. So has served as a trustee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Asia College since 1994.

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ANDREW SO joined the Company in August 2009 and has been a director since February 25, 2012.  Mr. So currently holds the position of Chief Executive Officer, and has also held the positions of Deputy Chairman of the Board and President since March 20, 2015.  Andrew So was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer on March 15, 2019. Mr. So graduated with distinctions in 2008 from the University of Toronto, Canada, with a Bachelor of Commerce degree (BComm).  From 2008 to 2009, prior to his employment with the Company, Mr. So worked as a Derivatives Analyst at State Street Trust Company Canada, Toronto, Canada. Mr. So graduated from the MBA Program of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in the Fall of 2014.

ALBERT SO was appointed as the Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of the Company on March 27, 2009.  He was appointed Treasurer and Financial Controller of the Company on March 20, 2015.  Mr. So was previously employed as the Financial Controller of the Company in January 2008 and as a management trainee of the Company in November 2004.  Mr. So has been a director since March 1, 2013.  Prior to his employment as a management trainee of the Company, Mr. So was a student.  Mr. So is a Certified Management Accountant and Financial Risk Manager, and received a Master degree in Business Administration from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, and a Bachelor degree in Mathematics from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.

KIM WAH CHUNG has been a director since September 21, 1994.  Mr. Chung has been employed by us since 1981 and currently holds the position of Director of Engineering and Research and Development.  Mr. Chung is responsible for all research projects and product development.  Mr. Chung’s entire engineering career has been spent with Bonso, and he has been involved in all of our major product developments.  Mr. Chung graduated with honors in 1981 from the Chinese University of Hong Kong with a Bachelor of Science degree in electronics.

WOO-PING FOK was elected to our Board of Directors on September 21, 1994.  Mr. Fok has practiced law in Hong Kong since 1991 and is a Consultant with Messrs. C.K. Mok & Co.  Mr. Fok’s major areas of practice include conveyancing and real property law, corporations and business law, commercial transactions and international trade with a special emphasis in China trade matters.  Mr. Fok was admitted to the Canadian Bar as a Barrister & Solicitor in December 1987 and was a partner in the law firm of Woo & Fok, a Canadian law firm with its head office in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.  In 1991, Mr. Fok was qualified to practice as a Solicitor of England & Wales, a Solicitor of Hong Kong and a Barrister & Solicitor of Australian Capital Territory.

HENRY F. SCHLUETER has been a director since October 2001 and has been our Assistant Secretary since October 6, 1988.  Since 1992, Mr. Schlueter has been the Managing Director of Schlueter & Associates, P.C., a law firm, practicing in the areas of securities, mergers and acquisitions, finance and corporate law.  Mr. Schlueter has served as our United States corporate and securities counsel since 1988.  From 1989 to 1991, prior to establishing Schlueter & Associates, P.C., Mr. Schlueter was a partner in the Denver, Colorado office of Kutak Rock (formerly Kutak, Rock & Campbell), and from 1984 to 1989, he was a partner in the Denver office of Nelson & Harding.  Mr. Schlueter is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Colorado and Denver Bar Associations and the Wyoming State Bar. Mr. Schlueter is registered with the Hong Kong Law Society as a Foreign Lawyer.

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Anthony So, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors is the father of Andrew So, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, and Albert So, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary.

No arrangement or understanding exists between any such director or officer and any other persons pursuant to which any director or executive officer was elected as a director or executive officer.  Our directors are elected annually and serve until their successors take office or until their death, resignation or removal.  The executive officers serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.

Compensation

The aggregate amount of compensation paid by us and our subsidiaries during the year ended March 31, 2019 to all directors, former directors and officers as a group for services in all capacities was approximately $1,275,000.  Total compensation for the benefit of Anthony So was approximately $643,000, for the benefit of Kim Wah Chung was approximately $171,000, for the benefit of Andrew So was approximately $249,000, for the benefit of Albert So was approximately $152,000 and for the benefit of Henry F. Schlueter was an aggregate of approximately $60,000.  The approximately $60,000 listed as having been paid for the benefit of Mr. Schlueter was paid to his law firm, Schlueter & Associates, P.C., for legal services rendered.  The amount for the year ended March 31, 2019, included unpaid vacation payments of approximately $43,000 and $11,000 for Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Kim Wah Chung, respectively.

We did not set aside or accrue any amounts to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits for directors and officers for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, other than contributions to our Provident Fund Plan, which aggregated $18,000 for officers and directors.

Employment Agreements

We have employment agreements with Anthony So and Kim Wah Chung.  Mr. So’s employment agreement provides for a maximum salary of approximately $800,000 per year plus bonus, and Mr. Chung’s employment agreement provides for a maximum salary of approximately $200,000 per year plus bonus.  The initial term of the employment agreements expired on March 31, 2013 (“Initial Term”); however, the employment agreements have been renewed under a provision in the agreements that provides for automatic renewal for successive one-year periods, unless at least 90 days prior to the expiration of the Initial Term or any renewal term, either party gives written notice to the other party specifically electing to terminate the agreement.  One of the properties of the Group in Hong Kong is also provided to Mr. So as part of his compensation.  Mr. So’s employment agreement contains a provision under which the Company will be obligated to pay Mr. So all compensation for the remainder of his employment agreement and five times his annual salary and bonus compensation if a change of control, as defined in his employment agreement, occurs.

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Options of Directors and Senior Management

The following table provides information concerning options owned by the directors and senior management at July 14, 2019.

Name	Number of Common Shares Subject to Stock Options		Exercise Price  Per Share		Expiration Date
Anthony So		150,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2020
		150,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025
Andrew So		125,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2020
		125,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025
Albert So		60,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2020
		60,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025
Kim Wah Chung		40,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2020
		40,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025
Woo-Ping Fok		25,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2020
		25,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025
Henry F. Schlueter		25,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2020
		25,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025

Directors

Except as mentioned above, our directors do not receive any additional monetary compensation for serving in their capacities as directors.  All directors are reimbursed for all reasonable expenses incurred in connection with their services as a director.

Employee retirement benefits

(a) With effect from January 1, 1988, BEL, a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary of the Company in Hong Kong, implemented a defined contribution plan (the “Plan”) with a major international assurance company to provide life insurance and retirement benefits for its employees.  All permanent full-time employees who joined BEL before December 2000, excluding factory workers, are eligible to join the provident fund plan.  Eligible employees of the Plan are required to contribute 5% of their monthly salary, while BEL is required to contribute from 5% to 10% based on the eligible employee’s salary, depending on the number of years of the eligible employee’s service. 

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The Mandatory Provident Fund (the “MPF”) was introduced by the Hong Kong Government and commenced in December 2000.  BEL joined the MPF by implementing a plan with a major international assurance company.  All permanent Hong Kong full time employees who joined BEL on or after December 2000, excluding factory workers, are eligible to join the MPF.  Eligible employees’ and the employer’s contributions to the MPF are both at 5% of the eligible employee’s monthly salary and are subject to a maximum mandatory contribution of HK$1,000 (US$128) monthly.  The maximum mandatory contribution was increased to HK$1,250 (US$160) monthly starting from June 1, 2012.  The maximum mandatory contribution was increased to HK$1,500 (US$192) per month starting from June 1, 2014.

Pursuant to the relevant PRC regulations, the Group is required to make contributions for each employee, at rates based upon the employee’s standard salary base as determined by the local Social Security Bureau, to a defined contribution retirement scheme organized by the local Social Security Bureau in respect of the retirement benefits for the Group’s employees in the PRC.

(b) The contributions to each of the above schemes are recognized as employee benefit expense when they are due and are charged to the consolidated statement of income (loss).  The Group’s total contributions to the above schemes for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 amounted to approximately $267,000, $255,000 and $264,000, respectively.  The Group has no other obligation to make payments in respect of retirement benefits of the employees.

Board Practices

All directors hold office until our next annual meeting of shareholders or until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified or their positions are earlier vacated by resignation or otherwise.  All executive officers are appointed by the Board and serve at the pleasure of the Board.  There are no director service contracts providing for benefits upon termination of employment or directorship.

NASDAQ Exemptions and Home Country Practices

NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 4350 provides that foreign private issuers may elect to follow certain home country corporate governance practices so long as they provide NASDAQ with a letter from outside counsel in their home country certifying that the issuer 's corporate governance practices are not prohibited by home country law.

On July 19, 2005, we submitted a letter to NASDAQ certifying that certain of Bonso’s corporate governance practices are not prohibited by the relevant laws of the British Virgin Islands.  We will follow British Virgin Island law in respect to the following requirements:

·A majority of Bonso’s Board of Directors will not be independent;

·Bonso will not have a nominating committee;

·Bonso will not have a compensation committee;

·Bonso’s independent directors will not meet in executive session; and

·Bonso’s audit committee may have only one member.

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Audit Committee

Mr. Woo-Ping Fok is the sole member of the Audit Committee and Mr. Schlueter serves as an ad hoc member.  Mr. Fok is “independent” as defined in the NASDAQ listing standards, and Mr. Schlueter may not be considered “independent” since his law firm serves as Bonso’s United States counsel.

The Audit Committee was established to:  (i) review and approve the scope of audit procedures employed by our independent auditors; (ii) review and approve the audit reports rendered by our independent auditors; (iii) approve the audit fee charged by the independent auditors; (iv) report to the Board of Directors with respect to such matters; (v) recommend the selection of independent auditors; and (vi) discharge such other responsibilities as may be delegated to it from time to time by the Board of Directors.  Effective as of June 30, 2015, the Board of Directors adopted an amended charter for its Audit Committee.

Employees

At March 31, 2019, we employed a total of 231 persons, as compared to 266 at March 31, 2018, 286 persons at March 31, 2017, 415 persons at March 31, 2016 and 528 persons at March 31, 2015; 8 employees in Hong Kong (8 in 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015) and 223 employees in China (258 in 2018, 278 in 2017, 407 in 2016 and 520 in 2015).  Employees are not covered by collective bargaining agreements.  We consider our global labor practices and employee relations to be good.

Share Ownership

The following table shows the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by our directors and executive officers as of July 14, 2019:

Name	Shares of Common Stock Owned of Record			Options Held			Total Number of Shares of Common Stock Beneficially Owned		Percent of Beneficial Ownership(1)
Anthony So		2,281,770	(2)		300,000	(3)		2,581,770		52.1	%
Andrew So		453,000			250,000	(4)		703,000		14.3	%
Albert So		250,000			120,000	(5)		370,000		7.8	%
Kim Wah Chung		93,700			80,000	(6)		173,700		3.7	%
Woo-Ping Fok		66,507			50,000	(7)		116,507		2.5	%
Henry F. Schlueter		0			50,000	(8)		50,000		1.1	%
All Directors and Officers as a group (6 persons)		3,144,977			850,000			3,994,977		72.6	%

⁽¹⁾  The number of shares outstanding is 4,653,369 shares, with 5,543,639 total number of shares issued, of which 890,270 shares are held in treasury.  The calculations herein are based on the number of shares outstanding of 4,653,369.

⁽²⁾  Includes 1,143,421 shares of common stock owned of record by a corporation that is wholly owned by a trust of which Mr. So is the sole beneficiary.

⁽³⁾  Includes options to purchase 150,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2020 and options to purchase 150,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁴⁾  Includes options to purchase 125,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2020 and, options to purchase 125,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁵⁾  Includes options to purchase 60,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2020 and options to purchase 60,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁶⁾  Includes options to purchase 40,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2020 and options to purchase 40,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁷⁾  Includes options to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2020 and options to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁸⁾  Includes options to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2020 and options to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

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Stock Option and Bonus Plans

The 1996 Stock Option Plan

In October 1996, our stockholders adopted the 1996 Stock Option Plan (the “Employees’ Plan”), which provided for the grant of options to purchase an aggregate of not more than 400,000 shares of our common stock.  In January 2000, our shareholders approved the proposal of the Board of Directors to increase from 400,000 to 900,000 in the aggregate the number of options to purchase common stock under the Employees’ Plan.  The purpose of the Employees’ Plan is to make options available to management and employees in order to encourage them to secure or increase on reasonable terms their stock ownership and to encourage them to remain with the Company.

The Employees’ Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which determines the persons to be granted options under the Employees’ Plan, the number of shares subject to each option, the exercise price of each option and the option period, subject to the requirement that no option may be exercisable more than ten years after the date of grant.  The exercise price of an option may be less than the fair market value of the underlying shares of common stock.  No options granted under the Employees’ Plan are transferable by the optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and each option will be exercisable during the lifetime of the optionee only by such optionee.

The exercise price of an option granted pursuant to the Employees’ Plan may be paid in cash, by the surrender of options, in common stock, in other property, including the optionee’s promissory note, or by a combination of the above, at our discretion.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, no options were granted under the Employees’ Plan and as of July 14, 2019, there were no options outstanding which were issued under that plan.

The 2004 Stock Option Plan

On March 23, 2004, our stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Option Plan (the “2004 Plan”), which provided for the grant of up to six hundred thousand (600,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of stock options, subject to certain adjustments as described in the 2004 Plan. At the Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on March 20, 2015, the shareholders approved an amendment to the 2004 Plan to increase the number of shares that could be granted from 600,000 to 850,000.

The purpose of the 2004 Plan is to induce key employees to remain in the employ of the Company and to encourage such employees to secure or increase on reasonable terms their common stock ownership in the Company.  The Company believes that the 2004 Plan promotes continuity of management and increased incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

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The 2004 Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors, which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company.  The committee members currently are Anthony So and Woo-Ping Fok.  The committee determines the specific terms of the options granted, including the employees to be granted options under the plan, the number of shares subject to each option grant, the exercise price of each option and the option period, subject to the requirement that no option may be exercisable more than 10 years after the date of grant.  The exercise price of an option may be less than the fair market value of the underlying shares of common stock.  No options granted under the plan will be transferable by the optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and each option will be exercisable during the lifetime of the optionee only by the optionee.

The exercise price of an option granted pursuant to the 2004 Plan may be paid in cash, by the surrender of options, in common stock, in other property, including a promissory note from the optionee, or by a combination of the above, at the discretion of the Committee.

As of March 31, 2019, 850,000 options, all with an exercise price of $1.50 per share, had been granted to officers and directors of the Company under the 2004 Plan, all of which remained outstanding as of July 14, 2019.

2004 Stock Bonus Plan

On September 7, 2004, our stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Bonus Plan (the “Stock Bonus Plan”), which authorizes the issuance of up to five hundred thousand (500,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of a stock bonus.

The purpose of the Stock Bonus Plan is to:  (i) induce key employees to remain in the employ of the Company or of any subsidiary of the Company; (ii) encourage such employees to secure or increase their stock ownership in the Company; and (iii) reward employees, non-employee directors, advisors and consultants for services rendered, or to be rendered, to or for the benefit of the Company or any of its subsidiaries.  The Company believes that the Stock Bonus Plan will promote continuity of management and increased incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The Stock Bonus Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company.  The Committee members currently are Anthony So and Woo-Ping Fok.  The Committee has the authority, in its sole discretion:  (i) to determine the parties to receive bonus stock, the times when they shall receive such awards, the number of shares to be issued and the time, terms and conditions of the issuance of any such shares; (ii) to construe and interpret the terms of the Stock Bonus Plan; (iii) to establish, amend and rescind rules and regulations for the administration of the Stock Bonus Plan; and (iv) to make all other determinations necessary or advisable for administering the Stock Bonus Plan.

As of March 31, 2019, no shares had been granted under the Stock Bonus Plan.

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Item 7.  Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

Major shareholders

We are not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by any foreign government or by another corporation.  The following table sets forth, as of July 14, 2019, beneficial ownership of our common stock by each person, to the best of our knowledge, known to own beneficially 5% or more of our common stock outstanding as of such date.  Except as otherwise indicated, all shares are owned directly and hold equal voting rights.

Name	Shares of Common Stock Owned			Options to Purchase Common Stock		Percent of Beneficial Ownership(1)
Anthony So		2,281,770	(2)		300,000		52.1	%
Andrew So		453,000			250,000		14.3	%
Albert So		250,000			120,000		7.8	%
CAS Corporation		290,654	(3)		-		6.2	%

⁽¹⁾ The number of shares outstanding is 4,653,369 shares, with 5,543,639 total number of shares issued, of which 890,270 shares are held in treasury.  The calculations above are based upon the number of shares outstanding of 4,653,369.

⁽²⁾ Includes 1,143,421 shares of common stock owned of record by a corporation that is wholly owned by a trust of which Mr. So is the sole beneficiary.

⁽³⁾ According to the Schedule 13D filed by CAS Corporation on December 11, 2007.

There are no arrangements known to us which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company.

Related Party Transactions

During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, we paid Schlueter & Associates, P.C. an aggregate of approximately $62,000, $60,000 and $60,000, respectively, for legal fees.  Mr. Henry F. Schlueter, a director of the Company, is the Managing Director of Schlueter & Associates, P.C.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, Anthony So, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, made an interest-free loan to Bonso Advanced Technology Limited, a subsidiary of Bonso Electronics International Inc., in the principal amount of HK$4,200,000 (approximately US$538,000 as of the date of the loan).  The loan is payable in 48 equal monthly installments of HK$87,500 each (approximately US$11,000), which commenced on October 31, 2014. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had repaid this loan in its entirety.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Shenzhen, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Anthony So, for three apartment units located in Shenzhen, PRC for office usage.  Mr. Anthony So is the sole owner of these three apartment units.  The monthly rental payment was approximately $2,000.  Starting from August 1, 2016, rental of two of the apartment units was no longer required and the rental agreement was terminated; a new rental agreement for one apartment unit for staff quarters was executed, for a monthly rental payment of approximately $270.  The total rental payment paid to Mr. Anthony So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 was approximately $3,000 (2018: $3,000; 2017: $9,000).

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During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Xinxing, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Andrew So, for an apartment unit located in Xinxing, PRC for staff quarters.  Mr. Andrew So is the sole owner of this apartment unit.  The monthly rental payment was approximately $450. Starting from December 1, 2018, the monthly rental payment was approximatley $580, and the total rental payment paid to Mr. Andrew So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 was approximately $6,000 (2018: $5,000; 2017: $5,000).

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016, one of the subsidiaries in Shenzhen, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Anthony So, for one apartment unit located in Shenzhen, PRC for staff quarters.  Mr. Anthony So is the sole owner of this apartment unit.  Starting from April 1, 2017, rental of this apartment unit was no longer required and the rental agreement was terminated.  The monthly rental payment was approximately $330, and the total rental payment paid to Mr. Anthony So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 was $nil (2018: $nil; 2017: $4,000) for this unit.

In February 2017, Henry F. Schlueter, a director of the Company, sold 24,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Company at a purchase price of $2.39 per share, pursuant to the Company’s repurchase program. In February 2018, Mr. Schlueter sold an additional 10,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Company at a purchase price of $3.48 per share. See Item 16E. – “Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers.”

Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not Applicable to Bonso.

Legal Proceedings

Not Applicable to Bonso.

Item 8.  Financial Information

Financial Statements

Our Consolidated Financial Statements are set forth under Item 18. – “Financial Statements.”

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Item 9.  The Offer and Listing

Offer and Listing Details

Our common stock is traded only in the United States over-the-counter market.  It is quoted on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the trading symbol “BNSO.”  The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the range of high and low closing sales prices per share reported by NASDAQ.  The quotations represent prices between dealers and do not include retail markup, markdown or commissions and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices for each of the last five years:

Period		High		Low
	April 1, 2014 to March 31, 2015	$	2.10	$	1.11
	April 1, 2015 to March 31, 2016	$	3.25	$	1.00
	April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017	$	4.25	$	1.23
	April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018	$	4.10	$	1.96
	April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019	$	5.04	$	1.62

The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices during each of the quarters in the two-year period ended June 30, 2019.

Period		High		LLow
	July 1, 2017 to September 30, 2017	$	3.02	$	1.96
	October 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017	$	3.31	$	2.06
	January 1, 2018 to March 31, 2018	$	4.10	$	2.42
	April 1, 2018 to June 30, 2018	$	5.04	$	2.73
	July 1, 2018 to September 30, 2018	$	3.96	$	2.76
	October 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018	$	3.49	$	1.62
	January 1, 2019 to March 31, 2019	$	3.30	$	1.87
	April 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019	$	3.06	$	2.43

The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices during each of the most recent six months.

Period		High		Low
	January 2019	$	2.62	$	1.87
	February 2019	$	2.98	$	2.19
	March 2019	$	3.30	$	2.71
	April 2019	$	3.06	$	2.56
	May 2019	$	2.85	$	2.43
	June 2019	$	2.80	$	2.49

On July 14, 2019, the closing price of our common stock was $2.70.  Of the 5,543,639 shares of common stock issued as of July 14, 2019, 4,653,369 shares were outstanding, 1,873,589 shares were held in the United States by 138 holders of record and 890,270 shares were held by the Company as treasury stock.  We have 151 shareholders of record.

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Transfer and Warrant Agent

The transfer agent and registrar for the common stock is Computershare, 8742 Lucent Boulevard, Suite 225, Highlands Ranch, Colorado  80129.

Item 10.  Additional Information

Share Capital

Our authorized capital is $170,000, consisting of 23,333,334 shares of common stock, $0.003 par value per share, and 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value, divided into 2,500,000 shares each of class A preferred stock, class B preferred stock, class C preferred stock and class D preferred stock.  Information with respect to the number of shares of common stock outstanding at the beginning and at the end of the last three fiscal years is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 included herein in Item 18.

At July 14, 2019, there were 5,543,639 shares of our common stock issued, 4,653,369 shares were outstanding and 890,270 shares were held by the Company in treasury.  All shares were fully paid.  In addition, we had outstanding 850,000 options to purchase common stock as follows:

Number of Options		Exercise Price per Share		Expiration Date
	425,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2020
	425,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025

At July 14, 2019, there were no shares of our preferred stock outstanding.

Memorandum and Articles of Association

We are registered in the British Virgin Islands and have been assigned company number 9032 in the register of companies.  Our registered agent is HWR Services Limited at Craigmuir Chambers, P.O. Box 71, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.  The object or purpose of the Company is to engage in any act or activity that is not prohibited under British Virgin Islands law as set forth in Paragraph 4 of our Memorandum of Association.  As an International Business Company, we are prohibited from doing business with persons resident in the British Virgin Islands, owning real estate in the British Virgin Islands or acting as a bank or insurance company.  We do not believe that these restrictions materially affect our operations.

Paragraph 57(c) of our Amended Articles of Association (the “Articles”) provides that a director may be counted as one of a quorum in respect of any contract or arrangement in which the director is materially interested; however, if the agreement or transaction cannot be approved by a resolution of directors without counting the vote or consent of any interested director, the agreement or transaction may only be validated by approval or ratification by a resolution of the members.  Paragraph 53 of the Articles allows the directors to vote compensation to themselves in respect of services rendered to the Company.  Paragraph 66 of the Articles provides that the directors may by resolution exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertakings and property or any part thereof, to issue debentures, debenture stock and other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of ours or of any third party.  Such borrowing powers can be altered by an amendment to the Articles.  There is no provision in the Articles for the mandatory retirement of directors.  Directors are not required to own shares of the Company in order to serve as directors.

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Our authorized share capital is $170,000, divided into 23,333,334 shares of common stock, $0.003 par value, and 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value.  Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each whole share on all matters to be voted upon by shareholders, including the election of directors.  Holders of our common stock do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors.  All of our common shares are equal to each other with respect to liquidation and dividend rights.  Holders of our common shares are entitled to receive dividends if and when declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefor under British Virgin Islands law.  In the event of our liquidation, all assets available for distribution to the holders of our common stock are distributable among them according to their respective holdings.  Holders of our common stock have no preemptive rights to purchase any additional unissued common shares.  No shares of our preferred stock have been issued; however, the Board of Directors has the ability to determine the rights, preferences and restrictions of the preferred stock at their discretion.

Paragraph 7 of the Memorandum of Association provides that without prejudice to any special rights previously conferred on the holders of any existing shares, any share may be issued with such preferred, deferred or other special rights or such restrictions, whether in regard to dividend, voting, return of capital or otherwise, as the directors may from time to time determine.

Paragraph 10 of the Memorandum of Association provides that if at any time the authorized share capital is divided into different classes or series of shares, the rights attached to any class or series may be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than three-fourths of the issued shares of any other class or series of shares which may be affected by such variation.

Paragraph 105 of the Articles of Association provides that our Memorandum and Articles of Association may be amended by a resolution of members or a resolution of directors.  Thus, our Board of Directors without shareholder approval may amend our Memorandum and Articles of Association.  This includes amendments to increase or reduce our authorized capital stock.  Our ability to amend our Memorandum and Articles of Association without shareholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of the Company, including a tender offer to purchase our common shares at a premium over the then current market price.

Provisions in respect of the holding of general meetings and extraordinary general meetings are set out in Paragraphs 68 through 77 of the Articles and under the International Business Companies Act.  The directors may convene meetings of the members at such times and in such manner and places as the directors consider necessary or desirable, and they shall convene such a meeting upon the written request of members holding more than 30% of the votes of our outstanding voting shares.

