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Loans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Farmer Mac classifies loans as either held for investment or held for sale. Loans held for investment are recorded at the unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized premium or discount and other cost basis adjustments. Loans held for sale are reported at the lower of cost or fair value determined on a pooled

basis. During the year ended December 31, 2020, Farmer Mac acquired $59.2 million in loans held for sale, of which it sold $15.0 million during the year, and reclassified $44.2 million as loans held for investment. As of both December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Farmer Mac had no loans held for sale.

The following table includes loans held for investment and displays the composition of the loan balances as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

Table 8.1


	As of December 31, 2020(1)						As of December 31, 2019(2)
	Unsecuritized		In Consolidated Trusts		Total		Unsecuritized		In Consolidated Trusts		Total
	(in thousands)
Farm & Ranch	$	4,889,393	$	1,287,045	$	6,176,438	$	3,675,640	$	1,600,917	$	5,276,557
Rural Utilities	2,260,412		—		2,260,412		1,671,293		—		1,671,293
Total unpaid principal balance(3)	7,149,805		1,287,045		8,436,850		5,346,933		1,600,917		6,947,850
Unamortized premiums, discounts, fair value hedge basis adjustment, and other cost basis adjustments	112,128		—		112,128		44,044		—		44,044
Total loans	7,261,933		1,287,045		8,548,978		5,390,977		1,600,917		6,991,894
Allowance for losses	(12,943)		(889)		(13,832)		(8,853)		(1,601)		(10,454)
Total loans, net of allowance	$	7,248,990	$	1,286,156	$	8,535,146	$	5,382,124	$	1,599,316	$	6,981,440

(1)Allowance for losses reflects the adoption of ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses," effective January 1, 2020.

(2)Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses," effective January 1, 2020, Farmer Mac maintained an allowance for losses to cover estimated probable incurred losses on loans held.

(3)Unpaid principal balance is the basis of presentation in disclosures of outstanding balances for Farmer Mac's lines of business.

Allowance for Losses

The following table is a summary, by asset type, of the allowance for losses as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

Table 8.2


	December 31, 2020(1)		December 31, 2019(2)
	Allowance for Losses		Allowance for Losses
	(in thousands)
Loans:
Farm & Ranch	$	3,745	$	10,454
Rural Utilities	10,087		—
Total	$	13,832	$	10,454

(1)Allowance for losses reflects the adoption of ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses," effective January 1, 2020.

(2)Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses," effective January 1, 2020, Farmer Mac maintained an allowance for loan losses to cover estimated probable incurred losses on loans held.

The following is a summary of the changes in the allowance for losses for each year in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020:

Table 8.3


	Farm & Ranch		Rural Utilities
	Allowance for Losses		Allowance for Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2017(1)	$	6,796	$	—
Provision for losses	238		—
Charge-offs	(17)		—
Balance as of December 31, 2018(1)	$	7,017	$	—
Provision for losses	3,504		—
Charge-offs	(67)		—
Balance as of December 31, 2019(1)	$	10,454	$	—
Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption of current expected credit loss standard	(3,909)		5,378
Adjusted Beginning Balance	6,545		5,378
(Release of)/provision for losses	2,959		4,709

Charge-offs	(5,759)		—
Balance as of December 31, 2020(2)(3)(4)	$	3,745	$	10,087

(1)Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses," effective January 1, 2020, Farmer Mac maintained an allowance for loan losses to cover estimated probable incurred losses on loans held.

(2)Allowance for losses reflects the adoption of ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses," effective January 1, 2020.

(3)Allowance for losses for Farm & Ranch includes no allowance for collateral dependent assets secured by agricultural real estate.

(4)Allowance for losses for Rural Utilities includes no allowance for collateral dependent assets.

The cumulative transition adjustment decrease of $3.9 million in the Farm & Ranch portfolio was primarily attributable to differences in the way that the two loss models measure the impact of low loan-to-value ratios in that portfolio. Under the previous accounting standard, Farmer Mac's estimated incurred loss model was based on historical weighted-average loss rates from realized losses within commodities and risk ratings. The historical weighted average loss rates were then applied to sub-portfolios, as disaggregated by commodity and risk rating, to calculate the general allowance. Under the CECL accounting standard, Farmer Mac's current expected credit losses are calculated individually based on the expected probability of default and the expected loss-given-default for each loan. The low loan-to-value ratios in the Farm & Ranch portfolio result in low individual losses-given-default. Thus, our expected credit losses as of January 1, 2020 were less than our estimate of incurred losses as of December 31, 2019.