British Virgin Islands law and our Memorandum and Articles of Association impose no limitations on the right of nonresident or foreign owners to hold or vote our securities.  There are no provisions in the Memorandum and Articles of Association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

A copy of our Memorandum and Articles of Association, as amended, was filed as an exhibit to our Registration Statement on Form F-2 (SEC File No. 333-32524).

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Material Contracts

The following summarizes each material contract, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which Bonso or any subsidiary of Bonso is a party, for the two years immediately preceding the filing of this report:

We signed a Banking Facilities Letter dated April 4, 2019 with Hang Seng Bank for an approximately HK$40.0 million (or approximately US$5.1 million) letter of credit, trust receipt facility, export D/P bills, export trade loan, factoring, overdraft facility, term loans and financial instruments including forward contracts.  A copy of this Banking Facilities Letter is attached to this Annual Report on Form 20-F as Exhibit 4.1 and is incorporated herein by this reference.

In November 2017, we signed an agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen (Fangda) to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. Under the terms of the agreement, Fangda is responsible for applying for necessary government approvals and for financing and handling the redevelopment project. Under the agreement, both companies will share the redeveloped property after reconstruction/redevelopment is completed with Bonso holding a 45% interest in the total floor area.  In July 2018, we signed a supplementary agreement with Fangda to modify our approach in obtaining government approvals. Summaries of the November 2017 agreement and the supplementary agreement are filed as Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 6-K which was filed with the SEC on March 27, 2018, and Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 which was filed with the SEC on August 15, 2018, respectively. Both agreements are incorporated herein by this reference.

Exchange Controls

There are no exchange control restrictions on payments of dividends on our common stock or on the conduct of our operations either in Hong Kong, where our principal executive offices are located, or the British Virgin Islands, where we are incorporated.  Other jurisdictions in which we conduct operations may have various exchange controls.  Taxation and repatriation of profits regarding our China operations are regulated by Chinese laws and regulations.  With respect to our PRC subsidiaries, with the exception of a requirement that approximately 10% of profits be reserved for future developments and staff welfare, there are no restrictions on the payment of dividends and the removal of dividends from China once all taxes are paid and assessed and losses, if any, from previous years have been made good.  To date, these controls have not had, and are not expected to have, a material impact on our financial results.  There are no material British Virgin Islands laws that impose foreign exchange controls on us or that affect the payment of dividends, interest or other payments to holders of our securities who are not residents of the British Virgin Islands.  British Virgin Islands law and our Memorandum and Articles of Association impose no limitations on the right of nonresident or foreign owners to hold or vote our securities.

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Taxation

No reciprocal tax treaty regarding withholding exists between the United States and the British Virgin Islands.  Under current British Virgin Islands law, dividends, interest or royalties paid by us to individuals are not subject to tax as long as the recipient is not a resident of the British Virgin Islands.  If we were to pay a dividend, we would not be liable to withhold any tax, but shareholders would receive gross dividends, if any, irrespective of their residential or national status.

Dividends, if any, paid to any United States resident or citizen shareholder are treated as dividend income for United States federal income tax purposes.  Such dividends are not eligible for the 50% dividends-received deduction allowed to United States corporations on dividends from a domestic corporation under Section 243 of the Internal Revenue Code.  Various Internal Revenue Code provisions impose special taxes in certain circumstances on non-United States corporations and their shareholders.  You are urged to consult your tax advisor with regard to such possibilities and your own tax situation.

A foreign corporation will be treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for United States federal income tax purposes if, after applying relevant look-through rules with respect to the income and assets of subsidiaries, 75% or more of its gross income consists of certain types of passive income or 50% or more of the gross value of its assets is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income.  For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents (other that rents and royalties derived in the active conduct of a trade or business), annuities and gains from assets that produce passive income.  We presently believe that we are not a PFIC and do not anticipate becoming a PFIC.  This is, however, a factual determination made on an annual basis and is subject to change.  If we were to be classified as a PFIC in any taxable year, (i) U.S. holders would generally be required to treat any gain on sales of our shares held by them as ordinary income and to pay an interest charge on the value of the deferral of their United States federal income tax attributable to such gain; and (ii) distributions paid by us to our United States holders could also be subject to an interest charge.  In addition, we would not provide information to our United States holders that would enable them to make a “qualified electing fund” election under which, generally, in lieu of the foregoing treatment, our earnings would be currently included in their United States federal income.

In addition to United States federal income taxation, shareholders may be subject to state and local taxes upon their receipt of dividends.

Documents on Display

You may read and copy documents referred to in this Annual Report on Form 20-F that have been filed with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.  You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.  You can also obtain copies of our SEC filings by going to the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” the information we file with the SEC.  This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC.  The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

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Item 11.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to a certain level of interest rate risk and foreign currency exchange risk.

Interest Rate Risk

Our interest rate risk primarily arises from our bank borrowings and our general banking facilities.  As at March 31, 2019, we had utilized approximately $445,000 of our total banking facilities of approximately $5,128,000.  Based on the maturity profile and composition of our long-term debt and general banking facilities, including the fact that our banking facilities are at variable interest rates, we estimate that changes in interest rates will not have a material impact on our operating results or cash flows.  We intend to manage our interest rate risk through appropriate borrowing strategies.  We have not entered into interest rate swap or risk management agreements; however, it is possible that we may do so in the future.

A summary of our debts as at March 31, 2019 which were subject to variable interest rates is as below:

	March 31,		Interest
	2019		Rate
Notes payable	$	Nil		HIBOR(1) +2.50%
Short term loans (2)	$	Nil		HIBOR(1) +2.25%
Long term loans (2)	$	445,000		HIBOR(1) +2.00%

⁽¹⁾ HIBOR is the Hong Kong Interbank Offer Rate.

⁽²⁾ A clause in the banking facility states that the term loans are subject to review any time and also subject to the bank's overriding right of repayment on demand, including the right to call for cash cover on demand for prospective and contingent liabilities.  Therefore, all long-term loans were classified as current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

A change in the interest rate of 1% will increase or decrease the interest expense of the Company by approximately $6,000.

For further information concerning our banking facilities, the interest rates payable and repayment terms, please see Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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Foreign Currency Exchange Rates

For a discussion of our Foreign Currency Exchange Risk, See Item 5. – “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Foreign Currency Exchange Rates.”

Item 12.  Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities

Not applicable to Bonso.

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PART II

Item 13.  Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

None.

Item 14.  Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 15.  Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management directed that an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in paragraph (e) of Rule 13a-15 or 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, be conducted as of March 31, 2019. Our Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Operating Officer and the Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

· pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

· provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of our Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

· provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of controls.  Accordingly, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurances with respect to financial statement preparation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on the assessment, the Company’s management, including its Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have concluded that, as of March 31, 2019, there were certain material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting related to our financial closing process, the lack of trained accounting personnel and the failure to enter certain transactions into the accounting records on a timely basis. All of these weaknesses were identified in the Form 20-F that we filed during the previous year.  As a result of that evaluation and other assessments and observations, management concluded that both our internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, were ineffective.

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· We have not maintained effective internal control over the financial closing process to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements (including our interim financial statements) are prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).

· We did not have:

§ a sufficient number of experienced personnel in our accounting and finance departments to provide reasonable assurance that transactions were being recorded, and adequate supervisory reviews and monitoring activities over financial reporting matters and controls performed, as necessary to permit the preparation of the financial statements (including our interim financial statements) in accordance with GAAP;

§ timely and accurate preparation and review of period-end account analyses and timely disposition of any required adjustments; and

§ adequate training of and communication to employees regarding their duties and control responsibilities within the accounting and finance organization to ensure that processes and control activities were being carried out appropriately.

Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management believes the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F fairly present in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Remediation Efforts

In response to the material weaknesses described above, management intends to do the following:

· Provide further training and communication to its accounting staff with regard to the recording of transactions in the accounting records, and closing procedures and practices.

· Increase supervisory review and monitoring activities over financial reporting matters and controls.

· Consider hiring either an additional experienced accountant with U.S. GAAP experience or outside consultants to work with the Company and its accounting staff.

73 

If the remedial measures described above are insufficient to address any of the identified material weaknesses or are not implemented effectively, or additional deficiencies arise in the future, material misstatements in our interim or annual financial statements may occur in the future. We are currently working to implement enhanced controls, as discussed above, to address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and to remedy the ineffectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. A key element of our remediation effort is the ability to recruit and retain qualified individuals to support our remediation efforts. While our Audit Committee and Board of Directors have been supportive of our efforts by supporting the hiring of various individuals in finance, as well as funding efforts to improve our financial reporting system, improvement in internal control will be hampered if we cannot recruit and retain more qualified professionals. Among other things, any unremediated material weaknesses could result in material post-closing adjustments in future financial statements. Furthermore, any such unremediated material weaknesses could have the effects described above in the Risk Factor captioned “We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements.” Management believes that the remediation items listed above, if executed, will ensure that data and reports can be relied upon for the purpose of accurately and timely recording transactions in accordance with GAAP.  However, we have experienced material weaknesses in our internal controls for several years and, to date, management has been unable to implement effective remediation measures.

Changes in Internal Controls

There were no changes in the Company’s internal controls during the period covered by this Report that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 16.  Reserved

Item 16A.  Audit Committee Financial Expert

Henry F. Schlueter is an ad hoc member of the Company’s Audit Committee and is deemed to be a financial expert.  Mr. Schlueter, the Company’s outside securities counsel, may not be deemed to be “independent” within the definition of “independence” published by NASDAQ.

Item 16B.  Code of Ethics

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.  We intend to disclose any changes in, or waivers from, our code of ethics by filing a Form 6-K.  Stockholders may request a free copy in print form from our Chief Financial Officer at:

Bonso Electronics International, Inc.

Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre

9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui

Kowloon

Hong Kong

74 

Item 16C.  Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Audit Committee’s Pre-approval Policies and Procedure

The Audit Committee must pre-approve the audit and non-audit services performed by the independent auditor in order to assure that the provision of such services does not impair the auditor's independence.  Before the Company or any of its subsidiaries engage the independent auditor to render a service, the engagement must be either:

· specifically approved by the Audit Committee; or

· entered into pursuant to this Pre-Approval Policy.

The term of any pre-approval is 12 months from the date of pre-approval, unless the Audit Committee specifically provides for a different period.  The Audit Committee may periodically revise the list of pre-approved services.

The Audit Committee may delegate pre-approval authority to one or more of its members.  The member or members to whom such authority is delegated shall report any pre-approval decisions to the Audit Committee at its next scheduled meeting.  The Audit Committee may not delegate to management the Audit Committee's responsibilities to pre-approve services performed by the independent auditor.

The Audit Committee must specifically pre-approve the terms of the annual audit services engagement.  The Audit Committee shall approve, if necessary, any changes in terms resulting from changes in audit scope, Company structure or other matters.  In addition to the annual audit services engagement approved by the Audit Committee, the Audit Committee may grant pre-approval for other audit services, which are those services that only the independent auditor reasonably can provide.

The Audit Committee may grant pre-approval to those permissible non-audit services classified as other services that it believes would not impair the independence of the auditor, including those that are routine and recurring services.

The Audit Committee may consider the amount or range of estimated fees as a factor in determining whether a proposed service would impair the auditor's independence.  Where the Audit Committee has approved an estimated fee for a service, the pre-approval applies to all services described in the approval.  However, in the event the invoice in respect of any such service is materially in excess of the estimated amount or range, the Audit Committee must approve such excess amount prior to payment of the invoice.  The Audit Committee expects that any requests to pay invoices in excess of the estimated amounts will include an explanation as to the reason for the overage.  The Company’s independent auditor will be informed of this policy.

The Company’s management shall inform the Audit Committee of each service performed by the independent auditor pursuant to this Pre-Approval Policy.  Requests or applications to provide services that require separate approval by the Audit Committee shall be submitted to the Audit Committee by both the independent auditor and the Chief Financial Officer and must include a joint statement as to whether, in their view, the request or application is consistent with the SEC’s and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)’s rules on auditor independence.

All audit related services, tax services and other services indicated below were pre-approved by the Audit Committee.

75 

Audit Fees

The aggregate fees billed by Moore Stephens CPA Limited for professional services rendered for the audit of the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were approximately $150,000 and $160,000, respectively.

Audit Related Fees

There were no fees billed by Moore Stephens CPA Limited for professional services rendered for assurance and related services that were reasonably related to the performance of the audit and are not reported above under “Audit Fees” for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 or for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.

Tax Fees

The aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for tax compliance for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were approximately $5,000 and $8,000, respectively.

Other Fees

The aggregate fees billed by Moore Stephens CPA Limited for agreed-upon procedures rendered during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were approximately $nil and $nil, respectively.

Item 16D.  Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Pursuant to NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 4350(a), a foreign private issuer may follow its home country practice in lieu of Rule 4350, which sets forth the qualitative Listing Requirements for NASDAQ listed companies.  Rule 4350 requires, among other things, that a listed company have at least three members on its audit committee.  The Company currently has an audit committee consisting of two directors, one of whom is deemed to be “independent” as defined in NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 4200.  The Company has obtained a letter from independent counsel in the British Virgin Islands certifying that having a single member audit committee is not prohibited by British Virgin Island law.  See Item 6. – “Directors, Senior Management and Advisors - NASDAQ Exemptions and Home Country Practices.”

Item 16E.  Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

In August of 2001, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a program for the Company to repurchase up to $500,000 of its common stock.  This repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specified period of time. On November 16, 2006 and on September 17, 2015, the Company's Board of Directors authorized an additional $1,000,000 and an additional $1,500,000, respectively, for the Company’s repurchase of its common stock under the same repurchase program.  On April 25, 2018, the Board of Directors approved the expenditure of an additional $3,000,000 to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock, bringing the aggregate amount available for repurchases to $6,000,000. As of March 31, 2019, the Company has repurchased 906,866 shares of its common stock and expended approximately $2,866,000 to repurchase those shares. Effective April 25, 2018, with the adoption of the above-mentioned increase, the Company had up to approximately $3,499,000 available to fund additional repurchases of the Company’s common stock. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had 4,670,773 shares of its common stock issued and outstanding.

BALANCE OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

76 

The following table contains the Company’s purchases of equity securities in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period	(a) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased		(b) Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit)		(c) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		(d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April 1, 2018 to April 30, 2018		77,931	$	3.14		77,931	$	3,254,000
May 1, 2018 to May 31, 2018		2,800	$	3.10		2,800	$	3,246,000
June 1, 2018 to June 30, 2018		2,591	$	3.38		2,591	$	3,237,000
July 1, 2018 to July 31, 2018		-	$	-		-	$	3,237,000
August 1, 2018 to August 31, 2018		-	$	-		-	$	3,237,000
September 1, 2018 to September 30, 2018		-	$	-		-	$	3,237,000
October 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018		3,000	$	2.87		3,000	$	3,228,000
November 1, 2018 to November 30, 2018		11,043	$	2.47		11,043	$	3,201,000
December 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018		7,883	$	2.29		7,883	$	3,183,000
January 1, 2019 to January 31, 2019		10,755	$	2.28		10,755	$	3,158,000
February 1, 2019 to February 29, 2019		2,884	$	2.41		2,884	$	3,151,000
March 1, 2019 to March 31, 2019		5,962	$	2.84		5,962	$	3,134,000
TOTAL		124,849	$	2.92		124,849	$	3,134,000

* From April 1, 2019 to July 14, 2019, the Company repurchased an additional 17,404 shares of its common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $47,000.

As of July 14, 2019, 34,000 repurchased shares had been removed from the total number of shares issued.  The Company (through its subsidiary) had repurchased and held an aggregate of 890,270 shares of its common stock. The Company may from time to time repurchase additional shares of its common stock under this program.

Item 16F.  Changes in Registrant’s Certifying Accountants.

Not applicable to Bonso.

Item 16G.  Corporate Governance.

For a discussion of the ways in which the Company’s corporate governance differs from those followed by domestic companies under the NASDAQ Marketplace listing requirements, see Item 6. – “Directors, Senior Management and Advisors - NASDAQ Exemptions and Home Country Practices,” above.

Item 16H.  Mine Safety Disclosure.

Not applicable to Bonso.

77 

PART III

Item 17.  Financial Statements

Not applicable.

Item 18.  Financial Statements

The following Financial Statements are filed as part of this Annual Report:

Contents	Pages
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2018 and 2019	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019	F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7 to F-44

78 

Item 19.  Exhibits

4.1 Banking Facilities Letter, dated April 4, 2019 between Bonso and the Hang Seng Bank Limited

12.1 Certification of Officer Pursuant to Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

12.2 Certification of Officer Pursuant to Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

13.1 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

13.2 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

79 

SIGNATURE

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf

	BONSO ELECTRONICS INTERNATIONAL INC.
Dated: August 15, 2019	/s/ Andrew So
	Andrew So,  Chief Executive Officer and Director
Dated: August 15, 2019	/s/ Albert So
	Albert So, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary

80 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

(Incorporated in the British Virgin Islands)

Consolidated Financial Statements

March 31, 2019

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Contents

	Pages
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2018 and 2019	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019	F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7 - F-44

F-1 

 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Bonso Electronics International Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2018 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2018 and 2019, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Moore Stephens CPA Limited

Moore Stephens CPA Limited

Certified Public Accountants

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2009.

Hong Kong

August 15, 2019

F-2 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

				March 31,
	Note			2018			2019
				$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents					8,751			7,527
Trade receivables, net		2			794			600
Other receivables, deposits and prepayments					745			1,341
Inventories		3			1,012			829
Income tax recoverable		8			5			5
Financial instruments at fair value		9			78			102
Total current assets					11,385			10,404
Investment in life insurance contract		10			149			153
Property, plant and equipment, net		4			10,434			9,591
Intangible assets, net		6			2,787			2,338
Total assets					24,755			22,486
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Notes payable - secured		7			99			—
Bank loans - secured		7			—			445
Accounts payable					924			443
Contract liabilities					—			17
Accrued charges and deposits					3,178			3,168
Payable to affiliated parties		15			73			54
Current portion of capital lease obligations		11	(a)		28			28
Loan from affiliated party - current portion		15			67			—
Total current liabilities					4,369			4,155
Capital lease obligations - non current portion		11	(a)		32			5
Long-term loan		20			2,527			2,485
Long-term deposit received		20			738			692
Total liabilities					7,666			7,337
Commitments and contingent liabilities		12
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock par value $0.003 per share
- authorized shares - 23,333,334
- issued shares: March 31, 2018: 5,543,639; March 31, 2019: 5,543,639. - outstanding shares: March 31, 2018: 4,795,622; March 31, 2019: 4,670,773.					17			17
Additional paid-in capital					22,474			22,474
Treasury stock at cost: March 31, 2018: 748,017; March 31, 2019: 872,866.					(2,409	)		(2,773	)
Accumulated deficit					(6,029	)		(6,492	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income					3,036			1,923
					17,089			15,149
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity					24,755			22,486

See notes to these consolidated financial statements.

F-3 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

			Years ended March 31,
	Note		2017			2018			2019
			$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Net revenue		19		18,952			11,523			9,992
Cost of revenue				(11,274	)		(6,958	)		(6,035	)
Gross profit				7,678			4,565			3,957
Selling, general and administrative expenses				(5,066	)		(4,669	)		(4,605	)
Other income, net		21		554			342			108
Income / (loss) from operations		19		3,166			238			(540	)
Non-operating income / (expenses), net		22		229			(234	)		77
Income / (loss) before income taxes				3,395			4			(463	)
Income tax expense		8		(600	)		—			—
Net income / (loss)				2,795			4			(463	)
Other comprehensive (loss) / income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax				(1,410	)		2,062			(1,113	)
Comprehensive income / (loss)				1,385			2,066			(1,576	)
Net income / (loss) attributable to common shareholders				2,795			4			(463	)
Net earnings / (loss) per share
- basic		18	$	0.54		$	0.00		($	0.10	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding in calculating net earnings per share
- basic		18		5,143,648			4,910,357			4,703,224
Net earnings / (loss) per share
- diluted		18	$	0.53		$	0.00		($	0.10	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding in calculating net earnings per share
- diluted		18		5,316,393			5,290,904			4,703,224

See notes to these consolidated financial statements.

F-4 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

	Common stock								Treasury stock									Accumulated
																		other
																		comprehensive
																		income-			Total
	Shares			Amount		Additional paid-in			Treasury Shares			Amount			Accumulated			foreign currency			stockholders’
	Issued			outstanding		capital			held			outstanding			deficit			adjustments			equity
				$ in thousands		$ in thousands						$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Balance, March 31, 2016		5,577,639			17		22,566			404,208			(1,561	)		(8,828	)		2,384			14,578
Net income		—			—		—			—			—			2,795			—			2,795
Shares repurchased (Note 13(a))		—			—		—			164,311			(368	)		—			—			(368	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—			—		—			—			—			—			(1,410	)		(1,410	)
Balance, March 31, 2017		5,577,639			17		22,566			568,519			(1,929	)		(6,033	)		974			15,595
Net income		—			—		—			—			—			4			—			4
Shares repurchased (Note 13(a))		—			—		—			213,498			(572	)		—			—			(572	)
Removal of treasury shares from the total number of shares issued (Note 13(a))		(34,000	)		—		(92	)		(34,000	)		92			—			—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—			—		—			—			—			—			2,062			2,062
Balance, March 31, 2018		5,543,639			17		22,474			748,017			(2,409	)		(6,029	)		3,036			17,089
Net loss		—			—		—			—			—			(463	)		—			(463	)
Shares repurchased (Note 13(a))		—			—		—			124,849			(364	)		—			—			(364	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—			—		—			—			—			—			(1,113	)		(1,113	)
Balance, March 31, 2019		5,543,639			17		22,474			872,866			(2,773	)		(6,492	)		1,923			15,149

See notes to these consolidated financial statements.

F-5 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

	Years Ended March 31,
	2017			2018			2019
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income / (loss)		2,795			4			(463	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation		1,046			1,099			859
Amortization		271			277			275
Loss / (gain) on disposal of property, plant and equipment		—			12			(5	)
Gain on disposal of intangible assets		(79	)		—			—
Write-down of inventories		156			569			73
Write off of property, plant and equipment		2			2			—
Gain from deregistration of subsidiaries		(22	)		—			—
Change in cash surrender value of life insurance contract		(4	)		(5	)		(4	)
Change in fair value of financial instruments		61			7			(4	)
Dividend income from financial instruments at fair value		(1	)		(4	)		(1	)
Gain from sale of financial instruments at fair value		(3	)		(58	)		(16	)
Interest expense		—			62			116
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade receivables		(300	)		498			166
Other receivables, deposits and prepayments		(163	)		965			(586	)
Inventories		649			(563	)		18
Accounts payable		(1,318	)		(419	)		(407	)
Contract liabilities		—			—			17
Accrued charges and deposits		(136	)		122			4
Payable to affiliated parties		(25	)		19			(23	)
Income tax liabilities		216			(539	)		—
Long-term deposit received		—			738			(46	)
Long-term loan		—			—			42
Net cash provided by operating activities		3,145			2,786			15
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment		—			4			5
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment		(289	)		(364	)		(578	)
Proceeds from disposal of intangible assets		120			—			—
Acquisition of financial instruments at fair value		(163	)		(517	)		(226	)
Payments made upon expiry of forward contracts		(225	)		—			—
Proceeds from sale of financial instruments at fair value		146			657			223
Dividends received from financial instruments at fair value		1			4			1
Net cash used in investing activities		(410	)		(216	)		(575	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Capital lease payments		(49	)		(44	)		(28	)
Advance from notes payable		1,721			467			237
Repayment of notes payable		(2,820	)		(502	)		(336	)
Advance from bank loans		—			—			641
Repayment of bank loans		(363	)		(143	)		(196	)
Payment to affiliated party		(135	)		(135	)		(67	)
Stock repurchase		(368	)		(572	)		(364	)
Advance from long-term loan		—			2,465			—
Net cash (used in) / generated from financing activities		(2,014	)		1,536			(113	)
Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		721			4,106			(673	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(523	)		900			(551	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year		3,547			3,745			8,751
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year		3,745			8,751			7,527
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest		37			10			23
Income tax		360			562			—

See notes to these consolidated financial statements.

F-6 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies

Bonso Electronics International Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “Group”) are engaged in the designing, manufacturing and selling of a comprehensive line of electronic scales and weighing instruments, pet electronics products and other products. Further, the Group also rents or leases both factory facilities and equipment not being currently used to third parties.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in United States dollars and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates made by management include valuation of inventories, allowance for trade receivables, stock-based compensation, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and the impairment of long-lived assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The Company had operating income / (loss) of approximately $3,166,000, $238,000 and ($540,000) in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had positive working capital of approximately $6,249,000 and the accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared on a going concern basis. Management believes the Company will have sufficient working capital to meet its financing requirements based upon their experience and their assessment of the Company’s projected performance, credit facilities and banking relationships.

The significant accounting policies are as follows:

(a) Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries after elimination of inter-company accounts and transactions.

Acquisitions of companies have been consolidated from the date on which control of the net assets and operations was transferred to the Company.

Acquisitions of companies are accounted for using the purchase method of accounting.

(b) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company has no cash equivalents as of March 31, 2018 and 2019.

F-7 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies (Continued)

(c) Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, as determined on a first-in, first-out basis, or net realizable value. Costs of inventories include purchase and related costs incurred in bringing the products to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. The Company routinely reviews its inventories for their salability and for indications of obsolescence to determine if inventory carrying values are higher than net realizable value. Some of the significant factors the Company considers in estimating the net realizable value of its inventories include the likelihood of changes in market and customer demand and expected changes in market prices for its inventories.

(d) Trade receivables

Trade receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances for doubtful accounts and sales returns, if any. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing trade receivables. Bad debt expense is included in the administrative and general expenses.

The Company recognizes an allowance for doubtful receivables to ensure accounts and other receivables are not overstated due to uncollectibility. Allowance for doubtful receivables is maintained for all customers based on a variety of factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, significant one-time events and historical experience. An additional allowance for individual accounts is recorded when the Company becomes aware of customers’ or other debtors’ inability to meet their financial obligations, such as bankruptcy filings or deterioration in the customer’s or other debtor’s operating results or financial position. If circumstances related to customers or debtors change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables will be further adjusted.

(e) Income taxes and deferred income taxes

Amounts in the consolidated financial statements related to income taxes are calculated using the principles of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740 and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) 2013-11 “Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists”. ASC 740 requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carry forwards, are recognized as deferred tax assets. Recognized deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company complies with ASC 740 “Income Taxes” for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in financial statements. ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The Company’s accounting policy is to treat interest and penalties as components of income taxes. The Company’s income tax returns through the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 have been assessed by the tax authorities.

F-8 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies (Continued)

(f) Lease prepayments and intangible assets

Lease prepayments represent the cost of land use rights in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). Land use rights held by the Company are included in intangible assets. The granted useful life of the land use rights is 50 years. They are stated at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over a maximum period of 30 years, in accordance with the business licenses of 30 years.

(g) Property, plant and equipment, net

(i) Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Leasehold land and buildings are depreciated on a straight-line basis over 15 to 50 years, representing the shorter of the remaining term of the lease or the expected useful life to the Company.

(ii) Other categories of property, plant and equipment are carried at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their expected useful lives to the Company. The principal estimated useful lives for depreciation are:

Plant and machinery - 10 years

Furniture, fixtures and equipment - 5 to 10 years

Motor vehicles - 5 years

(iii) Assets under construction are not depreciated until construction is completed and the assets are ready for their intended use.

(iv) The cost of major improvements and betterments is capitalized, whereas the cost of maintenance and repairs is expensed in the year when it is incurred.

(v) Any gain or loss on disposal is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

F-9 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies (Continued)

(h) Impairment of long-lived assets including intangible assets

Long-lived assets held and used by the Company and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets calculated using a discounted future cash flows analysis. Provisions for impairment made on other long-lived assets are disclosed in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The Company lost a major customer during 2017 and as a result, the Company performed an assessment of the value of the property, plant and equipment and intangible assets in Xinxing, PRC, and no provision for impairment was made by the Company (2018: $nil; 2017: $nil) based on the assessment.

(i) Capital and operating leases

Costs in respect of operating leases are charged against income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leasing agreements, which transfer to the Company substantially all the benefits and risks of ownership of an asset, are treated as if the asset had been purchased outright. The assets are included in property, plant and equipment (“capital leases”) and the capital element of the lease commitments is shown as an obligation under capital leases. The lease rentals are treated as consisting of capital and interest elements. The capital element is applied to reduce the outstanding obligation and the interest element is charged against profit so as to give a consistent periodic rate of charge on the remaining balance outstanding at the end of each accounting period. Assets held under capital leases are depreciated over the useful lives of the equivalent owned assets or the lease term, whichever is shorter.

(j) Revenue recognition

Effective April 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new guidance of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition”. Topic 606 requires the Company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company applies the following steps to recognize revenues: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Product sales

The Company’s revenue from contracts with customers is derived from product revenue principally from the sales of electronic scales and pet electronic products directly to customers. The Company sells goods to customers based on purchase orders received from the customers. The Company has determined there is one performance obligation for each model included in the purchase orders. The performance obligation is considered to be met and revenue is recognized when the customer obtains control of the goods, which is generally the point at which products are leaving the ports of Hong Kong, Shenzhen or Nansha (Guangzhou). The Company did not recognize any revenue from contracts with customers for performance obligations satisfied overtime during the year ended March 31, 2019. The timing of revenue recognition is not impacted by the new standard.

F-10 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies (Continued)

(j) Revenue recognition

The transaction price is generally in the form of a fixed price which is agreed with the customer at contract inception. The transaction price is recorded net of any sales return, surcharges and value-added taxes on gross sales. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the purchase orders. Customers are required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 15 to 60 days. In certain circumstances, the Company will request a deposit from a customer. Customers’ deposits are settled part of the outstanding bill upon receiving an acknowledgement from customers. For the remaining balance of the outstanding bill, the customer is required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 0 to 15 days.

Return rights

The Company does not provide its customers with a right of return or production protection. Each customer is required to perform a product quality check before accepting delivery of goods. The Company provides to certain customers an additional one to two percent of the quantity of certain products ordered in lieu of a warranty, which is recognized as cost of sales when these products are shipped to customers from the Company’s facilities.

Value-added taxes and surcharges

The Company presents revenue net of value-added taxes (“VAT”) and surcharges incurred. Surcharge are sales related taxes representing the City Maintenance and Construction Tax and Education Surtax. VAT, business taxes and surcharges collected from customers, net of VAT paid for purchases, are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets until these are paid to the tax authorities.

Outbound freight and handling costs

The Company accounts for product outbound freight and handling costs as fulfillment activities and present the associated costs in selling, general and administrative expenses in the period in which it sells the product.

F-11 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies (Continued)

(j) Revenue recognition

Disaggregation of revenue

The Company disaggregates its revenue from different types of contracts with customers by principal product categories, as the Company believes it best depicts the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows. See Note 19 for product revenues by segment.

Contract balances

The Company did not recognize any contract asset as of April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019. The timing between the recognition of revenue and receipt of payment is not significant. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of deposits received from customers. As of April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the balances of the contract liabilities are approximately $57,000 and $17,000, respectively. All contract liabilities at the beginning of the year ended March 31, 2019 were recognized as revenue during the year ended March 31, 2019 and all contract liabilities as of year ended March 31, 2019 are expected to be realized in the following year. As of April 1, 2019, the adoption of ASU 606 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidation financial statements.

Rental income is recognized according to the rental agreements. Rental income for non-uniform rent payments is recognized on a straight-line basis throughout the lease term.

(k) Research and development costs

Research and development costs include salaries, utilities and contractor fees that are directly attributable to the conduct of research and development progress primarily related to the development of new design of products. Research and development costs of approximately $158,000, $152,000 and $175,000 were charged to operations for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

(l) Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included within selling, general and administrative expenses. Advertising costs were approximately $10,000, $18,000 and $21,000 for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

F-12 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies (Continued)

(m) Foreign currency translations

(i) The Company’s functional currency is the United States dollar. Transactions denominated in non-United States dollar currencies of foreign subsidiaries where the United States dollar is the functional currency are translated into United States dollars at the exchange rates existing at date of transaction. The translation of local currencies into United States dollars at the balance sheet date creates transaction adjustments which are included in net income. Exchange differences are recorded in the statements of operations and comprehensive income.

(ii) The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries, where non-United States dollar currencies are the functional currencies, are translated into United States dollars using exchange rates in effect at period end for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for the statement of operations. Adjustments resulting from translation of these financial statements are reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income.

(n) Stock options and warrants

Stock options have been granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors. Upon exercise of the options, a holder can acquire shares of common stock of the Company at an exercise price determined by the board of directors. The options are exercisable based on the vesting terms stipulated in the option agreements or plan.

The Company follows the guidance of ASC 718, “Accounting for Stock Options and Other Stock-Based Compensation”. ASC 718 requires companies to record compensation expense for share-based awards issued to employees and directors in exchange for services provided. The amount of the compensation expense is based on the estimated fair value of the awards on their grant dates and is recognized over the required service periods. Our share-based awards include stock options and restricted stock awards. The estimated fair value underlying our calculation of compensation expense for stock options is based on the Black-Scholes pricing model. Forfeitures of share-based awards are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if our estimates change based on the actual amount of forfeitures we have experienced.

(o) Fair value of financial instruments

The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, net, other receivables, deposits and prepayments, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued charges and deposits, and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to the relatively short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value based on prevailing borrowing rates currently available for loans with similar terms and maturities.

(p) Treasury stock

The Company periodically retires treasury shares that it acquires through share repurchases and returns those shares to the status of authorized but unissued. The Company accounts for treasury stock transactions under the cost method. For each reacquisition of common stock, the number of shares and the acquisition price for those shares is added to the existing treasury stock count and total value, respectively, and recognized as a deduction from equity. When treasury shares are retired, the Company’s policy is to allocate the excess of the repurchase price over the par value of shares acquired to additional paid-in capital, with any remaining amount being charged to retained earnings.

F-13 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies (Continued)

(q) Recent accounting pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Subtopic 842)" ("ASU 2016-02"), and associated ASUs related to Topic 842, which requires an entity that leases assets to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Leases will be classified as either financing or operating, similar to current accounting requirements, with the applicable classification determining the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of operations. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018 and must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, which requires lessees and lessors to recognize and measure all leases within the scope of this ASU using one of the following transition methods: (i) the effective date or (ii) the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements at the date of initial application. The Company has elected to apply the transition requirements on April 1, 2019, effective date rather than at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. This approach allows for a cumulative effect adjustment in the period of adoption, and prior periods will not be restated. In addition, the Company has elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which does not require a reassessment of prior conclusions related to contracts containing a lease, lease classification and initial direct lease costs. As an accounting policy election, the Company will exclude short-term leases (term of 12 months or less) from the balance sheet presentation and will account for non-lease and lease components in a contract as a single lease component for all asset classes.

The Company analyzed the impact of ASU 2016-02 across all lease arrangements to evaluate and implement the new standard. The Company are expected to meet the new accounting and disclosure requirements upon adoption on April 1, 2019. Based on the Company’s preliminary assessment, the Company expects to record right-of-use assets of approximately $413,000 and lease liabilities of approximately $413,000 in the consolidated balance sheets on the adoption date of April 1, 2019. The impact on the Group’s consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows is not expected to be material.

F-14 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies (Continued)

(q) Recent accounting pronouncements (Continued)

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" ("ASU 2016-13"), which improves financial reporting by providing timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The ASU requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Forward-looking information will now be used to better inform credit loss estimates. This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, "Earnings Per Share (Topic 260) (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception" ("ASU 2017-11"). The amendments require companies to disregard the down round feature when assessing whether the instrument is indexed to its own stock, for purposes of determining liability or equity classification. Companies that provide earnings per share (EPS) data will adjust their basic EPS calculation for the effect of the feature when triggered (i.e., when the exercise price of the related equity-linked financial instrument is adjusted downward because of the down round feature) and will also recognize the effect of the trigger within equity. For public business entities, this ASU should be effective for annual periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2017-11 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In September 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-13, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842)” ("ASU 2017-13"): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments. The amendments in ASU 2017-13 amend the early adoption date option for certain companies related to the adoption of ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2016-02. The effective date is the same as the effective date and transition requirements for the amendments for ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2016-02.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)” ("ASU 2018-02"). The amendments in this Update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Consequently, the amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. However, because the amendments only relate to the reclassification of the income tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the underlying guidance that requires that the effect of a change in tax laws or rates be included in income from continuing operations is not affected. The amendments in this Update also require certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. Public business entities should apply the amendments in ASU 2018-02 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this Update is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-02 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

F-15 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies (Continued)

(q) Recent accounting pronouncements (Continued)

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” ("ASU 2018-13") which is part of the FASB disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments in the new guidance remove, modify and add certain disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements covered in Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement.” The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for either the entire standard or only the requirements that modify or eliminate the disclosure requirements, with certain requirements applied prospectively, and all other requirements applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, “Consolidation: Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance

for Variable Interest Entities,” ("ASU 2018-17") which modifies the guidance related to indirect interests held through related parties under common control for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interest. ASU 2018-17 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses,” (“ASU 2018-19”) which clarifies and improves guidance related to credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement. Same as ASU 2016-13, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-20, “Leases (Topic 842): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors,” (“ASU 2018-20”) which aligns the guidance for fair value of the underlying asset by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in Topic 842, with that of existing guidance. Same as ASU 2016-02, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company believes adoption of this ASU would not have significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-01, “Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements,” (“ASU 2019-01”) which provides guidance on determining the fair value of the underlying asset by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers and presenting sales-type and direct financing leases on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2019-01 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

We believe there is no additional new accounting guidance adopted, but not yet effective that is relevant to the readers of our financial statements. However, there are numerous new proposals under development which, if and when enacted, may have a significant impact on our financial reporting.

F-16 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

2 Allowance for doubtful accounts

Allowance for doubtful accounts amounted to $nil as of March 31, 2019 (2018: $nil). Most of the Company’s trade receivables are generally unsecured.

3 Inventories

The components of inventories are as follows:

	March 31,
	2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Raw materials		275		297
Work in progress		237		218
Finished goods		500		314
		1,012		829

During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, based upon material composition and expected usage, provisions for inventories of approximately $156,000, $569,000 and $73,000, respectively, were charged to the consolidated statements of operations under cost of revenue.

4 Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment, net, consisted of the following:

	March 31,
	2018			2019
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Cost
Buildings		17,863			16,890
Construction-in-progress		260			597
Plant and machinery		9,932			9,838
Furniture, fixtures and equipment		1,468			1,475
Motor vehicles		643			636
		30,166			29,436
Less: accumulated depreciation		(19,732	)		(19,845	)
		10,434			9,591

F-17 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

4 Property, plant and equipment, net (Continued)

During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, depreciation expenses charged to the consolidated statements of operations amounted to approximately $1,046,000, $1,099,000 and $859,000, respectively. As at March 31, 2018 and 2019, fully depreciated assets that were still in use by the Company amounted to $9,853,000 and $15,749,000, respectively.

Property, plant and equipment in Xinxing were assessed for impairment according to the policy described in note 1(h). The Company concluded that no impairment to property, plant and equipment in Xinxing was required as at March 31, 2019.

5 Interests in subsidiaries

Particulars of principal subsidiaries as of March 31, 2018 and 2019 are as follows:

Name of company	Place of incorporation and kind of legal entity	Percentage of capital held by the Company						Principal activities
		2018			2019
Bonso Electronics Limited * (“BEL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding, providing management and administrative support to the Group companies
Bonso Investment Limited (“BIL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and property investment
Bonso Electronics (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BESCL”)	PRC, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and property rental
Bonso Advanced Technology Limited * (“BATL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and trading of scales and pet electronics products
Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company, Limited (“BATXXCL”)	PRC, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Production of scales and pet electronics products and property rental
Bonso Technology (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BTL”)	PRC, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Product development

* Shares directly held by the Company

F-18 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

6 Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets are analyzed as follows:

	March 31,
	2018			2019
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Cost		6,348			5,951
Less: accumulated amortization		(3,561	)		(3,613	)
		2,787			2,338

The components of intangible assets are as follows:

	March 31,
	2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Land use right of factory land in Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC		1,274		1,014
Land use right of factory land in Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC		1,513		1,324
		2,787		2,338

Amortization expense in relation to intangible assets was approximately $271,000, $277,000 and $275,000 for each of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

As of March 31, 2019, future minimum amortization expenses in respect of intangible assets are as follows:

Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands
	2020		275
	2021		275
	2022		275
	2023		275
	2024		275
	Thereafter		963
	Total		2,338

In November 2017, the Company signed an agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen - Shenzhen Fangda Property Development Company Limited (“Fangda”) to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. The redevelopment will be on the factory land in Shenzhen.

F-19 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

7 Banking facilities

As of March 31, 2019, the Company had general banking facilities for bank overdrafts, letters of credit, notes payable and term loans. The facilities are interchangeable with total amounts available of approximately $5,128,000 (2018: $5,128,000). The general banking facilities utilized by the Company are denominated in United States dollars, Hong Kong dollars and Chinese Yuan.

The Company’s general banking facilities, expressed in United States dollars, are further detailed as follows:

	Amount available				Amount utilized				Amount unutilized				Terms of banking facilities as of
	March 31,				March 31,				March 31,				March 31, 2019
	2018		2019		2018		2019		2018		2019		Interest	Repayment
	$ in thousands				$ in thousands				$ in thousands				rate	terms
Import and export facilities
Combined limit		2,564		2,564		99		445		2,465		2,119
Including sub-limit of:
Notes payable		2,308		2,308		99		—		2,209		2,308	HIBOR* +2.5%	Repayable in full within 120 days
Bank overdrafts		641		641		—		—		641		641	Prime rate +1%	Repayable on demand
Long term loans (1)		641		641		—		445		641		196	HIBOR* +2%	Term loans repayable monthly over 3 years.
Other facilities
Export documentary credits		641		641		—		—		641		641
Short term loans		1,923		1,923		—		—		1,923		1,923	HIBOR* +2.25%	Revolving loan repayable in 30 days
		5,128		5,128		99		445		5,029		4,683

(1) A clause in the banking facilities states that the term loans are subject to review any time and also subject to the bank's overriding right to repayment on demand, including the right to call for cash cover on demand for prospective and contingent liabilities. Therefore, all long-term loans were classified as current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2019, the long-term loans became current as they are repayable within one year in accordance with the repayment schedule.

* HIBOR is the Hong Kong Interbank Offer Rate

F-20 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

7 Banking facilities (Continued)

One of the properties of the Company located in Hong Kong with a net book value of approximately $728,000 as of March 31, 2019, the rental assignment over such property and the rights, interests and benefits of a life insurance contract with a book value of approximately $153,000 are arranged as securities to the banks for the banking facilities arrangement.

The Prime Rate and HIBOR were 5.125% and 1.650% per annum, respectively, as of March 31, 2019. The Prime Rate is determined by the Hong Kong Association of Banks and is subject to revision from time to time. Interest rates are subject to change if the Company defaults on the amount due under the facility or draws in excess of the facility amounts, or at the discretion of the banks.

The weighted average interest rates of borrowings of the Company are as follows:

	During the fiscal year ended March 31,
	2018			2019
Bank overdrafts		6.00	%		6.00	%
Notes payable		3.42	%		4.18	%
Term loans in Hong Kong		2.69	%		3.45	%

F-21 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

8 Income tax

(a) The subsidiaries comprising the Group are subject to tax on an entity basis on income arising in or derived from Hong Kong and the PRC. The Company is not subject to income taxes in the British Virgin Islands.

Hong Kong Tax

BIL and BEL operating in Hong Kong are subject to the Hong Kong profits tax rate of 16.5% (2018 and 2017: 16.5%). BATL operating in Hong Kong is subject to the Hong Kong profits tax rate of 8.25% (2018 and 2017: 16.5%) on the first HKD 2 million of the estimated assessable profits and at 16.5% on the estimated assessable profits above HKD 2 million. BIL, BATL and BEL have no assessable profits for the year ended March 31, 2019.

PRC Tax

All subsidiaries registered in the PRC are subject to a tax rate of 25% (2018 and 2017: 25%).

(b) Income is subject to taxation in the various countries in which the Company and its subsidiaries operate. The income / (loss) before income taxes by geographical location is analyzed as follows:

	2017		2018			2019
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Hong Kong		693		221			(813	)
PRC		2,531		(406	)		168
Others		171		189			182
Total		3,395		4			(463	)

Others mainly include the income / (loss) from BVI.

F-22 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

8 Income tax (Continued)

(c) Income tax expense comprises the following:

	2017			2018		2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Current income tax expense		(600	)		—		—

The components of the income tax expense by geographical location are as follows:

	2017			2018		2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Hong Kong		(5	)		—		—
PRC		(595	)		—		—
Total		(600	)		—		—

At the end of the accounting periods, the income tax recoverable are as follows:

	2018		2019
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Current income tax recoverable		5		5

(d) Deferred tax assets comprise the following:

	2018			2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Tax loss carry forwards		4,607			4,203
Less: Valuation allowance		(4,607	)		(4,203	)
		—			—

As of March 31, 2018 and 2019, the Company had accumulated tax losses amounting to approximately $25,928,000 and $23,865,000 (the tax effect thereon is approximately $4,607,000 and $4,203,000), respectively, subject to the final agreement by the relevant tax authorities, which may be carried forward and applied to reduce future taxable income which is earned in or derived from Hong Kong and other jurisdictions. Realization of deferred tax assets associated with tax loss carry forwards is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income prior to their expiration. A valuation allowance is established against such tax losses when management believes it is more likely than not that a portion may not be utilized. As of March 31, 2019, the Company’s accumulated tax losses of approximately $3,122,000 will expire from 2020 to 2024.

F-23 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

8 Income tax (Continued)

(e) Changes in valuation allowance are as follows:

	2017			2018		2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Balance, April 1		4,459			4,270		4,607
(Credited) / charged to income tax expense		(189	)		337		(404	)
Balance, March 31		4,270			4,607		4,203

(f) The actual income tax expense attributable to earnings for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 differed from the amounts computed by applying the Hong Kong statutory tax rate in accordance with the relevant income tax law as a result of the following:

	2017			2018			2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Income / (loss) before income taxes		3,395			4			(463	)
Income tax (expense) / benefit on pretax income at statutory rate		(560	)		(1	)		55
Effect of different tax rates of subsidiaries operating in other jurisdictions		(52	)		128			8
Profit not subject to income tax		472			61			9
Expenses not deductible for income tax purposes		(686	)		(167	)		(163	)
(Decrease) / increase in valuation allowance		(189	)		337			(404	)
Under provision in prior year		5			—			—
Utilization of tax losses / (tax losses recognized)		410			(358	)		495
Total income tax expense		(600	)		—			—

The statutory rate of 8.25% or 16.5% used above is that of Hong Kong, where the Company’s main business is located.

(g) The Company complies with ASC 740 and assessed the tax position during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 and concluded that such prior year uncertain income tax liability was no longer required.

The Company’s accounting policy is to treat interest and penalties as components of income taxes. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had no accrued penalties related to uncertain tax positions (2018: $nil).

F-24 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

9 Financial instruments at fair value

The Company complies with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements” (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value and establishes a fair value hierarchy to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1-Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities available at the measurement date.

Level 2-Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3-Inputs are unobservable inputs which reflect the reporting entity's own assumptions on what assumptions the market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best available information.

The Company entered into a forward contract with a bank on March 10, 2015 with the purpose of obtaining a gain while the Company expected the trend of Chinese Yuan appreciation against the USD would continue for the next twenty four months. The bank was obligated to pay the Company if the Chinese Yuan appreciated against the USD, and the Company had to pay the bank if the Chinese Yuan depreciated against the USD, although this depreciation allowed the Company to purchase more Chinese Yuan. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, the forward contract matured and payments of approximately $225,000 have been made.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, the Company purchased listed shares in Hong Kong for trading purposes for approximately $226,000 (2018: $517,000). During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, a gain from disposal of financial assets at fair value of approximately $16,000 was recorded (2018: $58,000). A revaluation gain of approximately $4,000 was recorded during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 (2018: revaluation loss of $7,000).

At the end of the accounting period, the fair value of the following assets were as follows:

	March 31, 2018								March 31, 2019
$ in thousands
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Equity investments		78		—		—		78		102		—		—		102

The fair value of equity investments is determined based on quoted price in active markets.

10 Investment in life insurance contract

Investment in life insurance contract represents the carrying amount (surrender value) of the contract if it is to be terminated by the Company. There is one life insurance contract as of March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, with a carrying amount of approximately $149,000 and $153,000, respectively. All premiums of this contract have already been paid during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2012. The face amount (death benefit) of this contract is $1,000,000. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, we recorded a gain of approximately $4,000 for the change in valuation (2018: $5,000).

F-25 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

11 Leases

(a) Capital leases

During the year ended March 31, 2014, the Company entered into capital lease obligations amounting to approximately $123,000 for two motor vehicles. During the year ended March 31, 2016, the Company entered into an additional capital lease obligation amounting to approximately $116,000 for one motor vehicle. During the year ended March 31, 2018, one capital lease obligation amounting to approximately $69,000 for a motor vehicle was fully repaid. During the year ended March 31, 2019, one capital lease obligation amounting to approximately $47,000 for another motor vehicle was fully repaid.

Future minimum payments under capital leases as of March 31, 2019 with an initial term of more than one year are as follows:

Future minimum payments under capital leases for the years ending March 31,	Principal repayment	Interest payment	Total obligations
	$ in thousands	$ in thousands	$ in thousands
2020	27	1	28
2021	5	—	5
	32	1	33

F-26 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

11 Leases (Continued)

(b) Operating leases

As of March 31, 2019, the Company leases two commercial units in Beijing and part of production facilities and machines in Xinxing under rental agreements to third parties. The Company will need to pay a cancellation fee of approximately $108,000 if the Company decides to terminate all the rental agreements before their expiry.