The cumulative transition adjustment increase of $5.4 million in the Rural Utilities portfolio was primarily attributable to the change from measuring incurred probable credit losses to measuring expected credit losses over the expected lives of these loans. Farmer Mac has never realized a credit loss in its Rural Utilities portfolio. Additionally, these loans have strong credit ratings and performance, which supported Farmer Mac's estimate of no incurred credit losses under the previous accounting standard. Upon the adoption of CECL, Farmer Mac is now required to measure its expected credit losses for the entire expected life of all financial instruments, including its Rural Utilities loans. To estimate expected credit losses on these loans, Farmer Mac relies upon industry data from ratings agencies and publicly available information as disclosed in the securities filings of other major lenders who serve the utilities industry. Under CECL, Farmer Mac's loss allowance model for these loans is primarily impacted by the long-term maturities of the loans and their low probability of prepayment. In addition, the highly-specialized nature of power generation and transmission and other rural infrastructure facilities results in significant expected

losses given default even though the probability of default is low. Thus, the long-term expected lives of these loans combined with high losses given default result in an estimate of expected losses although we have never realized a credit loss in this portfolio.

The provision to the allowance for Rural Utilities loan losses of $4.7 million recorded during the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily attributable to the impact of net new loan volume in the Rural Utilities portfolio and the impact of economic factor forecasts on the Rural Utilities portfolio, especially continued expected higher unemployment, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic volatility. The provision to the allowance for Farm & Ranch loan losses of $3.0 million recorded during the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily related to the Farm & Ranch agricultural storage & processing loan secured by a specialized poultry facility that Farmer Mac has deemed to be a CDA. The provision was more than offset by charge-offs from the allowance of $5.8 million, primarily related to the specialized poultry loan because a portion of the loan was deemed to be uncollectible.

The provision to the allowance for loan losses recorded during 2019 was primarily attributable to a specific reserve on a single specialized poultry loan, a decrease in overall credit quality, and net portfolio growth. The allowance for losses in the Farm & Ranch portfolio, as a percentage of outstanding loan volume, increased slightly from the previous year. The total provision for losses increased by $3.2 million, during 2019 as compared to 2018, primarily due to the specific reserve on the single specialized poultry loan mentioned above and a decrease in overall credit quality combined with net portfolio growth.

During 2018, the total allowance for losses increased because of increased loan volume within Farmer Mac's Farm & Ranch portfolio. The total allowance for losses in the Farm & Ranch portfolio, as a percentage of outstanding loan volume, remained consistent with recent years. The total provision for losses decreased by $1.4 million during 2018 as compared to 2017 primarily due to decreased loan growth year-over-year and modestly improved credit quality in the Farm & Ranch portfolio.

The following table presents the unpaid principal balances by delinquency status of Farmer Mac's loans and non-performing assets as of December 31, 2020:

Table 8.4


	As of December 31, 2020
	Accruing
	Current(5)		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days and Greater(2)		Total Past Due		Nonaccrual loans(3)(4)		Total Loans
	(in thousands)
Loans(1):
Farm & Ranch	$	6,055,154	$	4,582	$	632	$	1,072	$	6,286	$	114,998	$	6,176,438
Rural Utilities	2,260,412		—		—		—		—		—		2,260,412
Total	$	8,315,566	$	4,582	$	632	$	1,072	$	6,286	$	114,998	$	8,436,850

(1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.

(2)Includes loans in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties that are 90 days or more past due.

(3)Includes loans that are 90 days or more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.

(4)Includes $44.2 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no associated allowance. During the year ended December 31, 2020, Farmer Mac received $4.4 million in interest on nonaccrual loans.

(5)Includes $145.5 million of unpaid principal balance related to Farm & Ranch loans that Farmer Mac has executed a COVID-19 payment deferment.

The following table presents the unpaid principal balances of loans held and the related total allowance for losses by impairment method and commodity type as of December 31, 2019:

Table 8.5


	As of December 31, 2019
	Crops		Permanent Plantings		Livestock		Part-time Farm		Ag. Storage and Processing		Other		Total
	(in thousands)
Ending Balance:
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	2,664,362	$	1,161,900	$	871,341	$	356,920	$	10,360	$	4,597	$	5,069,480
Individually evaluated for impairment	108,815		51,256		39,962		7,044		—		—		207,077
Total Farm & Ranch loans	$	2,773,177	$	1,213,156	$	911,303	$	363,964	$	10,360	$	4,597	$	5,276,557
Allowance for Losses:
Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	1,880	$	1,362	$	714	$	249	$	47	$	4	$	4,256
Individually evaluated for impairment	2,628		1,008		2,447		115		—		—		6,198
Total Farm & Ranch loans	$	4,508	$	2,370	$	3,161	$	364	$	47	$	4	$	10,454