The Shenzhen factory is rented out to a third party from August 1, 2013 to August 1, 2019, and the rent terminated as at January 31, 2019. Part of the production facilities in Xinxing are rented out to various third parties up to February 13, 2026. Certain tenants have an option to early terminate their tenancy agreements. The expected future minimum rental payments to be received are as follows:

Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands
	2020		95
			95

As of March 31, 2019, the future minimum lease commitment payables in respect of non-cancellable operating leases for one office and two staff quarters in Shenzhen and a staff quarter in Xinxing are as follows:

Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands
	2020		112
	2021		110
	2022		109
	2023		109
	2024		23
			463

Rental expenses for all operating leases of one office premise in Shenzhen, two staff quarters in Shenzhen and a staff quarter in Xinxing amounted to approximately $100,000, $95,000 and $102,000 for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

F-27 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

12       Commitments and contingent liabilities

(a) Commitments

Capital expenditures contracted at the balance sheet date but not yet provided for are as follows:

	March 31,
	2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Construction in Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC		358		41
		358		41

As of March 31, 2019, the Company entered into contractor agreements on buildings and leasehold improvements on the manufacturing facility in Xinxing, the PRC for a total consideration of $544,000. As of March 31, 2019, $503,000 has been paid, and the remaining balance of $41,000 is to be paid in accordance with the progress of the construction.

(b) Contingent liabilities

The Company has entered into an employment agreement with a director, Anthony So. Mr. So’s employment agreement provides for a maximum yearly salary of approximately $800,000 plus bonus. The initial term of the employment agreement expired on March 31, 2013 (“Initial Term”); however, the employment agreement has been renewed under a provision in the agreement that provides for automatic renewal for successive one year periods, unless at least 90 days prior to the expiration of the Initial Term or any renewal term, either party gives written notice to the other party specifically electing to terminate the agreement. Mr. So’s employment agreement contains a provision under which the Company will be obligated to pay Mr. So all compensation for the remainder of his employment agreement and five times his annual salary and bonus compensation if a change of control, as defined in his employment agreement occurs. Bonuses shall be determined by the Board of Directors in their sole discretion.

F-28 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

13 Stockholders’ equity

(a) Repurchase of common stock

In August of 2001, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a program for the Company to repurchase up to $500,000 of its common stock. This repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specified period of time. No stock had been repurchased when, on November 16, 2006, the Company's Board of Directors authorized another $1,000,000 for the Company to repurchase its common stock under the same repurchase program. This authorization to repurchase shares increased the amount authorized for repurchase from $500,000 to $1,500,000. On September 17, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an additional $1,500,000 to repurchase its common stock under the same repurchase program, bringing the amount authorized for repurchase to $3,000,000. On April 25, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an additional $3,000,000 to repurchase its common stock under the same repurchase program, bringing the amount authorized for repurchase to $6,000,000. The Board of Directors believed that the common stock was undervalued and that the repurchase of common stock would be beneficial to the Company's stockholders. The Company (through its subsidiary) has repurchased an aggregate of 906,866 shares of its common stock, including 124,849 shares ($364,000) that were repurchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, 213,498 shares ($572,000) that were repurchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, and 164,311 shares ($368,000) that were repurchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017. No shares repurchased were removed from the total number of shares issued during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 (2018: 34,000 shares, 2017: nil). The Company may from time to time repurchase shares of its common stock under this program.

(b) Preferred stock

The Company has authorized share capital of $100,000 for 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with par value of $0.01 each, divided into 2,500,000 shares each of class A preferred stock, class B preferred stock, class C preferred stock and class D preferred stock. Shares may be issued within each class from time to time by the Company’s Board of Directors in its sole discretion without the approval of the stockholders, with such designations, power preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions as the Board of Directors shall fix and as have not been fixed in the Company’s Memorandum of Association. The Company has not issued any shares of preferred stock as of March 31, 2019.

(c) Dividends

No dividends were declared by the Company for each of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

F-29 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

14 Stock option and bonus plans

(a) 1996 Stock Option Plan

In October 1996, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the 1996 Stock Option Plan and 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan. Under the 1996 Stock Option Plan, the Company may grant options of common stock to certain employees and directors of the Company for a maximum of 900,000 shares. The 1996 Stock Option Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which determines the terms of options granted, including the exercise price, the option periods and the number of shares to be subject to each option. The exercise price of options granted under the 1996 Stock Option Plan may be less than the fair market value of the common shares on the date of grant. The maximum term of options granted under the 1996 Stock Option Plan is 10 years. The right to acquire the common shares is not assignable except for certain conditions stipulated in the 1996 Stock Option Plan.

Under the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, the non-employee directors were automatically granted stock options on the third business day following the day of each annual general meeting of the Company to purchase shares of common stock. The maximum number of authorized shares under the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan was 600,000. The exercise price of all options granted under the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan shall be one hundred percent of the fair market value per share of the common shares on the date of grant. The maximum term of options granted under the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan is 10 years. No stock option may be exercised during the first six months of its term except for certain conditions provided in the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan. The right to acquire the common shares is not assignable except for under certain conditions stipulated in the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan.

On November 16, 2006, the Board of Directors of the Company voted to rescind the Company’s 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan (the “Non-Employee Directors’ Plan”). All options previously granted under the Non-Employee Directors’ Plan have expired pursuant to their terms of grant.

During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, no shares or share options were granted under the 1996 Stock Option Plan.

F-30 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

14 Stock option and bonus plans (Continued)

(b) 2004 Stock Bonus Plan

On September 7, 2004, the Company’s stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Bonus Plan (the “Stock Bonus Plan”) which authorizes the issuance of up to five hundred thousand (500,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of stock bonus.

The purpose of this Stock Bonus Plan is to (i) induce key employees to remain in the employment of the Company or of any subsidiary of the Company; (ii) encourage such employees to secure or increase their stock ownership in the Company; and (iii) reward employees, non-employee directors, advisors and consultants for services rendered or to be rendered to or for the benefit of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Company believes that the Stock Bonus Plan will promote continuity of management and increase incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The Stock Bonus Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company. The existing Committee members are Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Woo Ping Fok. The Committee has the authority, in its sole discretion: (i) to determine the parties to receive bonus stock, the times when they shall receive such awards, the number of shares to be issued and the time, terms and conditions of the issuance of any such shares; (ii) to construe and interpret the terms of the Stock Bonus Plan; (iii) to establish, amend and rescind rules and regulations for the administration of the Stock Bonus Plan; and (iv) to make all other determinations necessary or advisable for administering the Stock Bonus Plan.

F-31 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

14 Stock option and bonus plans (Continued)

(c) 2004 Stock Option Plan

On March 23, 2004, the Company’s stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Option Plan (the “2004 Plan”) which provides for the grant of up to six hundred thousand (600,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of stock options, subject to certain adjustments as described in the 2004 Plan. At the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on March 20, 2015, the stockholders approved an amendment to the 2004 Plan to increase the number of shares that could be granted from 600,000 to 850,000.

The purpose of the 2004 Plan is to secure key employees to remain in the employment of the Company and to encourage such employees to secure or increase on reasonable terms their common stock ownership in the Company. The Company believes that the 2004 Plan promotes continuity of management and increased incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The 2004 Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company. The current committee members are Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Woo Ping Fok. The committee determines the specific terms of the options granted, including the employees to be granted options under the plan, the number of shares subject to each option grant, the exercise price of each option and the option period, subject to the requirement that no option may be exercisable more than 10 years after the date of grant. The exercise price of an option may be less than the fair market value of the underlying shares of common stock. No options granted under the plan will be transferable by the optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and each option will be exercisable during the lifetime of the optionee only by the optionee.

The exercise price of an option granted pursuant to the 2004 Plan may be paid in cash, by the surrender of options, in common stock, in other property, including a promissory note from the optionee, or by a combination of the above, at the discretion of the committee.

On July 15, 2015, 850,000 options, all with an exercise price of $1.50 per share, had been granted to officers and directors of the Company under the 2004 Plan, all of which remained outstanding as of March 31, 2019. The options for 425,000 shares will expire on March 31, 2020, and options for 425,000 shares will expire on March 31, 2025. Options granted under the 2004 Plan vest immediately and may contain such other terms as the Board of Directors or a committee appointed to administer the plan may determine.

F-32 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

14 Stock option and bonus plans (Continued)

(d) A summary of the stock options activity is as follows:

	Number of options		Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance, March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019		850,000	$	1.50

(e) The following table summarizes information about all stock options of the Company outstanding as at March 31, 2019:

	Weighted average exercise price	Number outstanding at March 31, 2019	Weighted average remaining life (years)	Exercisable shares at March 31, 2019
$	1.50	850,000	3.5	850,000

The intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable was approximately $1,204,000 on March 31, 2019. The intrinsic value represents the pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the closing stock price of the Company’s common stock on the balance sheet date and the exercise price for both the outstanding and exercisable options) that would have been received by the option holders if all options had been exercised on March 31, 2019.

New shares will be issued by the Company upon future exercise of stock options.

F-33 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

14 Stock option and bonus plans (Continued)

(f) Stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective vesting periods, or at the time of option granting if there are no vesting periods. The fair value of the options granted was estimated on the date of granting using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions used for grants during the applicable periods:

	For the Fiscal Year Ended March 31,
	2017	2018	2019
Risk-free interest rate (1)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Expected life (years) (2)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Expected dividend yield (3)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Volatility (4)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Fair value of options at grant date per share	N/A	N/A	N/A

(1) Risk-free interest rate

Risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based upon the interest rate on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds issued with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the options granted.

(2) Expected life (years)

Assumption of the expected term was based on the vesting and contractual terms and employee demographics.

(3) Expected dividend yield

The dividend yield was estimated by the Company based on its expected dividend policy over the expected term of the options.

(4) Volatility

The volatility assumption was estimated based on historical volatility of the Company’s share price applying the guidance provided by ASC 718.

The Company recorded no compensation expense in selling, general and administrative expenses during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

F-34 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

15 Related party transactions

(a) The Company paid emoluments, commissions and/or consultancy fees to its directors and officers as follows:

Year ended		Mr. Anthony	Mr. Kim Wah	Mr. Woo-Ping	Mr. Andrew
March 31,		So	Chung	Fok	So
		Director, Chief Executive Officer	Director	Director	Director and Chief Operating Officer
		$ in thousands	$ in thousands	$ in thousands	$ in thousands
	2017	$643 (i), (iii)	$171 (iii)	Nil	$249
	2018	$643 (i), (iii)	$170 (iii)	Nil	$259 (iii)
	2019	$643 (i), (iii)	$171 (iii)	Nil	$249 (iii)

	Mr. Henry Schlueter	Mr. Albert So
	Director and Assistant Secretary	Director, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary
	$ in thousands	$ in thousands
2017	$62(ii)	$152
2018	$60(ii)	$162 (iii)
2019	$60(ii)	$152 (iii)

The emoluments paid to the Company’s directors and officers were included in the salaries and related costs, while the consultancy fees or professional fees paid to Schlueter & Associates, P.C., were included in the administration and general expenses.

(i) Apart from the emoluments paid by the Company as shown above, one of the properties of the Company in Hong Kong is also provided to Mr. Anthony So for his accommodation.

(ii) The amounts for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 represented professional fees paid to Schlueter & Associates, P.C., the Company’s SEC counsel, in which Mr. Henry Schlueter is one of the principals.

(iii) The amount for the year ended March 31, 2017, included unpaid vacation payments of approximately $43,000 and $11,000 for Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Kim Wah Chung, respectively. The amount for the year ended March 31, 2018, included unpaid vacation payments of approximately $43,000, $10,000, $10,000 and $10,000 for Mr. Anthony So, Mr. Kim Wah Chung, Mr. Andrew So and Mr. Albert So, respectively. The amount for the year ended March 31, 2019, included unpaid vacation payments of approximately $43,000 and $11,000 for Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Kim Wah Chung, respectively.

F-35 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

15 Related party transactions (Continued)

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Hong Kong borrowed an interest-free loan of approximately $538,000 from a director and stockholder, Mr. Anthony So, to provide working capital. This loan is to be repaid in 48 equal installments. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, the subsidiary had repaid to Mr. Anthony So approximately $67,000. This loan had been fully repaid as of March 31, 2019.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Shenzhen, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Anthony So, for three apartment units located in Shenzhen, PRC for office usage. Mr. Anthony So is the sole owner of these three apartment units. The monthly rental payment was approximately $2,000. Starting from August 1, 2016, rental of two of the apartment units was no longer required and the rental agreement was terminated, and a new rental agreement for one apartment unit for staff quarters was in place, for a monthly rental payment of $270. The total rental payment paid to Mr. Anthony So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 was approximately $3,000 (2018: $3,000; 2017: $9,000).

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Xinxing, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Andrew So, for an apartment unit located in Xinxing, PRC for staff quarters. Mr. Andrew So is the sole owner of this apartment unit. The monthly rental payment was approximately $450. Starting from December 1, 2018, the monthly rental payment was approximately $580, and the total rental payment paid to Mr. Andrew So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 was approximately $6,000 (2018: $5,000; 2017: $5,000).

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016, one of the subsidiaries in Shenzhen, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Anthony So, for one apartment unit located in Shenzhen, PRC for staff quarters.  Mr. Anthony So is the sole owner of this apartment unit.  Starting from April 1, 2017, rental of this apartment unit was no longer required and the rental agreement was terminated.  The monthly rental payment was approximately $330, and the total rental payment paid to Mr. Anthony So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 was $nil (2018: $nil; 2017: $4,000) for this unit.

In February 2017, a non-employee director of the Company, Henry F. Schlueter, sold 24,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Company at a purchase price of $2.39 per share, pursuant to the Company repurchase program. In February 2018, Mr. Schlueter sold 10,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Company at a purchase price of $3.48 per share, pursuant to the Company repurchase program.

F-36 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

16 Concentrations and credit risk

The Company operates principally in the PRC (including Hong Kong) and grants credit to its customers in this geographic region. Although the PRC is economically stable, it is always possible that unanticipated events in foreign countries could disrupt the Company’s operations.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and trade receivables. The Company does not require collateral to support financial instruments that are subject to credit risk.

At March 31, 2018 and 2019, the Company had credit risk exposure of uninsured cash and deposits with maturities of less than one year in banks of approximately $8,751,000 and $7,527,000, respectively.

A substantial portion, 45%, 31% and 37% of revenue, was generated from one customer for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

The net revenue representing at least 10% of total net revenue are as follows:

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017				2018				2019
	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Customer A		2,729		14		3,579		31		3,715		37
Customer C		2,435		13		1,599		14		1,225		12
Customer B		1,563		8		1,662		14		1,027		10
Customer E		1,061		6		1,050		9		996		10
Customer D *		8,472		45		1,115		10		21		–
		16,260		86		9,005		78		6,984		69

* That customer has stopped purchasing from us as of June 2017.

The following customers had balances of at least 10% of the total trade receivables at the respective balance sheet dates set forth below:

	March 31,
	2018				2019
	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Customer B		—		—		191		32
Customer C		200		25		136		23
Customer A		234		30		127		21
Customer E		113		14		—		—
				69				76

At March 31, 2018 and 2019, these customers accounted for 69% and 76%, respectively, of net trade receivables. The trade receivables have repayment terms of not more than twelve months.

F-37 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

17 Employee retirement benefits and severance payment allowance

(a) With effect from January 1, 1988, BEL, a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary of the Company in Hong Kong, implemented a defined contribution plan (the “Plan”) with a major international insurance company to provide life insurance and retirement benefits for its employees. All permanent full time employees who joined BEL before December 2000, excluding factory workers, are eligible to join the Plan. Each eligible employee that chooses to participate in the Plan is required to contribute 5% of their monthly salary, while BEL is required to contribute from 5% to 10% depending on the eligible employee’s salary and number of years in service.

The Mandatory Provident Fund (the “MPF”) was introduced by the Hong Kong Government and commenced in December 2000. BEL joined the MPF by implementing a plan with a major international insurance company. All permanent Hong Kong full time employees who joined BEL on or after December 2000, excluding factory workers, must join the MPF, except for those who joined the Plan before December 2000. Both the employee’s and employer’s contributions to the MPF are 5% of the eligible employee’s monthly salary and are subject to a maximum mandatory contribution of HK$1,000 (US$128) per month. Both the maximum mandatory employee’s and employer’s contributions per month increased to HK$1,250 (US$160) since June 1, 2012, and then later to HK$1,500 (US$192) since June 1, 2014.

Pursuant to the relevant PRC regulations, the Company is required to make contributions for each employee, at rates based upon the employee’s standard salary base as determined by the local Social Security Bureau, to a defined contribution retirement scheme organized by the local Social Security Bureau in respect of the retirement benefits for the Company’s employees in the PRC.

(b) The contributions to each of the above schemes are recognized as employee benefit expenses when they are due and are charged to the consolidated statement of operations. The Company’s total contributions to the above schemes for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 amounted to $267,000, $255,000 and $264,000, respectively. The Company has no other obligation to make payments in respect of retirement benefits of the employees.

(c) According to the New Labor Law in the PRC which was effective on January 1, 2008, a company is required to provide one month’s salary for each year of service as a severance payment. The Company recognized a total provision of $437,000 as of March 31, 2019 for severance payments for staff in the PRC (2018: $396,000, 2017: $297,000). The accrued severance payment allowance is reviewed every year.

F-38 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

18 Net earnings per share

Basic net earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding is adjusted to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the dilutive potential common shares had been issued. In computing the dilutive effect of potential common shares, the average stock price for the period is used in determining the number of treasury shares assumed to be purchased with the proceeds from the exercise of options.

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017		2018		2019
Income / (loss) available to common stockholders ($ in thousands)	$	2,795	$	4	$	(463	)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		5,143,648		4,910,357		4,703,224
Basic net earnings / (loss) per share	$	0.54	$	0.00	$	(0.10	)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		5,143,648		4,910,357		4,703,224
Effect of dilutive securities – Options		172,745		380,547		—
Diluted weighted average common and potential common shares outstanding		5,316,393		5,290,904		4,703,224
Diluted net earnings / (loss) per share	$	0.53	$	0.00	$	(0.10	)

F-39 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

19 Business segment information

(a) The Company has four business segments, Scales, Pet Electronics Products, Rental and Management and Others for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2018 and 2019. The Chief Operating Decision Maker, identified as the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, reviews these segment results when making decisions about allocating revenues and assessing the performance of the Company.

Scales operations principally involve production and marketing of sensor-based scales products. These include bathroom, kitchen, office, jewelry, laboratory, postal and industrial scales that are used in consumer, commercial and industrial applications. Revenue from scale products was 67% (2018: 68%) of overall revenue of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, and the Company expects that the revenue will continue to contribute a similar level of revenue for the next 12 months.

The “Others” segment is a residual, which principally includes the activities of (i) tooling and mould charges for scales and pet electronics products, and (ii) sales of scrap materials.

Pet Electronics Products principally involve development and production of pet-related electronics products that are used in consumer applications. Revenue from pet electronics products was 14% (2018: 16%) of overall revenue of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, and the Company expects that the revenue from pet electronics products will continue to contribute a similar level of revenue for the next 12 months.

Rental and Management involve leasing out part of our factories and machinery to third parties. The management decided to identify and expand the rental and management segment during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 with the signing of an agreement with Fangda, a property developer in Shenzhen, to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory to generate more rental revenue in the future. Revenue from rental and management was 19% (2018: 16%) of overall revenue of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. The Shenzhen factory was rented to a third party with a lease term from August 1, 2013 to August 1, 2019; however, the rent terminated as at January 31, 2019. The Company expects that the revenue from rental and management will decrease for the next 12 months.

The following table sets forth the percentage of net sales for each of the product lines mentioned above for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019:

	Year ended March 31,
Product Line	2017			2018			2019
Scales and Others		83	%		68	%		67	%
Pet Electronics Products		9	%		16	%		14	%
Rental and Management		8	%		16	%		19	%
Total		100	%		100	%		100	%

The accounting policies of the Company’s reportable segments are the same as those described in the description of business and significant accounting policies.

F-40 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

19 Business segment information (Continued)

(a) Summarized financial information by business segment as of March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 is as follows:

	Net sales		Cost of Revenue		Operating income / (loss)			Identifiable assets as of March 31		Depreciation and amortization		Capital expenditure
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
2017
Scales and Others		15,814		9,428		2,916			10,355		515		262
Pet Electronics Products		1,662		991		307			1,089		54		27
Rental and Management		1,476		855		(57	)		5,465		748		—
Total operating segments		18,952		11,274		3,166			16,909		1,317		289
Corporate		—		—		—			4,057		—		—
Group		18,952		11,274		3,166			20,966		1,317		289

2018
Scales and Others	7,862	4,809	208		8,211	479	79
Pet Electronics Products	1,861	1,139	49		1,944	113	19
Rental and Management	1,800	1,010	(19	)	5,622	784	266
Total operating segments	11,523	6,958	238		15,777	1,376	364
Corporate	—	—	—		8,978	—	—
Group	11,523	6,958	238		24,755	1,376	364

2019
Scales and Others	6,686	4,340	(74	)	8,244	540	236
Pet Electronics Products	1,410	915	(16	)	1,739	115	67
Rental and Management	1,896	780	(450	)	4,716	479	289
Total operating segments	9,992	6,035	(540	)	14,699	1,134	592
Corporate	—	—	—		7,787	—	—
Group	9,992	6,035	(540	)	22,486	1,134	592

Operating income by segment equals total operating revenues less expenses directly attributable to the generation of the segment’s operating revenues. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets that are used in the operation of that segment. Corporate assets consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, investment in life insurance contracts, intangible assets and other identifiable assets not related specifically to individual segments.

F-41 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

19 Business segment information (Continued)

(b) The Company primarily operates in Hong Kong and the PRC. The manufacture of components and their assembly into finished products and research and development are carried out in the PRC. As the operations are integrated, it is not practicable to distinguish the net income derived among the activities in Hong Kong and the PRC.

Property, plant and equipment, net by geographical areas are as follows:

	March 31,		March 31,
	2018		2019
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Hong Kong		1,092		845
The PRC		9,342		8,746
Property, plant and equipment, net		10,434		9,591

(c) The following is a summary of net revenue by geographical areas constituting 10% or more of total revenue of the Company for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019:

	Year ended March 31,
	2017				2018				2019
	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Germany		2,797		15		3,621		31		3,760		38
United States		10,356		55		4,807		42		3,184		32
The PRC		1,590		8		2,054		18		2,265		23
Netherlands		2,299		12		87		1		—		—
		17,042		90		10,569		92		9,209		93

F-42 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

19 Business segment information (Continued)

(d) The following is a summary of net revenue by customers constituting 10% or more of total revenue of the Company for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019:

		Year Ended March 31,
		2017				2018				2019
Customers	Segment	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Customer A	Scales		2,729		14		3,579		31		3,715		37
Customer C	Scales		2,435		13		1,599		14		1,225		12
Customer B	Scales and Pet Electronics Products		1,563		8		1,662		14		1,027		10
Customer E	Rental and Management		1,061		6		1,050		9		996		10
Customer D	Scales		8,472		45		1,115		10		21		—
			16,260		86		9,005		78		6,984		69

20 Long-term loan and long-term deposit received

In November 2017, the Company signed an agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen -- Fangda to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. Fangda is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fangda Group Co., Ltd. (“Fangda Group”), which is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. During the year ended March 31, 2018, the Company received approximately $3,199,000 from Fangda as a deposit according to the agreement. The Company will return this deposit in full (without interest) to Fangda when the redeveloped property is completed and the Company’s share of the redeveloped property is transferred to the Company, which is expected to take place in March 2023. The Company has treated this deposit as a long-term loan and discounted it up to March 2023. This liability is presented as a long-term loan and deposit received in our consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2018 and 2019.

F-43 

Bonso Electronics International Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

21 Other income, net

Other income, net consisted of the following:

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017		2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment		—		—		5
Gain on disposal of intangible assets		79		—		—
Gain from deregistration of subsidiaries		22		—		—
Other gains		453		342		103
Other income, net		554		342		108

22 Non-operating income / (expenses), net

Non-operating income / (expenses), net comprises the following:

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017			2018			2019
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Interest income		8			191			237
Interest expense		(37	)		(72	)		(139	)
Foreign exchange gain / (loss)		258			(353	)		(21	)
Non-operating income / (expenses), net		229			(234	)		77

23 Subsequent events

From April 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019, the Company repurchased an additional 17,404 shares of its common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $47,000.

F-44 

EX-4.1

Exhibit 4.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EX-12.1

Exhibit 12.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Andrew So certify that:

1.  I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Bonso Electronics International Inc. (the “Company”);

2.  Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;

3.  Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;

4.  The Company's other certifying officer and myself are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluations; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

5.  The Company's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal controls over financial reporting, to the Company's auditors and the audit committee of Company's Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting.

Date: August 15, 2019

/s/ Andrew So

Andrew So, Chief Executive Officer

EX-12.2

Exhibit 12.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Albert So certify that:

1.  I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Bonso Electronics International Inc. (the “Company”);

2.  Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;

3.  Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;

4.  The Company's other certifying officer and myself are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f)) for the Company and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluations; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company's internal control over financial reporting.

5.  The Company's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal controls over financial reporting, to the Company's auditors and the audit committee of the Company's Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting.

Date: August 15, 2019

/s/ Albert So                        

Albert So, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary

EX-13.1

EXHIBIT 13.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

        Pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), each of the undersigned officers of Bonso Electronics International, Inc., a British Virgin Islands international business company (the “Corporation”), does hereby certify, to such officer's knowledge, that:

        The Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended March 31, 2019 (the “Form 20-F”) of the Corporation fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and information contained in the Form 20-F fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Corporation.

Date: August 15, 2019

/s/ Andrew So             

Andrew So

Chief Executive Officer

EX-13.2

EXHIBIT 13.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

        Pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), each of the undersigned officers of Bonso Electronics International, Inc., a British Virgin Islands international business company (the “Corporation”), does hereby certify, to such officer's knowledge, that:

        The Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended March 31, 2019 (the “Form 20-F”) of the Corporation fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and information contained in the Form 20-F fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Corporation.

Date:  August 15, 2019

/s/ Albert So           

Albert So

Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary

XML

Document and Entity Information	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019 shares
Entity Registrant Name	BONSO ELECTRONICS INTERNATIONAL INC
Entity Central Index Key	0000846546
Document Type	20-F
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2019
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--03-31
Is Entity a Well-known Seasoned Issuer?	No
Is Entity a Voluntary Filer?	No
Is Entity's Reporting Status Current?	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell company	false
Document Annual Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Shell Company Report	false
Entity File Number	0-17601
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	K3
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2019
Treasury Stock
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	872,866
Common Stock
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	5,543,639

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 7,527	$ 8,751
Trade receivables, net	600	794
Other receivables, deposits and prepayments	1,341	745
Inventories	829	1,012
Income tax recoverable	5	5
Financial instruments at fair value	102	78
Total current assets	10,404	11,385
Investment in life insurance contract	153	149
Property, plant and equipment, net	9,591	10,434
Intangible assets, net	2,338	2,787
Total assets	22,486	24,755
Current liabilities
Notes payable - secured		99
Bank loans - secured	445
Accounts payable	443	924
Contract liabilities	17
Accrued charges and deposits	3,168	3,178
Payable to affiliated parties	54	73
Current portion of capital lease obligations	28	28
Loan from affiliated party - current portion		67
Total current liabilities	4,155	4,369
Capital lease obligations - non current portion	5	32
Long-term loan	2,485	2,527
Long-term deposit received	692	738
Total liabilities	7,337	7,666
Stockholders' equity
Common stock par value $0.003 per share- authorized shares - 23,333,334- issued shares: March 31, 2018: 5,543,639; - outstanding shares: March 31, 2018: 4,795,622; March 31, 2019: 4,670,773.	17	17
Additional paid-in capital	22,474	22,474
Treasury stock at cost: March 31, 2018: 748,017; March 31, 2019: 872,866.	(2,773)	(2,409)
Accumulated deficit	(6,492)	(6,029)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	1,923	3,036
Total stockholders' equity	15,149	17,089
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 22,486	$ 24,755

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, par value	$ 0.003	$ 0.003
Common stock, shares authorized	23,333,334	23,333,334
Common stock, shares issued	5,543,639	5,543,639
Common stock, shares outstanding	4,670,773	4,795,622
Treasury stock, shares	872,866	748,017

XML

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Income Statement [Abstract]
Net revenue	$ 9,992	$ 11,523	$ 18,952
Cost of revenue	(6,035)	(6,958)	(11,274)
Gross profit	3,957	4,565	7,678
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(4,605)	(4,669)	(5,066)
Other income, net	108	342	554
Income / (loss) from operations	(540)	238	3,166
Non-operating income / (expenses), net	77	(234)	229
Income / (loss) before income taxes	(463)	4	3,395
Income tax expense	0	0	(600)
Net income / (loss)	(463)	4	2,795
Other comprehensive (loss) / income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(1,113)	2,062	(1,410)
Comprehensive income / (loss)	(1,576)	2,066	1,385
Net income / (loss) attributable to common shareholders	$ (463)	$ 4	$ 2,795
Net earnings / (loss) per share - basic	$ 0.1	$ 0.00	$ 0.54
Weighted average number of shares outstanding in calculating net earnings per share - basic	4,703,224	4,910,357	5,143,648
Net earnings / (loss) per share - diluted	$ 0.1	$ 0.00	$ 0.53
Weighted average number of shares outstanding in calculating net earnings per share - diluted	4,703,224	5,290,904	5,316,393

XML

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income - Foreign Currency Adjustments	Total
Balance, Value at Mar. 31, 2016	$ 17	$ (1,561)	$ 22,566	$ (8,828)	$ 2,384	$ 14,578
Balance, Shares at Mar. 31, 2016	5,577,639	404,208
Net income (loss)				2,795		2,795
Shares repurchased		$ (368)				$ (368)
Shares repurchased, shares		164,311				164,311
Foreign exchange translation adjustment					(1,410)	$ (1,410)
Balance, Value at Mar. 31, 2017	$ 17	$ (1,929)	22,566	(6,033)	974	15,595
Balance, Shares at Mar. 31, 2017	5,577,639	568,519
Net income (loss)				4		4
Shares repurchased		$ (572)				$ (572)
Shares repurchased, shares		213,498				213,498
Removal of treasury shares from the total number of shares issued, Value		$ 92	(92)
Removal of treasury shares from the total number of shares issued, Shares	(34,000)	(34,000)
Foreign exchange translation adjustment					2,062	2,062
Balance, Value at Mar. 31, 2018	$ 17	$ (2,409)	22,474	(6,029)	3,036	17,089
Balance, Shares at Mar. 31, 2018	5,543,639	748,017
Net income (loss)				(463)		(463)
Shares repurchased		$ (364)				$ (364)
Shares repurchased, shares		124,849				124,849
Foreign exchange translation adjustment					(1,113)	$ (1,113)
Balance, Value at Mar. 31, 2019	$ 17	$ (2,773)	$ 22,474	$ (6,492)	$ 1,923	$ 15,149
Balance, Shares at Mar. 31, 2019	5,543,639	872,866

XML

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income / (loss)	$ (463)	$ 4	$ 2,795
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation	859	1,099	1,046
Amortization	275	277	271
Loss / (gain) on disposal of property, plant and equipment	(5)	12
Gain on disposal of intangible assets			(79)
Write-down of inventories	73	569	156
Write off of property, plant and equipment		2	2
Gain from deregistration of subsidiaries			(22)
Change in cash surrender value of life insurance contract	(4)	(5)	(4)
Change in fair value of financial instruments	(4)	7	61
Dividend income from financial instruments at fair value	(1)	(4)	(1)
Gain from sale of financial instruments at fair value	(16)	(58)	(3)
Interest expense	116	62	0
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade receivables	166	498	(300)
Other receivables, deposits and prepayments	(586)	965	(163)
Inventories	18	(563)	649
Accounts payable	(407)	(419)	(1,318)
Contract liabilities	17
Accrued charges and deposits	4	122	(136)
Payable to affiliated parties	(23)	19	(25)
Income tax liabilities		(539)	216
Long-term deposit received	(46)	738
Long-term loan	42
Net cash provided by operating activities	15	2,786	3,145
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment	5	4
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment	(578)	(364)	(289)
Proceeds from disposal of intangible assets			120
Acquisition of financial instruments at fair value	(226)	(517)	(163)
Payments made upon expiry of forward contracts			(225)
Proceeds from sale of financial instruments at fair value	223	657	146
Dividends received from financial instruments at fair value	1	4	1
Net cash used in investing activities	(575)	(216)	(410)
Cash flows from financing activities
Capital lease payments	(28)	(44)	(49)
Advance from notes payable	237	467	1,721
Repayment of notes payable	(336)	(502)	(2,820)
Advance from bank loans	641
Repayment of bank loans	(196)	(143)	(363)
Payment to affiliated party	(67)	(135)	(135)
Stock repurchase	(364)	(572)	(368)
Advance from long-term loan		2,465
Net cash (used in) / generated from financing activities	(113)	1,536	(2,014)
Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(673)	4,106	721
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(551)	900	(523)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	8,751	3,745	3,547
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	7,527	8,751	3,745
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest	23	10	37
Income tax		$ 562	$ 360

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Description of business and significant accounting policies

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Description of business and significant accounting policies

1 Description of business and significant accounting policies

Bonso Electronics International Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “Group”) are engaged in the designing, manufacturing and selling of a comprehensive line of electronic scales and weighing instruments, pet electronics products and other products. Further, the Group also rents or leases both factory facilities and equipment not being currently used to third parties.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in United States dollars and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates made by management include valuation of inventories, allowance for trade receivables, stock-based compensation, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and the impairment of long-lived assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The Company had operating income / (loss) of approximately $3,166,000, $238,000 and ($540,000) in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had positive working capital of approximately $6,249,000 and the accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared on a going concern basis. Management believes the Company will have sufficient working capital to meet its financing requirements based upon their experience and their assessment of the Company’s projected performance, credit facilities and banking relationships.

The significant accounting policies are as follows:

(a) Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries after elimination of inter-company accounts and transactions.

Acquisitions of companies have been consolidated from the date on which control of the net assets and operations was transferred to the Company.

Acquisitions of companies are accounted for using the purchase method of accounting.

(b) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company has no cash equivalents as of March 31, 2018 and 2019.

(c) Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, as determined on a first-in, first-out basis, or net realizable value. Costs of inventories include purchase and related costs incurred in bringing the products to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. The Company routinely reviews its inventories for their salability and for indications of obsolescence to determine if inventory carrying values are higher than net realizable value. Some of the significant factors the Company considers in estimating the net realizable value of its inventories include the likelihood of changes in market and customer demand and expected changes in market prices for its inventories.

(d) Trade receivables

Trade receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances for doubtful accounts and sales returns, if any. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing trade receivables. Bad debt expense is included in the administrative and general expenses.

The Company recognizes an allowance for doubtful receivables to ensure accounts and other receivables are not overstated due to uncollectibility. Allowance for doubtful receivables is maintained for all customers based on a variety of factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, significant one-time events and historical experience. An additional allowance for individual accounts is recorded when the Company becomes aware of customers’ or other debtors’ inability to meet their financial obligations, such as bankruptcy filings or deterioration in the customer’s or other debtor’s operating results or financial position. If circumstances related to customers or debtors change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables will be further adjusted.

(e) Income taxes and deferred income taxes

Amounts in the consolidated financial statements related to income taxes are calculated using the principles of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740 and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) 2013-11 “Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists”. ASC 740 requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carry forwards, are recognized as deferred tax assets. Recognized deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company complies with ASC 740 “Income Taxes” for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in financial statements. ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The Company’s accounting policy is to treat interest and penalties as components of income taxes. The Company’s income tax returns through the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 have been assessed by the tax authorities.

(f) Lease prepayments and intangible assets

Lease prepayments represent the cost of land use rights in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). Land use rights held by the Company are included in intangible assets. The granted useful life of the land use rights is 50 years. They are stated at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over a maximum period of 30 years, in accordance with the business licenses of 30 years.

(g) Property, plant and equipment, net

(i) Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Leasehold land and buildings are depreciated on a straight-line basis over 15 to 50 years, representing the shorter of the remaining term of the lease or the expected useful life to the Company.

(ii) Other categories of property, plant and equipment are carried at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their expected useful lives to the Company. The principal estimated useful lives for depreciation are:

Plant and machinery - 10 years

Furniture, fixtures and equipment - 5 to10 years

Motor vehicles - 5 years

(iii) Assets under construction are not depreciated until construction is completed and the assets are ready for their intended use.

(iv) The cost of major improvements and betterments is capitalized, whereas the cost of maintenance and repairs is expensed in the year when it is incurred.

(v) Any gain or loss on disposal is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

(h) Impairment of long-lived assets including intangible assets

Long-lived assets held and used by the Company and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets calculated using a discounted future cash flows analysis. Provisions for impairment made on other long-lived assets are disclosed in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The Company lost a major customer during 2017 and as a result, the Company performed an assessment of the value of the property, plant and equipment and intangible assets in Xinxing, PRC, and no provision for impairment was made by the Company (2018: $nil; 2017: $nil) based on the assessment.

(i) Capital and operating leases

Costs in respect of operating leases are charged against income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leasing agreements, which transfer to the Company substantially all the benefits and risks of ownership of an asset, are treated as if the asset had been purchased outright. The assets are included in property, plant and equipment (“capital leases”) and the capital element of the lease commitments is shown as an obligation under capital leases. The lease rentals are treated as consisting of capital and interest elements. The capital element is applied to reduce the outstanding obligation and the interest element is charged against profit so as to give a consistent periodic rate of charge on the remaining balance outstanding at the end of each accounting period. Assets held under capital leases are depreciated over the useful lives of the equivalent owned assets or the lease term, whichever is shorter.

(j) Revenue recognition

Effective April 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new guidance of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition”. Topic 606 requires the Company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company applies the following steps to recognize revenues: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Product sales

The Company’s revenue from contracts with customers is derived from product revenue principally from the sales of electronic scales and pet electronic products directly to customers. The Company sells goods to customers based on purchase orders received from the customers. The Company has determined there is one performance obligation for each model included in the purchase orders. The performance obligation is considered to be met and revenue is recognized when the customer obtains control of the goods, which is generally the point at which products are leaving the ports of Hong Kong, Shenzhen or Nansha (Guangzhou). The Company did not recognize any revenue from contracts with customers for performance obligations satisfied overtime during the year ended March 31, 2019. The timing of revenue recognition is not impacted by the new standard.

The transaction price is generally in the form of a fixed price which is agreed with the customer at contract inception. The transaction price is recorded net of any sales return, surcharges and value-added taxes on gross sales. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the purchase orders. Customers are required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 15 to 60 days. In certain circumstances, the Company will request a deposit from a customer. Customers’ deposits are settled part of the outstanding bill upon receiving an acknowledgement from customers. For the remaining balance of the outstanding bill, the customer is required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 0 to 15 days.

Return rights

The Company does not provide its customers with a right of return or production protection. Each customer is required to perform a product quality check before accepting delivery of goods. The Company provides to certain customers an additional one to two percent of the quantity of certain products ordered in lieu of a warranty, which is recognized as cost of sales when these products are shipped to customers from the Company’s facilities.

Value-added taxes and surcharges

The Company presents revenue net of value-added taxes (“VAT”) and surcharges incurred. Surcharge are sales related taxes representing the City Maintenance and Construction Tax and Education Surtax. VAT, business taxes and surcharges collected from customers, net of VAT paid for purchases, are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets until these are paid to the tax authorities.

Outbound freight and handling costs

The Company accounts for product outbound freight and handling costs as fulfillment activities and present the associated costs in selling, general and administrative expenses in the period in which it sells the product.

Disaggregation of revenue

The Company disaggregates its revenue from different types of contracts with customers by principal product categories, as the Company believes it best depicts the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows. See Note 19 for product revenues by segment.

Contract balances

The Company did not recognize any contract asset as of April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019. The timing between the recognition of revenue and receipt of payment is not significant. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of deposits received from customers. As of April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the balances of the contract liabilities are approximately $57,000 and $17,000, respectively. All contract liabilities at the beginning of the year ended March 31, 2019 were recognized as revenue during the year ended March 31, 2019 and all contract liabilities as of year ended March 31, 2019 are expected to be realized in the following year. As of April 1, 2019, the adoption of ASU 606 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidation financial statements.

Rental income is recognized according to the rental agreements. Rental income for non-uniform rent payments is recognized on a straight-line basis throughout the lease term.

(k) Research and development costs

Research and development costs include salaries, utilities and contractor fees that are directly attributable to the conduct of research and development progress primarily related to the development of new design of products. Research and development costs of approximately $158,000, $152,000 and $175,000 were charged to operations for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

(l) Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included within selling, general and administrative expenses. Advertising costs were approximately $10,000, $18,000 and $21,000 for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

(m) Foreign currency translations

(i) The Company’s functional currency is the United States dollar. Transactions denominated in non-United States dollar currencies of foreign subsidiaries where the United States dollar is the functional currency are translated into United States dollars at the exchange rates existing at date of transaction. The translation of local currencies into United States dollars at the balance sheet date creates transaction adjustments which are included in net income. Exchange differences are recorded in the statements of operations and comprehensive income.

(ii) The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries, where non-United States dollar currencies are the functional currencies, are translated into United States dollars using exchange rates in effect at period end for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for the statement of operations. Adjustments resulting from translation of these financial statements are reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income.

(n) Stock options and warrants

Stock options have been granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors. Upon exercise of the options, a holder can acquire shares of common stock of the Company at an exercise price determined by the board of directors. The options are exercisable based on the vesting terms stipulated in the option agreements or plan.

The Company follows the guidance of ASC 718, “Accounting for Stock Options and Other Stock-Based Compensation”. ASC 718 requires companies to record compensation expense for share-based awards issued to employees and directors in exchange for services provided. The amount of the compensation expense is based on the estimated fair value of the awards on their grant dates and is recognized over the required service periods. Our share-based awards include stock options and restricted stock awards. The estimated fair value underlying our calculation of compensation expense for stock options is based on the Black-Scholes pricing model. Forfeitures of share-based awards are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if our estimates change based on the actual amount of forfeitures we have experienced.

(o) Fair value of financial instruments

The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, net, other receivables, deposits and prepayments, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued charges and deposits, and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to the relatively short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value based on prevailing borrowing rates currently available for loans with similar terms and maturities.

(p) Treasury stock

The Company periodically retires treasury shares that it acquires through share repurchases and returns those shares to the status of authorized but unissued. The Company accounts for treasury stock transactions under the cost method. For each reacquisition of common stock, the number of shares and the acquisition price for those shares is added to the existing treasury stock count and total value, respectively, and recognized as a deduction from equity. When treasury shares are retired, the Company’s policy is to allocate the excess of the repurchase price over the par value of shares acquired to additional paid-in capital, with any remaining amount being charged to retained earnings.

(q) Recent accounting pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Subtopic 842)" ("ASU 2016-02"), and associated ASUs related to Topic 842, which requires an entity that leases assets to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Leases will be classified as either financing or operating, similar to current accounting requirements, with the applicable classification determining the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of operations. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018 and must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, which requires lessees and lessors to recognize and measure all leases within the scope of this ASU using one of the following transition methods: (i) the effective date or (ii) the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements at the date of initial application. The Company has elected to apply the transition requirements on April 1, 2019, effective date rather than at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. This approach allows for a cumulative effect adjustment in the period of adoption, and prior periods will not be restated. In addition, the Company has elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which does not require a reassessment of prior conclusions related to contracts containing a lease, lease classification and initial direct lease costs. As an accounting policy election, the Company will exclude short-term leases (term of 12 months or less) from the balance sheet presentation and will account for non-lease and lease components in a contract as a single lease component for all asset classes.

The Company analyzed the impact of ASU 2016-02 across all lease arrangements to evaluate and implement the new standard. The Company are expected to meet the new accounting and disclosure requirements upon adoption on April 1, 2019. Based on the Company’s preliminary assessment, the Company expects to record right-of-use assets of approximately $413,000 and lease liabilities of approximately $413,000 in the consolidated balance sheets on the adoption date of April 1, 2019. The impact on the Group’s consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows is not expected to be material.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" ("ASU 2016-13"), which improves financial reporting by providing timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The ASU requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Forward-looking information will now be used to better inform credit loss estimates. This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, "Earnings Per Share (Topic 260) (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception" ("ASU 2017-11"). The amendments require companies to disregard the down round feature when assessing whether the instrument is indexed to its own stock, for purposes of determining liability or equity classification. Companies that provide earnings per share (EPS) data will adjust their basic EPS calculation for the effect of the feature when triggered (i.e., when the exercise price of the related equity-linked financial instrument is adjusted downward because of the down round feature) and will also recognize the effect of the trigger within equity. For public business entities, this ASU should be effective for annual periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2017-11 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In September 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-13, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842)” ("ASU 2017-13"): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments. The amendments in ASU 2017-13 amend the early adoption date option for certain companies related to the adoption of ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2016-02. The effective date is the same as the effective date and transition requirements for the amendments for ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2016-02.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)” ("ASU 2018-02"). The amendments in this Update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Consequently, the amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. However, because the amendments only relate to the reclassification of the income tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the underlying guidance that requires that the effect of a change in tax laws or rates be included in income from continuing operations is not affected. The amendments in this Update also require certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. Public business entities should apply the amendments in ASU 2018-02 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this Update is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-02 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” ("ASU 2018-13") which is part of the FASB disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments in the new guidance remove, modify and add certain disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements covered in Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement.” The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for either the entire standard or only the requirements that modify or eliminate the disclosure requirements, with certain requirements applied prospectively, and all other requirements applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, “Consolidation: Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance

for Variable Interest Entities,” ("ASU 2018-17") which modifies the guidance related to indirect interests held through related parties under common control for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interest. ASU 2018-17 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses,” (“ASU 2018-19”) which clarifies and improves guidance related to credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement. Same as ASU 2016-13, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-20, “Leases (Topic 842): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors,” (“ASU 2018-20”) which aligns the guidance for fair value of the underlying asset by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in Topic 842, with that of existing guidance. Same as ASU 2016-02, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company believes adoption of this ASU would not have significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-01, “Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements,” (“ASU 2019-01”) which provides guidance on determining the fair value of the underlying asset by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers and presenting sales-type and direct financing leases on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2019-01 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

We believe there is no additional new accounting guidance adopted, but not yet effective that is relevant to the readers of our financial statements. However, there are numerous new proposals under development which, if and when enacted, may have a significant impact on our financial reporting.

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Allowance for doubtful accounts

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Allowance for doubtful accounts

2 Allowance for doubtful accounts

Allowance for doubtful accounts amounted to $nil as of March 31, 2019 (2018: $nil). Most of the Company’s trade receivables are generally unsecured.

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Inventories

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

3 Inventories

The components of inventories are as follows:

	March 31,
	2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Raw materials		275		297
Work in progress		237		218
Finished goods		500		314
		1,012		829

During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, based upon material composition and expected usage, provisions for inventories of approximately $156,000, $569,000 and $73,000, respectively, were charged to the consolidated statements of operations under cost of revenue.

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Property, plant and equipment, net

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, plant and equipment, net

4 Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment, net, consisted of the following:

	March 31,
	2018			2019
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Cost
Buildings		17,863			16,890
Construction-in-progress		260			597
Plant and machinery		9,932			9,838
Furniture, fixtures and equipment		1,468			1,475
Motor vehicles		643			636
		30,166			29,436
Less: accumulated depreciation		(19,732	)		(19,845	)
		10,434			9,591

During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, depreciation expenses charged to the consolidated statements of operations amounted to approximately $1,046,000, $1,099,000 and $859,000, respectively. As at March 31, 2018 and 2019, fully depreciated assets that were still in use by the Company amounted to $9,853,000 and $15,749,000, respectively.

Property, plant and equipment in Xinxing were assessed for impairment according to the policy described in note 1(h). The Company concluded that no impairment to property, plant and equipment in Xinxing was required as at March 31, 2019.

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Interests of subsidiaries

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Interests of subsidiaries

5 Interests in subsidiaries

Particulars of principal subsidiaries as of March 31, 2018 and 2019 are as follows:

Name of company	Place of incorporation and kind of legal entity	Percentage of capital held by the Company						Principal activities
		2018			2019
Bonso Electronics Limited * (“BEL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding, providing management and administrative support to the Group companies
Bonso Investment Limited (“BIL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and property investment
Bonso Electronics (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BESCL”)	PRC, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and property rental
Bonso Advanced Technology Limited * (“BATL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and trading of scales and pet electronics products
Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company, Limited (“BATXXCL”)	PRC, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Production of scales and pet electronics products and property rental
Bonso Technology (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BTL”)	PRC, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Product development

* Shares directly held by the Company

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Intangible assets

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible assets

6 Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets are analyzed as follows:

	March 31,
	2018			2019
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Cost		6,348			5,951
Less: accumulated amortization		(3,561	)		(3,613	)
		2,787			2,338

The components of intangible assets are as follows:

	March 31,
	2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Land use right of factory land in Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC		1,274		1,014
Land use right of factory land in Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC		1,513		1,324
		2,787		2,338

Amortization expense in relation to intangible assets was approximately $271,000, $277,000 and $275,000 for each of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

As of March 31, 2019, future minimum amortization expenses in respect of intangible assets are as follows:

Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands
	2020		275
	2021		275
	2022		275
	2023		275
	2024		275
	Thereafter		963
	Total		2,338

In November 2017, the Company signed an agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen - Shenzhen Fangda Property Development Company Limited (“Fangda”) to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. The redevelopment will be on the factory land in Shenzhen.

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Banking facilities

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Banking and Thrift [Abstract]

Banking facilities

7 Banking facilities

As of March 31, 2019, the Company had general banking facilities for bank overdrafts, letters of credit, notes payable and term loans. The facilities are interchangeable with total amounts available of approximately $5,128,000 (2018: $5,128,000). The general banking facilities utilized by the Company are denominated in United States dollars, Hong Kong dollars and Chinese Yuan.

The Company’s general banking facilities, expressed in United States dollars, are further detailed as follows:

	Amount available				Amount utilized				Amount unutilized				Terms of banking facilities as of
	March 31,				March 31,				March 31,				March 31, 2019
	2018		2019		2018		2019		2018		2019		Interest	Repayment
	$ in thousands				$ in thousands				$ in thousands				rate	terms
Import and export facilities
Combined limit		2,564		2,564		99		445		2,465		2,119
Including sub-limit of:
Notes payable		2,308		2,308		99		—		2,209		2,308	HIBOR* +2.5%	Repayable in full within 120 days
Bank overdrafts		641		641		—		—		641		641	Prime rate +1%	Repayable on demand
Long term loans (1)		641		641		—		445		641		196	HIBOR* +2%	Term loans repayable monthly over 3 years.
Other facilities
Export documentary credits		641		641		—		—		641		641
Short term loans		1,923		1,923		—		—		1,923		1,923	HIBOR* +2.25%	Revolving loan repayable in 30 days
		5,128		5,128		99		445		5,029		4,683

(1) A clause in the banking facilities states that the term loans are subject to review any time and also subject to the bank's overriding right to repayment on demand, including the right to call for cash cover on demand for prospective and contingent liabilities. Therefore, all long-term loans were classified as current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2019, the long-term loans became current as they are repayable within one year in accordance with the repayment schedule.

* HIBOR is the Hong Kong Interbank Offer Rate

One of the properties of the Company located in Hong Kong with a net book value of approximately $728,000 as of March 31, 2019, the rental assignment over such property and the rights, interests and benefits of a life insurance contract with a book value of approximately $153,000 are arranged as securities to the banks for the banking facilities arrangement.

The Prime Rate and HIBOR were 5.125% and 1.650% per annum, respectively, as of March 31, 2019. The Prime Rate is determined by the Hong Kong Association of Banks and is subject to revision from time to time. Interest rates are subject to change if the Company defaults on the amount due under the facility or draws in excess of the facility amounts, or at the discretion of the banks.

The weighted average interest rates of borrowings of the Company are as follows:

	During the fiscal year ended March 31,
	2018			2019
Bank overdrafts		6.00	%		6.00	%
Notes payable		3.42	%		4.18	%
Term loans in Hong Kong		2.69	%		3.45	%

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Income tax

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income tax

8 Income tax

(a) The subsidiaries comprising the Group are subject to tax on an entity basis on income arising in or derived from Hong Kong and the PRC. The Company is not subject to income taxes in the British Virgin Islands.

Hong Kong Tax

BIL and BEL operating in Hong Kong are subject to the Hong Kong profits tax rate of 16.5% (2018 and 2017: 16.5%). BATL operating in Hong Kong is subject to the Hong Kong profits tax rate of 8.25% (2018 and 2017: 16.5%) on the first HKD 2 million of the estimated assessable profits and at 16.5% on the estimated assessable profits above HKD 2 million. BIL, BATL and BEL have no assessable profits for the year ended March 31, 2019.

PRC Tax

All subsidiaries registered in the PRC are subject to a tax rate of 25% (2018 and 2017: 25%).

(b) Income is subject to taxation in the various countries in which the Company and its subsidiaries operate. The income / (loss) before income taxes by geographical location is analyzed as follows:

	2017		2018			2019
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Hong Kong		693		221			(813	)
PRC		2,531		(406	)		168
Others		171		189			182
Total		3,395		4			(463	)

Others mainly include the income / (loss) from BVI.

(c) Income tax expense comprises the following:

	2017			2018		2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Current income tax expense		(600	)		—		—

The components of the income tax expense by geographical location are as follows:

	2017			2018		2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Hong Kong		(5	)		—		—
PRC		(595	)		—		—
Total		(600	)		—		—

At the end of the accounting periods, the income tax recoverable are as follows:

	2018		2019
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Current income tax recoverable		5		5

(d) Deferred tax assets comprise the following:

	2018			2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Tax loss carry forwards		4,607			4,203
Less: Valuation allowance		(4,607	)		(4,203	)
		—			—

As of March 31, 2018 and 2019, the Company had accumulated tax losses amounting to approximately $25,928,000 and $23,865,000 (the tax effect thereon is approximately $4,607,000 and $4,203,000), respectively, subject to the final agreement by the relevant tax authorities, which may be carried forward and applied to reduce future taxable income which is earned in or derived from Hong Kong and other jurisdictions. Realization of deferred tax assets associated with tax loss carry forwards is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income prior to their expiration. A valuation allowance is established against such tax losses when management believes it is more likely than not that a portion may not be utilized. As of March 31, 2019, the Company’s accumulated tax losses of approximately $3,122,000 will expire from 2020 to 2024.

(e) Changes in valuation allowance are as follows:

	2017			2018		2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Balance, April 1		4,459			4,270		4,607
(Credited) / charged to income tax expense		(189	)		337		(404	)
Balance, March 31		4,270			4,607		4,203

(f) The actual income tax expense attributable to earnings for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 differed from the amounts computed by applying the Hong Kong statutory tax rate in accordance with the relevant income tax law as a result of the following:

	2017			2018			2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Income / (loss) before income taxes		3,395			4			(463	)
Income tax (expense) / benefit on pretax income at statutory rate		(560	)		(1	)		55
Effect of different tax rates of subsidiaries operating in other jurisdictions		(52	)		128			8
Profit not subject to income tax		472			61			9
Expenses not deductible for income tax purposes		(686	)		(167	)		(163	)
(Decrease) / increase in valuation allowance		(189	)		337			(404	)
Under provision in prior year		5			—			—
Utilization of tax losses / (tax losses recognized)		410			(358	)		495
Total income tax expense		(600	)		—			—

The statutory rate of 8.25% or 16.5% used above is that of Hong Kong, where the Company’s main business is located.

(g) The Company complies with ASC 740 and assessed the tax position during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 and concluded that such prior year uncertain income tax liability was no longer required.

The Company’s accounting policy is to treat interest and penalties as components of income taxes. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had no accrued penalties related to uncertain tax positions (2018: $nil).

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Financial instruments at fair value

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Financial instruments at fair value

9 Financial instruments at fair value

The Company complies with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements” (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value and establishes a fair value hierarchy to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1-Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities available at the measurement date.

Level 2-Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3-Inputs are unobservable inputs which reflect the reporting entity's own assumptions on what assumptions the market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best available information.

The Company entered into a forward contract with a bank on March 10, 2015 with the purpose of obtaining a gain while the Company expected the trend of Chinese Yuan appreciation against the USD would continue for the next twenty four months. The bank was obligated to pay the Company if the Chinese Yuan appreciated against the USD, and the Company had to pay the bank if the Chinese Yuan depreciated against the USD, although this depreciation allowed the Company to purchase more Chinese Yuan. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, the forward contract matured and payments of approximately $225,000 have been made.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, the Company purchased listed shares in Hong Kong for trading purposes for approximately $226,000 (2018: $517,000). During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, a gain from disposal of financial assets at fair value of approximately $16,000 was recorded (2018: $58,000). A revaluation gain of approximately $4,000 was recorded during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 (2018: revaluation loss of $7,000).

At the end of the accounting period, the fair value of the following assets were as follows:

	March 31, 2018								March 31, 2019
$ in thousands
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Equity investments		78		—		—		78		102		—		—		102

The fair value of equity investments is determined based on quoted price in active markets.

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Investment in life insurance contract

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Investments, All Other Investments [Abstract]

Investment in life insurance contract

10 Investment in life insurance contract

Investment in life insurance contract represents the carrying amount (surrender value) of the contract if it is to be terminated by the Company. There is one life insurance contract as of March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, with a carrying amount of approximately $149,000 and $153,000, respectively. All premiums of this contract have already been paid during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2012. The face amount (death benefit) of this contract is $1,000,000. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, we recorded a gain of approximately $4,000 for the change in valuation (2018: $5,000).

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Leases

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

11 Leases

(a) Capital leases

During the year ended March 31, 2014, the Company entered into capital lease obligations amounting to approximately $123,000 for two motor vehicles. During the year ended March 31, 2016, the Company entered into an additional capital lease obligation amounting to approximately $116,000 for one motor vehicle. During the year ended March 31, 2018, one capital lease obligation amounting to approximately $69,000 for a motor vehicle was fully repaid. During the year ended March 31, 2019, one capital lease obligation amounting to approximately $47,000 for another motor vehicle was fully repaid.

Future minimum payments under capital leases as of March 31, 2019 with an initial term of more than one year are as follows:

Future minimum payments under capital leases for the years ending March 31,	Principal repayment	Interest payment	Total obligations
	$ in thousands	$ in thousands	$ in thousands
2020	27	1	28
2021	5	—	5
	32	1	33

(b) Operating leases

As of March 31, 2019, the Company leases two commercial units in Beijing and part of production facilities and machines in Xinxing under rental agreements to third parties. The Company will need to pay a cancellation fee of approximately $108,000 if the Company decides to terminate all the rental agreements before their expiry.

The Shenzhen factory is rented out to a third party from August 1, 2013 to August 1, 2019, and the rent terminated as at January 31, 2019. Part of the production facilities in Xinxing are rented out to various third parties up to February 13, 2026. Certain tenants have an option to early terminate their tenancy agreements. The expected future minimum rental payments to be received are as follows:

Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands
	2020		95
			95

As of March 31, 2019, the future minimum lease commitment payables in respect of non-cancellable operating leases for one office and two staff quarters in Shenzhen and a staff quarter in Xinxing are as follows:

Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands
	2020		112
	2021		110
	2022		109
	2023		109
	2024		23
			463

Rental expenses for all operating leases of one office premise in Shenzhen, two staff quarters in Shenzhen and a staff quarter in Xinxing amounted to approximately $100,000, $95,000 and $102,000 for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

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Commitments and contingent liabilities

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Commitments and contingent liabilities

Commitments and contingent liabilities

12       Commitments and contingent liabilities

(a) Commitments

Capital expenditures contracted at the balance sheet date but not yet provided for are as follows:

	March 31,
	2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Construction in Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC		358		41
		358		41

As of March 31, 2019, the Company entered into contractor agreements on buildings and leasehold improvements on the manufacturing facility in Xinxing, the PRC for a total consideration of $544,000. As of March 31, 2019, $503,000 has been paid, and the remaining balance of $41,000 is to be paid in accordance with the progress of the construction.

(b) Contingent liabilities

The Company has entered into an employment agreement with a director, Anthony So. Mr. So’s employment agreement provides for a maximum yearly salary of approximately $800,000 plus bonus. The initial term of the employment agreement expired on March 31, 2013 (“Initial Term”); however, the employment agreement has been renewed under a provision in the agreement that provides for automatic renewal for successive one year periods, unless at least 90 days prior to the expiration of the Initial Term or any renewal term, either party gives written notice to the other party specifically electing to terminate the agreement. Mr. So’s employment agreement contains a provision under which the Company will be obligated to pay Mr. So all compensation for the remainder of his employment agreement and five times his annual salary and bonus compensation if a change of control, as defined in his employment agreement occurs. Bonuses shall be determined by the Board of Directors in their sole discretion.

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Stockholders' equity

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders' equity

13 Stockholders’ equity

(a) Repurchase of common stock

In August of 2001, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a program for the Company to repurchase up to $500,000 of its common stock. This repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specified period of time. No stock had been repurchased when, on November 16, 2006, the Company's Board of Directors authorized another $1,000,000 for the Company to repurchase its common stock under the same repurchase program. This authorization to repurchase shares increased the amount authorized for repurchase from $500,000 to $1,500,000. On September 17, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an additional $1,500,000 to repurchase its common stock under the same repurchase program, bringing the amount authorized for repurchase to $3,000,000. On April 25, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an additional $3,000,000 to repurchase its common stock under the same repurchase program, bringing the amount authorized for repurchase to $6,000,000. The Board of Directors believed that the common stock was undervalued and that the repurchase of common stock would be beneficial to the Company's stockholders. The Company (through its subsidiary) has repurchased an aggregate of 906,866 shares of its common stock, including 124,849 shares ($364,000) that were repurchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, 213,498 shares ($572,000) that were repurchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, and 164,311 shares ($368,000) that were repurchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017. No shares repurchased were removed from the total number of shares issued during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 (2018: 34,000 shares, 2017: nil). The Company may from time to time repurchase shares of its common stock under this program.

(b) Preferred stock

The Company has authorized share capital of $100,000 for 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with par value of $0.01 each, divided into 2,500,000 shares each of class A preferred stock, class B preferred stock, class C preferred stock and class D preferred stock. Shares may be issued within each class from time to time by the Company’s Board of Directors in its sole discretion without the approval of the stockholders, with such designations, power preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions as the Board of Directors shall fix and as have not been fixed in the Company’s Memorandum of Association. The Company has not issued any shares of preferred stock as of March 31, 2019.

(c) Dividends

No dividends were declared by the Company for each of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

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Stock option and bonus plans

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Stock option and bonus plans

14 Stock option and bonus plans

(a) 1996 Stock Option Plan

In October 1996, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the 1996 Stock Option Plan and 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan. Under the 1996 Stock Option Plan, the Company may grant options of common stock to certain employees and directors of the Company for a maximum of 900,000 shares. The 1996 Stock Option Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which determines the terms of options granted, including the exercise price, the option periods and the number of shares to be subject to each option. The exercise price of options granted under the 1996 Stock Option Plan may be less than the fair market value of the common shares on the date of grant. The maximum term of options granted under the 1996 Stock Option Plan is 10 years. The right to acquire the common shares is not assignable except for certain conditions stipulated in the 1996 Stock Option Plan.

Under the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, the non-employee directors were automatically granted stock options on the third business day following the day of each annual general meeting of the Company to purchase shares of common stock. The maximum number of authorized shares under the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan was 600,000. The exercise price of all options granted under the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan shall be one hundred percent of the fair market value per share of the common shares on the date of grant. The maximum term of options granted under the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan is 10 years. No stock option may be exercised during the first six months of its term except for certain conditions provided in the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan. The right to acquire the common shares is not assignable except for under certain conditions stipulated in the 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan.

On November 16, 2006, the Board of Directors of the Company voted to rescind the Company’s 1996 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan (the “Non-Employee Directors’ Plan”). All options previously granted under the Non-Employee Directors’ Plan have expired pursuant to their terms of grant.

During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, no shares or share options were granted under the 1996 Stock Option Plan.

(b) 2004 Stock Bonus Plan

On September 7, 2004, the Company’s stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Bonus Plan (the “Stock Bonus Plan”) which authorizes the issuance of up to five hundred thousand (500,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of stock bonus.

The purpose of this Stock Bonus Plan is to (i) induce key employees to remain in the employment of the Company or of any subsidiary of the Company; (ii) encourage such employees to secure or increase their stock ownership in the Company; and (iii) reward employees, non-employee directors, advisors and consultants for services rendered or to be rendered to or for the benefit of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Company believes that the Stock Bonus Plan will promote continuity of management and increase incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The Stock Bonus Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company. The existing Committee members are Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Woo Ping Fok. The Committee has the authority, in its sole discretion: (i) to determine the parties to receive bonus stock, the times when they shall receive such awards, the number of shares to be issued and the time, terms and conditions of the issuance of any such shares; (ii) to construe and interpret the terms of the Stock Bonus Plan; (iii) to establish, amend and rescind rules and regulations for the administration of the Stock Bonus Plan; and (iv) to make all other determinations necessary or advisable for administering the Stock Bonus Plan.

(c) 2004 Stock Option Plan

On March 23, 2004, the Company’s stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Option Plan (the “2004 Plan”) which provides for the grant of up to six hundred thousand (600,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of stock options, subject to certain adjustments as described in the 2004 Plan. At the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on March 20, 2015, the stockholders approved an amendment to the 2004 Plan to increase the number of shares that could be granted from 600,000 to 850,000.

The purpose of the 2004 Plan is to secure key employees to remain in the employment of the Company and to encourage such employees to secure or increase on reasonable terms their common stock ownership in the Company. The Company believes that the 2004 Plan promotes continuity of management and increased incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The 2004 Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company. The current committee members are Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Woo Ping Fok. The committee determines the specific terms of the options granted, including the employees to be granted options under the plan, the number of shares subject to each option grant, the exercise price of each option and the option period, subject to the requirement that no option may be exercisable more than 10 years after the date of grant. The exercise price of an option may be less than the fair market value of the underlying shares of common stock. No options granted under the plan will be transferable by the optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and each option will be exercisable during the lifetime of the optionee only by the optionee.

The exercise price of an option granted pursuant to the 2004 Plan may be paid in cash, by the surrender of options, in common stock, in other property, including a promissory note from the optionee, or by a combination of the above, at the discretion of the committee.

On July 15, 2015, 850,000 options, all with an exercise price of $1.50 per share, had been granted to officers and directors of the Company under the 2004 Plan, all of which remained outstanding as of March 31, 2019. The options for 425,000 shares will expire on March 31, 2020, and options for 425,000 shares will expire on March 31, 2025. Options granted under the 2004 Plan vest immediately and may contain such other terms as the Board of Directors or a committee appointed to administer the plan may determine.

(d) A summary of the stock options activity is as follows:

	Number of options		Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance, March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019		850,000	$	1.50

(e) The following table summarizes information about all stock options of the Company outstanding as at March 31, 2019:

	Weighted average exercise price	Number outstanding at March 31, 2019	Weighted average remaining life (years)	Exercisable shares at March 31, 2019
$	1.50	850,000	3.5	850,000

The intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable was approximately $1,204,000 on March 31, 2019. The intrinsic value represents the pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the closing stock price of the Company’s common stock on the balance sheet date and the exercise price for both the outstanding and exercisable options) that would have been received by the option holders if all options had been exercised on March 31, 2019.

New shares will be issued by the Company upon future exercise of stock options.

(f) Stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective vesting periods, or at the time of option granting if there are no vesting periods. The fair value of the options granted was estimated on the date of granting using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions used for grants during the applicable periods:

	For the Fiscal Year Ended March 31,
	2017	2018	2019
Risk-free interest rate (1)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Expected life (years) (2)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Expected dividend yield (3)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Volatility (4)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Fair value of options at grant date per share	N/A	N/A	N/A

(1) Risk-free interest rate

Risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based upon the interest rate on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds issued with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the options granted.

(2) Expected life (years)

Assumption of the expected term was based on the vesting and contractual terms and employee demographics.

(3) Expected dividend yield

The dividend yield was estimated by the Company based on its expected dividend policy over the expected term of the options.

(4) Volatility

The volatility assumption was estimated based on historical volatility of the Company’s share price applying the guidance provided by ASC 718.

The Company recorded no compensation expense in selling, general and administrative expenses during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

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Related party transactions

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related party transactions

15 Related party transactions

(a) The Company paid emoluments, commissions and/or consultancy fees to its directors and officers as follows:

Year ended		Mr. Anthony	Mr. Kim Wah	Mr. Woo-Ping	Mr. Andrew
March 31,		So	Chung	Fok	So
		Director, Chief Executive Officer	Director	Director	Director and Chief Operating Officer
		$ in thousands	$ in thousands	$ in thousands	$ in thousands
	2017	$643 (i), (iii)	$171 (iii)	Nil	$249
	2018	$643 (i), (iii)	$170 (iii)	Nil	$259 (iii)
	2019	$643 (i), (iii)	$171 (iii)	Nil	$249 (iii)

	Mr. Henry Schlueter	Mr. Albert So
	Director and Assistant Secretary	Director, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary
	$ in thousands	$ in thousands
2017	$62(ii)	$152
2018	$60(ii)	$162 (iii)
2019	$60(ii)	$152 (iii)

The emoluments paid to the Company’s directors and officers were included in the salaries and related costs, while the consultancy fees or professional fees paid to Schlueter & Associates, P.C., were included in the administration and general expenses.

(i) Apart from the emoluments paid by the Company as shown above, one of the properties of the Company in Hong Kong is also provided to Mr. Anthony So for his accommodation.

(ii) The amounts for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 represented professional fees paid to Schlueter & Associates, P.C., the Company’s SEC counsel, in which Mr. Henry Schlueter is one of the principals.

(iii) The amount for the year ended March 31, 2017, included unpaid vacation payments of approximately $43,000 and $11,000 for Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Kim Wah Chung, respectively. The amount for the year ended March 31, 2018, included unpaid vacation payments of approximately $43,000, $10,000, $10,000 and $10,000 for Mr. Anthony So, Mr. Kim Wah Chung, Mr. Andrew So and Mr. Albert So, respectively. The amount for the year ended March 31, 2019, included unpaid vacation payments of approximately $43,000 and $11,000 for Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Kim Wah Chung, respectively.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Hong Kong borrowed an interest-free loan of approximately $538,000 from a director and stockholder, Mr. Anthony So, to provide working capital. This loan is to be repaid in 48 equal installments. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, the subsidiary had repaid to Mr. Anthony So approximately $67,000. This loan had been fully repaid as of March 31, 2019.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Shenzhen, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Anthony So, for three apartment units located in Shenzhen, PRC for office usage. Mr. Anthony So is the sole owner of these three apartment units. The monthly rental payment was approximately $2,000. Starting from August 1, 2016, rental of two of the apartment units was no longer required and the rental agreement was terminated, and a new rental agreement for one apartment unit for staff quarters was in place, for a monthly rental payment of $270. The total rental payment paid to Mr. Anthony So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 was approximately $3,000 (2018: $3,000; 2017: $9,000).

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Xinxing, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Andrew So, for an apartment unit located in Xinxing, PRC for staff quarters. Mr. Andrew So is the sole owner of this apartment unit. The monthly rental payment was approximately $450. Starting from December 1, 2018, the monthly rental payment was approximately $580, and the total rental payment paid to Mr. Andrew So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 was approximately $6,000 (2018: $5,000; 2017: $5,000).

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016, one of the subsidiaries in Shenzhen, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Anthony So, for one apartment unit located in Shenzhen, PRC for staff quarters.  Mr. Anthony So is the sole owner of this apartment unit.  Starting from April 1, 2017, rental of this apartment unit was no longer required and the rental agreement was terminated.  The monthly rental payment was approximately $330, and the total rental payment paid to Mr. Anthony So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 was $nil (2018: $nil; 2017: $4,000) for this unit.

In February 2017, a non-employee director of the Company, Henry F. Schlueter, sold 24,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Company at a purchase price of $2.39 per share, pursuant to the Company repurchase program. In February 2018, Mr. Schlueter sold 10,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Company at a purchase price of $3.48 per share, pursuant to the Company repurchase program.

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Concentrations and credit risk

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Concentrations and credit risk

16 Concentrations and credit risk

The Company operates principally in the PRC (including Hong Kong) and grants credit to its customers in this geographic region. Although the PRC is economically stable, it is always possible that unanticipated events in foreign countries could disrupt the Company’s operations.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and trade receivables. The Company does not require collateral to support financial instruments that are subject to credit risk.

At March 31, 2018 and 2019, the Company had credit risk exposure of uninsured cash and deposits with maturities of less than one year in banks of approximately $8,751,000 and $7,527,000, respectively.

A substantial portion, 45%, 31% and 37% of revenue, was generated from one customer for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

The net revenue representing at least 10% of total net revenue are as follows:

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017				2018				2019
	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Customer A		2,729		14		3,579		31		3,715		37
Customer C		2,435		13		1,599		14		1,225		12
Customer B		1,563		8		1,662		14		1,027		10
Customer E		1,061		6		1,050		9		996		10
Customer D *		8,472		45		1,115		10		21		–
		16,260		86		9,005		78		6,984		69

* That customer has stopped purchasing from us as of June 2017.

The following customers had balances of at least 10% of the total trade receivables at the respective balance sheet dates set forth below:

	March 31,
	2018				2019
	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Customer B		—		—		191		32
Customer C		200		25		136		23
Customer A		234		30		127		21
Customer E		113		14		—		—
				69				76

At March 31, 2018 and 2019, these customers accounted for 69% and 76%, respectively, of net trade receivables. The trade receivables have repayment terms of not more than twelve months.

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Employee retirement benefits and severance payment allowance

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Employee retirement benefits and severance payment allowance

17 Employee retirement benefits and severance payment allowance

(a) With effect from January 1, 1988, BEL, a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary of the Company in Hong Kong, implemented a defined contribution plan (the “Plan”) with a major international insurance company to provide life insurance and retirement benefits for its employees. All permanent full time employees who joined BEL before December 2000, excluding factory workers, are eligible to join the Plan. Each eligible employee that chooses to participate in the Plan is required to contribute 5% of their monthly salary, while BEL is required to contribute from 5% to 10% depending on the eligible employee’s salary and number of years in service.

The Mandatory Provident Fund (the “MPF”) was introduced by the Hong Kong Government and commenced in December 2000. BEL joined the MPF by implementing a plan with a major international insurance company. All permanent Hong Kong full time employees who joined BEL on or after December 2000, excluding factory workers, must join the MPF, except for those who joined the Plan before December 2000. Both the employee’s and employer’s contributions to the MPF are 5% of the eligible employee’s monthly salary and are subject to a maximum mandatory contribution of HK$1,000 (US$128) per month. Both the maximum mandatory employee’s and employer’s contributions per month increased to HK$1,250 (US$160) since June 1, 2012, and then later to HK$1,500 (US$192) since June 1, 2014.

Pursuant to the relevant PRC regulations, the Company is required to make contributions for each employee, at rates based upon the employee’s standard salary base as determined by the local Social Security Bureau, to a defined contribution retirement scheme organized by the local Social Security Bureau in respect of the retirement benefits for the Company’s employees in the PRC.

(b) The contributions to each of the above schemes are recognized as employee benefit expenses when they are due and are charged to the consolidated statement of operations. The Company’s total contributions to the above schemes for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 amounted to $267,000, $255,000 and $264,000, respectively. The Company has no other obligation to make payments in respect of retirement benefits of the employees.

(c) According to the New Labor Law in the PRC which was effective on January 1, 2008, a company is required to provide one month’s salary for each year of service as a severance payment. The Company recognized a total provision of $437,000 as of March 31, 2019 for severance payments for staff in the PRC (2018: $396,000, 2017: $297,000). The accrued severance payment allowance is reviewed every year.

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Net earnings per share

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Net earnings per share

18 Net earnings per share

Basic net earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding is adjusted to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the dilutive potential common shares had been issued. In computing the dilutive effect of potential common shares, the average stock price for the period is used in determining the number of treasury shares assumed to be purchased with the proceeds from the exercise of options.

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017		2018		2019
Income / (loss) available to common stockholders ($ in thousands)	$	2,795	$	4	$	(463	)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		5,143,648		4,910,357		4,703,224
Basic net earnings / (loss) per share	$	0.54	$	0.00	$	(0.10	)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		5,143,648		4,910,357		4,703,224
Effect of dilutive securities – Options		172,745		380,547		—
Diluted weighted average common and potential common shares outstanding		5,316,393		5,290,904		4,703,224
Diluted net earnings / (loss) per share	$	0.53	$	0.00	$	(0.10	)

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Business segment information

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Business segment information

19 Business segment information

(a) The Company has four business segments, Scales, Pet Electronics Products, Rental and Management and Others for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2018 and 2019. The Chief Operating Decision Maker, identified as the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, reviews these segment results when making decisions about allocating revenues and assessing the performance of the Company.

Scales operations principally involve production and marketing of sensor-based scales products. These include bathroom, kitchen, office, jewelry, laboratory, postal and industrial scales that are used in consumer, commercial and industrial applications. Revenue from scale products was 67% (2018: 68%) of overall revenue of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, and the Company expects that the revenue will continue to contribute a similar level of revenue for the next 12 months.

The “Others” segment is a residual, which principally includes the activities of (i) tooling and mould charges for scales and pet electronics products, and (ii) sales of scrap materials.

Pet Electronics Products principally involve development and production of pet-related electronics products that are used in consumer applications. Revenue from pet electronics products was 14% (2018: 16%) of overall revenue of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, and the Company expects that the revenue from pet electronics products will continue to contribute a similar level of revenue for the next 12 months.

Rental and Management involve leasing out part of our factories and machinery to third parties. The management decided to identify and expand the rental and management segment during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 with the signing of an agreement with Fangda, a property developer in Shenzhen, to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory to generate more rental revenue in the future. Revenue from rental and management was 19% (2018: 16%) of overall revenue of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. The Shenzhen factory was rented to a third party with a lease term from August 1, 2013 to August 1, 2019; however, the rent terminated as at January 31, 2019. The Company expects that the revenue from rental and management will decrease for the next 12 months.

The following table sets forth the percentage of net sales for each of the product lines mentioned above for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019:

	Year ended March 31,
Product Line	2017			2018			2019
Scales and Others		83	%		68	%		67	%
Pet Electronics Products		9	%		16	%		14	%
Rental and Management		8	%		16	%		19	%
Total		100	%		100	%		100	%

The accounting policies of the Company’s reportable segments are the same as those described in the description of business and significant accounting policies.

(a) Summarized financial information by business segment as of March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 is as follows:

	Net sales		Cost of Revenue		Operating income / (loss)			Identifiable assets as of March 31		Depreciation and amortization		Capital expenditure
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
2017
Scales and Others		15,814		9,428		2,916			10,355		515		262
Pet Electronics Products		1,662		991		307			1,089		54		27
Rental and Management		1,476		855		(57	)		5,465		748		—
Total operating segments		18,952		11,274		3,166			16,909		1,317		289
Corporate		—		—		—			4,057		—		—
Group		18,952		11,274		3,166			20,966		1,317		289

2018
Scales and Others	7,862	4,809	208		8,211	479	79
Pet Electronics Products	1,861	1,139	49		1,944	113	19
Rental and Management	1,800	1,010	(19	)	5,622	784	266
Total operating segments	11,523	6,958	238		15,777	1,376	364
Corporate	—	—	—		8,978	—	—
Group	11,523	6,958	238		24,755	1,376	364

2019
Scales and Others	6,686	4,340	(74	)	8,244	540	236
Pet Electronics Products	1,410	915	(16	)	1,739	115	67
Rental and Management	1,896	780	(450	)	4,716	479	289
Total operating segments	9,992	6,035	(540	)	14,699	1,134	592
Corporate	—	—	—		7,787	—	—
Group	9,992	6,035	(540	)	22,486	1,134	592

Operating income by segment equals total operating revenues less expenses directly attributable to the generation of the segment’s operating revenues. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets that are used in the operation of that segment. Corporate assets consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, investment in life insurance contracts, intangible assets and other identifiable assets not related specifically to individual segments.

(b) The Company primarily operates in Hong Kong and the PRC. The manufacture of components and their assembly into finished products and research and development are carried out in the PRC. As the operations are integrated, it is not practicable to distinguish the net income derived among the activities in Hong Kong and the PRC.

Property, plant and equipment, net by geographical areas are as follows:

	March 31,		March 31,
	2018		2019
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Hong Kong		1,092		845
The PRC		9,342		8,746
Property, plant and equipment, net		10,434		9,591

(c) The following is a summary of net revenue by geographical areas constituting 10% or more of total revenue of the Company for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019:

	Year ended March 31,
	2017				2018				2019
	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Germany		2,797		15		3,621		31		3,760		38
United States		10,356		55		4,807		42		3,184		32
The PRC		1,590		8		2,054		18		2,265		23
Netherlands		2,299		12		87		1		—		—
		17,042		90		10,569		92		9,209		93

(d) The following is a summary of net revenue by customers constituting 10% or more of total revenue of the Company for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019:

		Year Ended March 31,
		2017				2018				2019
Customers	Segment	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Customer A	Scales		2,729		14		3,579		31		3,715		37
Customer C	Scales		2,435		13		1,599		14		1,225		12
Customer B	Scales and Pet Electronics Products		1,563		8		1,662		14		1,027		10
Customer E	Rental and Management		1,061		6		1,050		9		996		10
Customer D	Scales		8,472		45		1,115		10		21		—
			16,260		86		9,005		78		6,984		69

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Long-term loan and long-term deposit received

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Notes To Financial Statements Abstract

Long-term loan and long-term deposit received

20 Long-term loan and long-term deposit received

In November 2017, the Company signed an agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen -- Fangda to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. Fangda is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fangda Group Co., Ltd. (“Fangda Group”), which is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. During the year ended March 31, 2018, the Company received approximately $3,199,000 from Fangda as a deposit according to the agreement. The Company will return this deposit in full (without interest) to Fangda when the redeveloped property is completed and the Company’s share of the redeveloped property is transferred to the Company, which is expected to take place in March 2023. The Company has treated this deposit as a long-term loan and discounted it up to March 2023. This liability is presented as a long-term loan and deposit received in our consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2018 and 2019.

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Other income, net

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Other income, net

21 Other income, net

Other income, net consisted of the following:

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017		2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment		—		—		5
Gain on disposal of intangible assets		79		—		—
Gain from deregistration of subsidiaries		22		—		—
Other gains		453		342		103
Other income, net		554		342		108

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Non-operating (expenses) / income, net

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Non-operating (expenses) / income, net

22 Non-operating income / (expenses), net

Non-operating income / (expenses), net comprises the following:

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017			2018			2019
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Interest income		8			191			237
Interest expense		(37	)		(72	)		(139	)
Foreign exchange gain / (loss)		258			(353	)		(21	)
Non-operating income / (expenses), net		229			(234	)		77

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Subsequent events

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent events

23 Subsequent events

From April 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019, the Company repurchased an additional 17,404 shares of its common stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $47,000.

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Description of business and significant accounting policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Principles of consolidation

(a) Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries after elimination of inter-company accounts and transactions.

Acquisitions of companies have been consolidated from the date on which control of the net assets and operations was transferred to the Company.

Acquisitions of companies are accounted for using the purchase method of accounting.

Cash and cash equivalents

(b) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company has no cash equivalents as of March 31, 2018 and 2019.

Inventories

(c) Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, as determined on a first-in, first-out basis, or net realizable value. Costs of inventories include purchase and related costs incurred in bringing the products to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. The Company routinely reviews its inventories for their salability and for indications of obsolescence to determine if inventory carrying values are higher than net realizable value. Some of the significant factors the Company considers in estimating the net realizable value of its inventories include the likelihood of changes in market and customer demand and expected changes in market prices for its inventories.

Trade receivables

(d) Trade receivables

Trade receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances for doubtful accounts and sales returns, if any. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing trade receivables. Bad debt expense is included in the administrative and general expenses.

The Company recognizes an allowance for doubtful receivables to ensure accounts and other receivables are not overstated due to uncollectibility. Allowance for doubtful receivables is maintained for all customers based on a variety of factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, significant one-time events and historical experience. An additional allowance for individual accounts is recorded when the Company becomes aware of customers’ or other debtors’ inability to meet their financial obligations, such as bankruptcy filings or deterioration in the customer’s or other debtor’s operating results or financial position. If circumstances related to customers or debtors change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables will be further adjusted.

Income taxes and deferred income taxes

(e) Income taxes and deferred income taxes

Amounts in the consolidated financial statements related to income taxes are calculated using the principles of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740 and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) 2013-11 “Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists”. ASC 740 requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carry forwards, are recognized as deferred tax assets. Recognized deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company complies with ASC 740 “Income Taxes” for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in financial statements. ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The Company’s accounting policy is to treat interest and penalties as components of income taxes. The Company’s income tax returns through the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 have been assessed by the tax authorities.

Lease prepayments and intangible assets

(f) Lease prepayments and intangible assets

Lease prepayments represent the cost of land use rights in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). Land use rights held by the Company are included in intangible assets. The granted useful life of the land use rights is 50 years. They are stated at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over a maximum period of 30 years, in accordance with the business licenses of 30 years.

Property, plant and equipment

(g) Property, plant and equipment, net

(i) Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Leasehold land and buildings are depreciated on a straight-line basis over 15 to 50 years, representing the shorter of the remaining term of the lease or the expected useful life to the Company.

(ii) Other categories of property, plant and equipment are carried at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their expected useful lives to the Company. The principal estimated useful lives for depreciation are:

Plant and machinery - 10 years

Furniture, fixtures and equipment - 5 to10 years

Motor vehicles - 5 years

(iii) Assets under construction are not depreciated until construction is completed and the assets are ready for their intended use.

(iv) The cost of major improvements and betterments is capitalized, whereas the cost of maintenance and repairs is expensed in the year when it is incurred.

(v) Any gain or loss on disposal is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Impairment of long-lived assets including intangible assets

(h) Impairment of long-lived assets including intangible assets

Long-lived assets held and used by the Company and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets calculated using a discounted future cash flows analysis. Provisions for impairment made on other long-lived assets are disclosed in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The Company lost a major customer during 2017 and as a result, the Company performed an assessment of the value of the property, plant and equipment and intangible assets in Xinxing, PRC, and no provision for impairment was made by the Company (2018: $nil; 2017: $nil) based on the assessment.

Capital and operating leases

(i) Capital and operating leases

Costs in respect of operating leases are charged against income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leasing agreements, which transfer to the Company substantially all the benefits and risks of ownership of an asset, are treated as if the asset had been purchased outright. The assets are included in property, plant and equipment (“capital leases”) and the capital element of the lease commitments is shown as an obligation under capital leases. The lease rentals are treated as consisting of capital and interest elements. The capital element is applied to reduce the outstanding obligation and the interest element is charged against profit so as to give a consistent periodic rate of charge on the remaining balance outstanding at the end of each accounting period. Assets held under capital leases are depreciated over the useful lives of the equivalent owned assets or the lease term, whichever is shorter.

Revenue recognition

(j) Revenue recognition

Effective April 1, 2018, the Company adopted the new guidance of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition”. Topic 606 requires the Company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company applies the following steps to recognize revenues: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Product sales

The Company’s revenue from contracts with customers is derived from product revenue principally from the sales of electronic scales and pet electronic products directly to customers. The Company sells goods to customers based on purchase orders received from the customers. The Company has determined there is one performance obligation for each model included in the purchase orders. The performance obligation is considered to be met and revenue is recognized when the customer obtains control of the goods, which is generally the point at which products are leaving the ports of Hong Kong, Shenzhen or Nansha (Guangzhou). The Company did not recognize any revenue from contracts with customers for performance obligations satisfied overtime during the year ended March 31, 2019. The timing of revenue recognition is not impacted by the new standard.

The transaction price is generally in the form of a fixed price which is agreed with the customer at contract inception. The transaction price is recorded net of any sales return, surcharges and value-added taxes on gross sales. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the purchase orders. Customers are required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 15 to 60 days. In certain circumstances, the Company will request a deposit from a customer. Customers’ deposits are settled part of the outstanding bill upon receiving an acknowledgement from customers. For the remaining balance of the outstanding bill, the customer is required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 0 to 15 days.

Return rights

The Company does not provide its customers with a right of return or production protection. Each customer is required to perform a product quality check before accepting delivery of goods. The Company provides to certain customers an additional one to two percent of the quantity of certain products ordered in lieu of a warranty, which is recognized as cost of sales when these products are shipped to customers from the Company’s facilities.

Value-added taxes and surcharges

The Company presents revenue net of value-added taxes (“VAT”) and surcharges incurred. Surcharge are sales related taxes representing the City Maintenance and Construction Tax and Education Surtax. VAT, business taxes and surcharges collected from customers, net of VAT paid for purchases, are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets until these are paid to the tax authorities.

Outbound freight and handling costs

The Company accounts for product outbound freight and handling costs as fulfillment activities and present the associated costs in selling, general and administrative expenses in the period in which it sells the product.

Disaggregation of revenue

The Company disaggregates its revenue from different types of contracts with customers by principal product categories, as the Company believes it best depicts the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows. See Note 19 for product revenues by segment.

Contract balances

The Company did not recognize any contract asset as of April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019. The timing between the recognition of revenue and receipt of payment is not significant. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of deposits received from customers. As of April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the balances of the contract liabilities are approximately $57,000 and $17,000, respectively. All contract liabilities at the beginning of the year ended March 31, 2019 were recognized as revenue during the year ended March 31, 2019 and all contract liabilities as of year ended March 31, 2019 are expected to be realized in the following year. As of April 1, 2019, the adoption of ASU 606 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidation financial statements.

Rental income is recognized according to the rental agreements. Rental income for non-uniform rent payments is recognized on a straight-line basis throughout the lease term.

Research and development costs

(k) Research and development costs

Research and development costs include salaries, utilities and contractor fees that are directly attributable to the conduct of research and development progress primarily related to the development of new design of products. Research and development costs of approximately $158,000, $152,000 and $175,000 were charged to operations for the years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Advertising

(l) Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included within selling, general and administrative expenses. Advertising costs were approximately $10,000, $18,000 and $21,000 for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Foreign currency translations

(m) Foreign currency translations

(i) The Company’s functional currency is the United States dollar. Transactions denominated in non-United States dollar currencies of foreign subsidiaries where the United States dollar is the functional currency are translated into United States dollars at the exchange rates existing at date of transaction. The translation of local currencies into United States dollars at the balance sheet date creates transaction adjustments which are included in net income. Exchange differences are recorded in the statements of operations and comprehensive income.

(ii) The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries, where non-United States dollar currencies are the functional currencies, are translated into United States dollars using exchange rates in effect at period end for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for the statement of operations. Adjustments resulting from translation of these financial statements are reflected as a separate component of stockholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Stock Options and warrants

(n) Stock options and warrants

Stock options have been granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors. Upon exercise of the options, a holder can acquire shares of common stock of the Company at an exercise price determined by the board of directors. The options are exercisable based on the vesting terms stipulated in the option agreements or plan.

The Company follows the guidance of ASC 718, “Accounting for Stock Options and Other Stock-Based Compensation”. ASC 718 requires companies to record compensation expense for share-based awards issued to employees and directors in exchange for services provided. The amount of the compensation expense is based on the estimated fair value of the awards on their grant dates and is recognized over the required service periods. Our share-based awards include stock options and restricted stock awards. The estimated fair value underlying our calculation of compensation expense for stock options is based on the Black-Scholes pricing model. Forfeitures of share-based awards are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if our estimates change based on the actual amount of forfeitures we have experienced.

Fair value of financial instruments

(o) Fair value of financial instruments

The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, net, other receivables, deposits and prepayments, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued charges and deposits, and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to the relatively short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value based on prevailing borrowing rates currently available for loans with similar terms and maturities.

Treasury stock

(p) Treasury stock

The Company periodically retires treasury shares that it acquires through share repurchases and returns those shares to the status of authorized but unissued. The Company accounts for treasury stock transactions under the cost method. For each reacquisition of common stock, the number of shares and the acquisition price for those shares is added to the existing treasury stock count and total value, respectively, and recognized as a deduction from equity. When treasury shares are retired, the Company’s policy is to allocate the excess of the repurchase price over the par value of shares acquired to additional paid-in capital, with any remaining amount being charged to retained earnings.

Recent accounting pronouncements

(q) Recent accounting pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Subtopic 842)" ("ASU 2016-02"), and associated ASUs related to Topic 842, which requires an entity that leases assets to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Leases will be classified as either financing or operating, similar to current accounting requirements, with the applicable classification determining the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of operations. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018 and must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, which requires lessees and lessors to recognize and measure all leases within the scope of this ASU using one of the following transition methods: (i) the effective date or (ii) the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements at the date of initial application. The Company has elected to apply the transition requirements on April 1, 2019, effective date rather than at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. This approach allows for a cumulative effect adjustment in the period of adoption, and prior periods will not be restated. In addition, the Company has elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which does not require a reassessment of prior conclusions related to contracts containing a lease, lease classification and initial direct lease costs. As an accounting policy election, the Company will exclude short-term leases (term of 12 months or less) from the balance sheet presentation and will account for non-lease and lease components in a contract as a single lease component for all asset classes.

The Company analyzed the impact of ASU 2016-02 across all lease arrangements to evaluate and implement the new standard. The Company are expected to meet the new accounting and disclosure requirements upon adoption on April 1, 2019. Based on the Company’s preliminary assessment, the Company expects to record right-of-use assets of approximately $413,000 and lease liabilities of approximately $413,000 in the consolidated balance sheets on the adoption date of April 1, 2019. The impact on the Group’s consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows is not expected to be material.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" ("ASU 2016-13"), which improves financial reporting by providing timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The ASU requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Forward-looking information will now be used to better inform credit loss estimates. This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, "Earnings Per Share (Topic 260) (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception" ("ASU 2017-11"). The amendments require companies to disregard the down round feature when assessing whether the instrument is indexed to its own stock, for purposes of determining liability or equity classification. Companies that provide earnings per share (EPS) data will adjust their basic EPS calculation for the effect of the feature when triggered (i.e., when the exercise price of the related equity-linked financial instrument is adjusted downward because of the down round feature) and will also recognize the effect of the trigger within equity. For public business entities, this ASU should be effective for annual periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2017-11 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In September 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-13, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842)” ("ASU 2017-13"): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments. The amendments in ASU 2017-13 amend the early adoption date option for certain companies related to the adoption of ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2016-02. The effective date is the same as the effective date and transition requirements for the amendments for ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2016-02.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)” ("ASU 2018-02"). The amendments in this Update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Consequently, the amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users. However, because the amendments only relate to the reclassification of the income tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the underlying guidance that requires that the effect of a change in tax laws or rates be included in income from continuing operations is not affected. The amendments in this Update also require certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. Public business entities should apply the amendments in ASU 2018-02 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this Update is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-02 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” ("ASU 2018-13") which is part of the FASB disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments in the new guidance remove, modify and add certain disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements covered in Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement.” The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for either the entire standard or only the requirements that modify or eliminate the disclosure requirements, with certain requirements applied prospectively, and all other requirements applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, “Consolidation: Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance

for Variable Interest Entities,” ("ASU 2018-17") which modifies the guidance related to indirect interests held through related parties under common control for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interest. ASU 2018-17 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance

In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses,” (“ASU 2018-19”) which clarifies and improves guidance related to credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement. Same as ASU 2016-13, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-20, “Leases (Topic 842): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors,” (“ASU 2018-20”) which aligns the guidance for fair value of the underlying asset by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in Topic 842, with that of existing guidance. Same as ASU 2016-02, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company believes adoption of this ASU would not have significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-01, “Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements,” (“ASU 2019-01”) which provides guidance on determining the fair value of the underlying asset by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers and presenting sales-type and direct financing leases on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2019-01 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

We believe there is no additional new accounting guidance adopted, but not yet effective that is relevant to the readers of our financial statements. However, there are numerous new proposals under development which, if and when enacted, may have a significant impact on our financial reporting.

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Inventories (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of inventories

	March 31,
	2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Raw materials		275		297
Work in progress		237		218
Finished goods		500		314
		1,012		829

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Property, plant and equipment, net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, plant and equipment, net

	March 31,
	2018			2019
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Cost
Buildings		17,863			16,890
Construction-in-progress		260			597
Plant and machinery		9,932			9,838
Furniture, fixtures and equipment		1,468			1,475
Motor vehicles		643			636
		30,166			29,436
Less: accumulated depreciation		(19,732	)		(19,845	)
		10,434			9,591

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Interests of subsidiaries (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedule of subsidiaries

Name of company	Place of incorporation and kind of legal entity	Percentage of capital held by the Company						Principal activities
		2018			2019
Bonso Electronics Limited * (“BEL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding, providing management and administrative support to the Group companies
Bonso Investment Limited (“BIL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and property investment
Bonso Electronics (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BESCL”)	PRC, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and property rental
Bonso Advanced Technology Limited * (“BATL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and trading of scales and pet electronics products
Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company, Limited (“BATXXCL”)	PRC, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Production of scales and pet electronics products and property rental
Bonso Technology (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BTL”)	PRC, limited liability company		100	%		100	%	Product development

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Intangible assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible assets

	March 31,
	2018			2019
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Cost		6,348			5,951
Less: accumulated amortization		(3,561	)		(3,613	)
		2,787			2,338

Components of other intangible assets

	March 31,
	2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Land use right of factory land in Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC		1,274		1,014
Land use right of factory land in Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC		1,513		1,324
		2,787		2,338

Schedule of amortization expenses

Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands
	2020		275
	2021		275
	2022		275
	2023		275
	2024		275
	Thereafter		963
	Total		2,338

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Banking facilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Banking and Thrift [Abstract]

General banking facilities

	Amount available				Amount utilized				Amount unutilized				Terms of banking facilities as of
	March 31,				March 31,				March 31,				March 31, 2019
	2018		2019		2018		2019		2018		2019		Interest	Repayment
	$ in thousands				$ in thousands				$ in thousands				rate	terms
Import and export facilities
Combined limit		2,564		2,564		99		445		2,465		2,119
Including sub-limit of:
Notes payable		2,308		2,308		99		—		2,209		2,308	HIBOR* +2.5%	Repayable in full within 120 days
Bank overdrafts		641		641		—		—		641		641	Prime rate +1%	Repayable on demand
Long term loans (1)		641		641		—		445		641		196	HIBOR* +2%	Term loans repayable monthly over 3 years.
Other facilities
Export documentary credits		641		641		—		—		641		641
Short term loans		1,923		1,923		—		—		1,923		1,923	HIBOR* +2.25%	Revolving loan repayable in 30 days
		5,128		5,128		99		445		5,029		4,683

Short-term borrowings

	During the fiscal year ended March 31,
	2018			2019
Bank overdrafts		6.00	%		6.00	%
Notes payable		3.42	%		4.18	%
Term loans in Hong Kong		2.69	%		3.45	%

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Income tax (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Loss before income tax

	2017		2018			2019
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Hong Kong		693		221			(813	)
PRC		2,531		(406	)		168
Others		171		189			182
Total		3,395		4			(463	)

Deferred taxes

	2017			2018		2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Current income tax expense		(600	)		—		—

Geographic tax expense

	2017			2018		2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Hong Kong		(5	)		—		—
PRC		(595	)		—		—
Total		(600	)		—		—

income tax recoverable

	2018		2019
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Current income tax recoverable		5		5

Deferred tax assets and liabilities

	2018			2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Tax loss carry forwards		4,607			4,203
Less: Valuation allowance		(4,607	)		(4,203	)
		—			—

Changes in valuation allowance

	2017			2018		2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Balance, April 1		4,459			4,270		4,607
(Credited) / charged to income tax expense		(189	)		337		(404	)
Balance, March 31		4,270			4,607		4,203

Tax expense attributable to earnings

	2017			2018			2019
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Income / (loss) before income taxes		3,395			4			(463	)
Income tax (expense) / benefit on pretax income at statutory rate		(560	)		(1	)		55
Effect of different tax rates of subsidiaries operating in other jurisdictions		(52	)		128			8
Profit not subject to income tax		472			61			9
Expenses not deductible for income tax purposes		(686	)		(167	)		(163	)
(Decrease) / increase in valuation allowance		(189	)		337			(404	)
Under provision in prior year		5			—			—
Utilization of tax losses / (tax losses recognized)		410			(358	)		495
Total income tax expense		(600	)		—			—

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Financial instruments at fair value (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair value of assets

	March 31, 2018								March 31, 2019
$ in thousands
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Equity investments		78		—		—		78		102		—		—		102

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Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Leases [Abstract]

Future minimum payments for capital leases

Future minimum payments under capital leases for the years ending March 31,	Principal repayment	Interest payment	Total obligations
	$ in thousands	$ in thousands	$ in thousands
2020	27	1	28
2021	5	—	5
	32	1	33

Future minimum payments for operating leases

Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands
	2020		95
			95

Future minimum rental income

Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands
	2020		112
	2021		110
	2022		109
	2023		109
	2024		23
			463

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Commitments and contingent liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Commitments and contingent liabilities

Capital expenditures

	March 31,
	2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Construction in Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC		358		41
		358		41

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Stock option and bonus plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Stock option summary

	Number of options		Weighted Average Exercise Price
Balance, March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019		850,000	$	1.50

Information regarding stock options

	Weighted average exercise price	Number outstanding at March 31, 2019	Weighted average remaining life (years)	Exercisable shares at March 31, 2019
$	1.50	850,000	3.5	850,000

Schedule of Fair value of Stock Options

	For the Fiscal Year Ended March 31,
	2017	2018	2019
Risk-free interest rate (1)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Expected life (years) (2)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Expected dividend yield (3)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Volatility (4)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Fair value of options at grant date per share	N/A	N/A	N/A

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Related party transactions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related party group

Year ended		Mr. Anthony	Mr. Kim Wah	Mr. Woo-Ping	Mr. Andrew
March 31,		So	Chung	Fok	So
		Director, Chief Executive Officer	Director	Director	Director and Chief Operating Officer
		$ in thousands	$ in thousands	$ in thousands	$ in thousands
	2017	$643 (i), (iii)	$171 (iii)	Nil	$249
	2018	$643 (i), (iii)	$170 (iii)	Nil	$259 (iii)
	2019	$643 (i), (iii)	$171 (iii)	Nil	$249 (iii)

	Mr. Henry Schlueter	Mr. Albert So
	Director and Assistant Secretary	Director, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary
	$ in thousands	$ in thousands
2017	$62(ii)	$152
2018	$60(ii)	$162 (iii)
2019	$60(ii)	$152 (iii)

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Concentrations and credit risk (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Net sales to customers

The net revenue representing at least 10% of total net revenue are as follows:

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017				2018				2019
	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Customer A		2,729		14		3,579		31		3,715		37
Customer C		2,435		13		1,599		14		1,225		12
Customer B		1,563		8		1,662		14		1,027		10
Customer E		1,061		6		1,050		9		996		10
Customer D *		8,472		45		1,115		10		21		—
		16,260		86		9,005		78		6,984		69

The following customers had balances of at least 10% of the total trade receivables at the respective balance sheet dates set forth below:

	March 31,
	2018				2019
	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Customer B		—		—		191		32
Customer C		200		25		136		23
Customer A		234		30		127		21
Customer E		113		14		—		—
				69				76

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Net earnings per share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017		2018		2019
Income / (loss) available to common stockholders ($ in thousands)	$	2,795	$	4	$	(463	)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		5,143,648		4,910,357		4,703,224
Basic net earnings / (loss) per share	$	0.54	$	0.00	$	(0.10	)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		5,143,648		4,910,357		4,703,224
Effect of dilutive securities – Options		172,745		380,547		—
Diluted weighted average common and potential common shares outstanding		5,316,393		5,290,904		4,703,224
Diluted net earnings / (loss) per share	$	0.53	$	0.00	$	(0.10	)

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Business segment information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Percentage of net sales

	Year ended March 31,
Product Line	2017			2018			2019
Scales and Others		83	%		68	%		67	%
Pet Electronics Products		9	%		16	%		14	%
Rental and Management		8	%		16	%		19	%
Total		100	%		100	%		100	%

Business segment financial information

	Net sales		Cost of Revenue		Operating income / (loss)			Identifiable assets as of March 31		Depreciation and amortization		Capital expenditure
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
2017
Scales and Others		15,814		9,428		2,916			10,355		515		262
Pet Electronics Products		1,662		991		307			1,089		54		27
Rental and Management		1,476		855		(57	)		5,465		748		—
Total operating segments		18,952		11,274		3,166			16,909		1,317		289
Corporate		—		—		—			4,057		—		—
Group		18,952		11,274		3,166			20,966		1,317		289

2018
Scales and Others	7,862	4,809	208		8,211	479	79
Pet Electronics Products	1,861	1,139	49		1,944	113	19
Rental and Management	1,800	1,010	(19	)	5,622	784	266
Total operating segments	11,523	6,958	238		15,777	1,376	364
Corporate	—	—	—		8,978	—	—
Group	11,523	6,958	238		24,755	1,376	364

2019
Scales and Others	6,686	4,340	(74	)	8,244	540	236
Pet Electronics Products	1,410	915	(16	)	1,739	115	67
Rental and Management	1,896	780	(450	)	4,716	479	289
Total operating segments	9,992	6,035	(540	)	14,699	1,134	592
Corporate	—	—	—		7,787	—	—
Group	9,992	6,035	(540	)	22,486	1,134	592

Total property plant and equipment

	March 31,		March 31,
	2018		2019
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Hong Kong		1,092		845
The PRC		9,342		8,746
Property, plant and equipment, net		10,434		9,591

Geographic net export sales

	Year ended March 31,
	2017				2018				2019
	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Germany		2,797		15		3,621		31		3,760		38
United States		10,356		55		4,807		42		3,184		32
The PRC		1,590		8		2,054		18		2,265		23
Netherlands		2,299		12		87		1		—		—
		17,042		90		10,569		92		9,209		93

Customer geographic net export sales

		Year Ended March 31,
		2017				2018				2019
Customers	Segment	$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%		$ in thousands		%
Customer A	Scales		2,729		14		3,579		31		3,715		37
Customer C	Scales		2,435		13		1,599		14		1,225		12
Customer B	Scales and Pet Electronics Products		1,563		8		1,662		14		1,027		10
Customer E	Rental and Management		1,061		6		1,050		9		996		10
Customer D	Scales		8,472		45		1,115		10		21		—
			16,260		86		9,005		78		6,984		69

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Other income, net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Schedule of Other income

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017		2018		2019
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment		—		—		5
Gain on disposal of intangible assets		79		—		—
Gain from deregistration of subsidiaries		22		—		—
Other gains		453		342		103
Other income, net		554		342		108

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Non-operating (expenses) / income, net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Non-operating income / (expenses)

	Year Ended March 31,
	2017			2018			2019
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Interest income		8			191			237
Interest expense		(37	)		(72	)		(139	)
Foreign exchange gain / (loss)		258			(353	)		(21	)
Non-operating income / (expenses), net		229			(234	)		77

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Description of business and significant accounting policies (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017	Apr. 01, 2019
Operating Income (Loss)	$ (540)	$ 238	$ 3,166
Working Capital	(6,249)
Advertising costs	21	18	10
Research and development costs	175	152	$ 158
Contract liabilities	$ 17			$ 57
Right-of-use assets				413
Lease liabilities				$ 413
Plant and machinery
Useful Life of Assets	10 years
Furniture, fixtures and equipment [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Useful Life of Assets	5 years
Furniture, fixtures and equipment [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Useful Life of Assets	10 years
Motor vehicles
Useful Life of Assets	5 years

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Allowance for doubtful accounts (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Allowance For Doubtful Accounts Details Narrative
Balance due from doubtfull account holder	$ 0	$ 0

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Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Inventories Details
Raw materials	$ 297	$ 275
Work in progress	218	237
Finished goods	314	500
Total	$ 829	$ 1,012

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Inventories (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Inventories Details Narrative
Allowance for obsolete inventories	$ 73	$ 569	$ 156

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Property, plant and equipment, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Cost	$ 29,436	$ 30,166
Less: accumulated depreciation	(19,845)	(19,732)
Property, plant and equipment, net	9,591	10,434
Building [Member]
Cost	16,890	17,863
Construction-in-progress [Member]
Cost	597	260
Plant And Machinery [Member]
Cost	9,838	9,932
Furniture, fixtures and equipment [Member]
Cost	1,475	1,468
Motor vehicles [Member]
Cost	$ 636	$ 643

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Property, plant and equipment, net (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Property Plant And Equipment Net Details Narrative
Depreciation expenses	$ 859	$ 1,099	$ 1,046
Depreciated property, plant and equipment	$ 15,749	$ 9,853

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Interests in subsidiaries (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Bonso Electronics Limited
Place of incorporation and kind of legal entity	Hong Kong, limited liability company	Hong Kong, limited liability company
Percentage of capital held by the Company	100.00%	100.00%
Principal activities	Investment holding, providing management and administrative support to the Group companies	Investment holding, providing management and administrative support to the Group companies
Bonso Investment Limited
Place of incorporation and kind of legal entity	Hong Kong,limited liability company	Hong Kong,limited liability company
Percentage of capital held by the Company	100.00%	100.00%
Principal activities	Investment holding and property investment	Investment holding and property investment
Bonso Electronics (Shenzhen) Company, Limited
Place of incorporation and kind of legal entity	PRC, limited liability company	PRC, limited liability company
Percentage of capital held by the Company	100.00%	100.00%
Principal activities	Investment holding and property rental	Investment holding and property rental
Bonso Advanced Technology Limited
Place of incorporation and kind of legal entity	Hong Kong, limited liability company	Hong Kong, limited liability company
Percentage of capital held by the Company	100.00%	100.00%
Principal activities	Investment holding and trading of scales and pet electronics products	Investment holding and trading of scales and pet electronics products
Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company, Limited
Place of incorporation and kind of legal entity	PRC, limited liability company	PRC, limited liability company
Percentage of capital held by the Company	100.00%	100.00%
Principal activities	Production of scales and pet electronics products and property rental	Production of scales and pet electronics products and property rental
Bonso Technology (Shenzhen) Company, Limited
Place of incorporation and kind of legal entity	PRC, limited liability company	PRC, limited liability company
Percentage of capital held by the Company	100.00%	100.00%
Principal activities	Product development	Product development

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Intangible assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Other Intangible Assets Details
Cost	$ 5,951	$ 6,348
Less: accumulated amortization	(3,613)	(3,561)
Total	$ 2,338	$ 2,787

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Intangible assets (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Other Intangible Assets Details 1
Land use right of factory land in Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC	$ 1,014	$ 1,274
Land use right of factory land in Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC	1,324	1,513
Total	$ 2,338	$ 2,787

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Intangible assets (Details 2) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Other Intangible Assets Details 2
2020	$ 275
2021	275
2022	275
2023	275
2024	275
Thereafter	963
Total	$ 2,338

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Intangible assets (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Other Intangible Assets Details Narrative
Amortization expense	$ 275	$ 277	$ 271

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Banking facilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Including sub-limit of:
Bank overdrafts	$ 445
Amount Available
Import and export facilities
Combined limit	2,564	2,564
Including sub-limit of:
Notes payable	2,308	2,308
Bank overdrafts	641	641
Long term loans (1)	641	641
Other facilities
Export documentary credits	641	641
Short term loan	1,923	1,923
Total	5,128	5,128
Amount Utilized
Import and export facilities
Combined limit	445	99
Including sub-limit of:
Notes payable	0	99
Bank overdrafts	0	0
Long term loans (1)	445	0
Other facilities
Export documentary credits	0	0
Short term loan	0	0
Total	445	99
Amount Unutilized
Import and export facilities
Combined limit	2,119	2,465
Including sub-limit of:
Notes payable	2,308	2,209
Bank overdrafts	641	641
Long term loans (1)	196	641
Other facilities
Export documentary credits	641	641
Short term loan	1,923	1,923
Total	$ 4,683	$ 5,029

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Banking facilities (Details 1)	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Banking Facilities Details 2
Weighted average interest rate bank overdrafts	6.00%	6.00%
Weighted average interest rate notes payable	4.18%	3.42%
Term loan in Hong Kong	3.45%	2.69%

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Income Tax (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Income Tax -loss Before Taxes Details
Hong Kong	$ (813)	$ 221	$ 693
PRC	168	(406)	2,531
Others	182	189	171
Total	$ (463)	$ 4	$ 3,395

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Income Tax (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Income Tax -deferred Taxes Details 1
Current income tax expense	$ 0	$ 0	$ (600)

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Income Tax (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Income Tax -geographic Tax Expense Details 2
Hong Kong	$ 0	$ 0	$ (5)
PRC	0	0	(595)
Total	$ 0	$ 0	$ (600)

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Income Tax (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Income Tax - Income Tax Liabilities Details 3
Current income tax liabilities / (recoverable)	$ 5	$ (5)

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Income Tax (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Income Tax - Deferred Tax Carry Forwards Details 4
Tax loss carry forwards	$ 4,203	$ 4,607
Less: Valuation allowance	(4,203)	(4,607)
Total	$ 0	$ 0

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Income Tax (Details 5) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Income Tax - Changes In Valuation Allowances Details 5
Balance, April 1	$ 4,607	$ 4,270	$ 4,459
Charged / (credited) to income tax expense	(404)	337	(189)
Balance, March 31	$ 4,203	$ 4,607	$ 4,270

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Income Tax (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Income Tax - Tax Expense Attributable To Earnings Details 6
Income before income taxes	$ (463)	$ 4	$ 3,395
Income tax benefit/ (expense) on pretax income at statutory rate	55	(1)	(560)
Effect of different tax rates of subsidiary operating in other jurisdictions	8	128	(52)
Profit not subject to income tax	9	61	472
Expenses not deductible for income tax purposes	(163)	(167)	(686)
(Decrease) / increase in valuation allowance	(404)	337	(189)
Under provision of prior year	0	0	5
Utilization of tax losses/(tax losses recognized)	495	(358)	410
Total income tax expense	$ 0	$ 0	$ (600)

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Income Tax (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Income Tax Details Narrative
Tax rate of Hong Kong subsidiaries	16.50%	16.50%	16.50%
Tax rate of PRC	25.00%	25.00%	25.00%

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Income Tax (Details Narrative 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Income Tax Details Narrative 1
Accumulated tax losses	$ 23,865	$ 25,928

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Financial instruments at fair value (Details) - Equity investment - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Fair Value of Investment	$ 102	$ 78
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Fair Value of Investment	102	78
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Fair Value of Investment
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Fair Value of Investment

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Investment in life insurance contract (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Investment In Life Insurance Contract Details Narrative
Change in fair value of life insurance contract	$ 4	$ 5	$ 4

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Leases (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Principal Repayment
2020	$ 27
2021	5
Total	32
Interest Payment
2020	1
2021	0
Total	1
Total Obligations
2020	28
2021	5
Total	$ 33

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Leases (Details 1) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Leases Details 2
2020	$ 95
Total	$ 95

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Leases (Details 2) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Leases Details 3
2020	$ 112
2021	110
2022	109
2023	109
2024	23
Total	$ 463

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Leases (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Leases Details Narrative
Lease paid	$ 47
Rental expense for operating leases	102	$ 95	$ 100
Early cancellation fee for leases	$ 108

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Commitments and contingent liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Commitments Details
Construction in Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC	$ 41	$ 358
Total construction cost	$ 41	$ 358

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Commitments and contingent liabilities (Details Narrative) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Commitments Details Narrative
Payment for contractor agreement to construct factory	$ 503
Balance due on contractor agreement	$ 41

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Stockholders' equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Stockholders Equity Details Narrative
Authorized amount for repuchase of common stock	$ 364	$ 572	$ 368
Common stock repurchased during period	124,849	213,498	164,311
Common stock repurchased removed during the period	0	34,000	0
Preferred stock authorized for sale	$ 100
Dividend	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Stock Option and bonus plans (Details) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Stock Option And Bonus Plans Details
Number of Options	850,000	850,000	850,000
Weighted Average Exercise Price	$ 1.50	$ 1.50	$ 1.50

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Stock Option and bonus plans (Details 1)	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019 $ / shares shares
Stock Option And Bonus Plans Details 1Abstract
Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 1.50
Outstanding, Number	850,000
Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Life	3 years 6 months
Exercisable, Number	850,000

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Stock Option and bonus plans (Details 2) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Stock Option And Bonus Plans
Risk-free interest rate	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Volatility	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Fair value of options at grant date per share	$ 0.00	$ 0.00	$ 0.00

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Stock Option and bonus plans (Details Narrative) - shares	Sep. 07, 2004	Mar. 23, 2004
Stock Option And Bonus Plans Details Narrative
Stock Bonus Plan authorized issuance of shares	500,000
Stock Option Plan authoried issuance of shares		850,000

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Related party transactions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Mr. Anthony So, Director, Chief Executive Officer
Commissions and/or Consultancy Fees	$ 643	$ 643	$ 643
Mr. Kim Wah Chung, Director
Commissions and/or Consultancy Fees	171	170	171
Mr. Woo-Ping Fok, Director
Commissions and/or Consultancy Fees	0	0	0
Mr. Andrew So, Director, Chief Operating Officer
Commissions and/or Consultancy Fees	249	259	249
Mr. Henry Schlueter, Director and Assistant Secretary
Commissions and/or Consultancy Fees	60	60	62
Mr. Albert So, Director, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary
Commissions and/or Consultancy Fees	$ 152	$ 162	$ 152

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Concentrations and Credit Risk (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Net Total Sales	$ 6,984	$ 9,005	$ 16,260
Net Total Sales, percent	69.00%	78.00%	86.00%
Customer A [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 3,715	$ 3,579	$ 2,729
Net Total Sales, percent	37.00%	31.00%	14.00%
Customer C [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 1,225	$ 1,599	$ 2,435
Net Total Sales, percent	12.00%	14.00%	13.00%
Customer B [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 1,027	$ 1,662	$ 1,563
Net Total Sales, percent	10.00%	14.00%	8.00%
Customer E [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 996	$ 1,050	$ 1,061
Net Total Sales, percent	10.00%	9.00%	6.00%
Customer D [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 21	$ 1,115	$ 8,472
Net Total Sales, percent	0.00%	10.00%	45.00%

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Concentrations and credit risk (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Total Trade Receivables	$ 600	$ 794
Total Trade Receivables, percent	76.00%	69.00%
Customer B [Member]
Total Trade Receivables	$ 191	$ 0
Total Trade Receivables, percent	32.00%	0.00%
Customer C [Member]
Total Trade Receivables	$ 136	$ 200
Total Trade Receivables, percent	23.00%	25.00%
Customer A [Member]
Total Trade Receivables	$ 127	$ 234
Total Trade Receivables, percent	21.00%	30.00%
Customer E [Member]
Total Trade Receivables	$ 0	$ 113
Total Trade Receivables, percent	0.00%	14.00%

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Concentrations and Credit Risk (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018
Concentrations And Credit Risk Details Narrative
Uninsured cash in banks	$ 7,527	$ 8,751

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Employee retirement benefits and severance payment allowance (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Employee Retirement Benefits And Severance Payment Allowance Details Narrative
Contributions to mandatory retirement plan	$ 264	$ 255	$ 267
Mandatory severance pay allowance	$ 437	$ 396	$ 297

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Net earnings per share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Loss Per Share Details Narrative
Income available to common stockholders ($ in thousands)	$ (463)	$ 4	$ 2,795
Basic net earnings per share	$ 0.1	$ 0.00	$ 0.54
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	4,703,224	4,910,357	5,143,648
Effect of dilutive securities – Options	0	380,547	172,745
Diluted weighted average common and potential common shares outstanding	4,703,224	5,290,904	5,316,393
Diluted net earnings income per share	$ 0.1	$ 0.00	$ 0.53

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Business segment Information (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Percentage of Net Sales	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
Scales and Others
Percentage of Net Sales	67.00%	68.00%	83.00%
Pet Electronics Products
Percentage of Net Sales	14.00%	16.00%	9.00%
Rental and Management
Percentage of Net Sales	19.00%	16.00%	8.00%

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Business segment information (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Scales & Others
Net sales	$ 6,686	$ 7,862	$ 15,814
Cost of Revenue	4,340	4,809	9,428
Operating (loss) / income	(74)	208	2,916
Identifiable assets	8,244	8,211	10,355
Depreciation and amortization	540	479	515
Capital expenditure	236	79	262
Pet Electronics Products
Net sales	1,410
Cost of Revenue	915
Operating (loss) / income	(16)
Identifiable assets	1,739
Depreciation and amortization	115
Capital expenditure	67
Rental and Management
Net sales	1,896	1,800	1,476
Cost of Revenue	780	1,010	855
Operating (loss) / income	(450)	(19)	(57)
Identifiable assets	4,716	5,622	5,465
Depreciation and amortization	479	784	748
Capital expenditure	289	266	0
Total Operating Segments
Net sales	9,992	11,523	18,952
Cost of Revenue	6,035	6,958	11,274
Operating (loss) / income	(540)	238	3,166
Identifiable assets	14,699	15,777	16,909
Depreciation and amortization	1,134	1,376	1,317
Capital expenditure	592	364	289
Corporate
Net sales	0	0	0
Cost of Revenue	0	0	0
Operating (loss) / income	0	0	0
Identifiable assets	7,787	8,978	4,057
Depreciation and amortization	0	0	0
Capital expenditure	0	0	0
Group
Net sales	9,992	11,523	18,952
Cost of Revenue	6,035	6,958	11,274
Operating (loss) / income	(540)	238	3,166
Identifiable assets	22,486	24,755	20,966
Depreciation and amortization	1,134	1,376	1,317
Capital expenditure	$ 592	364	289
Pet Electronic Products
Net sales		1,861	1,662
Cost of Revenue		1,139	991
Operating (loss) / income		49	307
Identifiable assets		1,944	1,089
Depreciation and amortization		113	54
Capital expenditure		$ 19	$ 27

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Business segment information (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Business Segment Information Details 1
Hong Kong	$ 5	$ 0	$ 0
The PRC	8,746	9,342
Total property, plant and equipment	$ 9,591	$ 10,434

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Business segment information (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Net Total Sales	$ 9,992	$ 11,523	$ 18,952
Net Total Sales, percent	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
GERMANY
Net Total Sales	$ 3,760	$ 3,621	$ 2,797
Net Total Sales, percent	38.00%	31.00%	15.00%
UNITED STATES
Net Total Sales	$ 3,184	$ 4,807	$ 10,356
Net Total Sales, percent	32.00%	42.00%	55.00%
The PRC
Net Total Sales	$ 2,265	$ 2,054	$ 1,590
Net Total Sales, percent	23.00%	18.00%	8.00%
Netherlands
Net Total Sales	$ 0	$ 87	$ 2,299
Net Total Sales, percent	0.00%	1.00%	12.00%
Total [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 9,209	$ 10,569	$ 17,042
Net Total Sales, percent	93.00%	92.00%	90.00%

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Business segment information (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Net Total Sales	$ 9,992	$ 11,523	$ 18,952
Net Total Sales, percent	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
Total [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 6,984	$ 9,005	$ 16,260
Net Total Sales, percent	69.00%	78.00%	86.00%
Scales | Customer A [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 3,715	$ 3,579	$ 2,729
Net Total Sales, percent	37.00%	31.00%	14.00%
Scales | Customer C [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 1,225	$ 1,599	$ 2,435
Net Total Sales, percent	12.00%	14.00%	13.00%
Scales | Customer D [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 21	$ 1,115	$ 8,472
Net Total Sales, percent	0.00%	10.00%	45.00%
Scales & Pet Electronics Products | Customer B [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 1,027	$ 1,662	$ 1,563
Net Total Sales, percent	10.00%	14.00%	8.00%
Rental and Management | Customer E [Member]
Net Total Sales	$ 996	$ 1,050	$ 1,061
Net Total Sales, percent	10.00%	9.00%	6.00%

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Long-term loan and long-term deposit received (Details Narrative) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Fangda Group Co
Deposit received	$ 3,199

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Other income, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment	$ 5	$ 0	$ 0
Gain on disposal of intangible assets	0	0	79
Gain from deregistration of subsidiaries			(22)
Other gains	103	342	453
Other income, net	$ 108	$ 342	$ 554

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Non-operating (expenses) / income, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Interest income	$ 237	$ 191	$ 8
Interest expense	(139)	(72)	(37)
Foreign exchange (loss) / gain	(21)	(353)	258
Non-operating (expenses) / income, net	$ 77	$ (234)	$ 229

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Subsequent events (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Mar. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2017
Shares Re-Purchased		124,849	213,498	164,311
Common stock aggregate purchase price		$ 364	$ 572	$ 368
Subsequent Event [Member]
Shares Re-Purchased	17,404
Common stock aggregate purchase price	$ 47,000