The following table presents by commodity type the unpaid principal balances, recorded investment, and specific allowance for losses related to impaired loans and the recorded investment in loans on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2019:

Table 8.6


	As of December 31, 2019
	Crops		Permanent Plantings		Livestock		Part-time Farm		Ag. Storage and Processing		Other		Total
	(in thousands)
Impaired Loans:
With no specific allowance:
Recorded investment	$	30,846	$	16,696	$	3,195	$	1,398	$	—	$	56	$	52,191
Unpaid principal balance	30,741		16,638		3,185		1,394		—		56		52,014
With a specific allowance:
Recorded investment(1)	84,044		36,852		47,113		6,376		—		—		174,385
Unpaid principal balance	83,772		36,732		46,984		6,356		—		—		173,844
Associated allowance	2,725		1,051		2,636		129		—		—		6,541
Total:
Recorded investment	114,890		53,548		50,308		7,774		—		56		226,576
Unpaid principal balance	114,513		53,370		50,169		7,750		—		56		225,858
Associated allowance	2,725		1,051		2,636		129		—		—		6,541

Recorded investment of loans on nonaccrual status(2)	$	34,037	$	22,849	$	28,441	$	2,454	$	—	$	—	$	87,781

(1)Impairment analysis was performed in the aggregate in consideration of similar risk characteristics of the assets and historical statistics on $159.1 million (70%) of impaired loans as of December 31, 2019, which resulted in a specific allowance of $3.0 million.

(2)Includes $30.1 million of loans that are less than 90 days delinquent but which have not met Farmer Mac's performance criteria for returning to accrual status.

The following table presents by commodity type the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans for the year ended December 31, 2019:

Table 8.7


	December 31, 2019
	Crops		Permanent Plantings		Livestock		Part-time Farm		Ag. Storage and Processing		Other		Total
	(in thousands)
For the Year Ended:
Average recorded investment in impaired loans	$	101,053	$	44,986	$	36,054	$	7,953	$	—	$	60	$	190,106
Income recognized on impaired loans	1,157		625		687		284		—		—		2,753

Net credit losses and 90-day delinquencies as of and for the periods indicated for loans held are presented in the table below. As of December 31, 2019, there were no delinquencies and no probable losses inherent in Farmer Mac's Rural Utilities loan portfolio and Farmer Mac had not experienced credit losses on any Rural Utilities loans.

Table 8.8


	90-Day Delinquencies(1)		Net Credit Losses
	As of		For the Year Ended
	December 31, 2019		December 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
Farm & Ranch loans	$	57,719	$	131	$	40

(1)Includes loans that are 90 days or more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.

Rural Utilities

As of December 31, 2019, no allowance for losses had been provided for Farmer Mac's Rural Utilities line of business based on the performance of the loans in this line of business and the credit quality of the collateral supporting these loans, as well as Farmer Mac's counterparty risk analysis. As of December 31, 2019, there were no delinquencies or probable losses inherent in Farmer Mac's Rural Utilities loans held or underlying LTSPCs.

Credit Quality Indicators

The following tables present credit quality indicators related to Farm & Ranch loans and Rural Utilities loans held as of December 31, 2020, by year of origination:

Table 8.9


	As of December 31, 2020
	Year of Origination:
	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Revolving Loans - Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(in thousands)
Farm & Ranch(1):
Internally Assigned Risk Rating:
Acceptable	$	1,947,618	$	774,315	$	484,345	$	500,768	$	465,277	$	1,068,693	$	535,742	$	5,776,758
Special mention(2)	70,171		79,744		18,317		8,530		13,111		21,328		7,656		218,857
Substandard(3)	3,400		5,821		21,879		52,709		37,173		50,582		9,259		180,823
Total	$	2,021,189	$	859,880	$	524,541	$	562,007	$	515,561	$	1,140,603	$	552,657	$	6,176,438

For the Year Ended:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,365	$	—	$	394	$	—	$	5,759
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Farm & Ranch net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,365	$	—	$	394	$	—	$	5,759

(1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.

(2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.


	As of December 31, 2020
	Year of Origination:
	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Revolving Loans - Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(in thousands)
Rural Utilities(1):
Internally Assigned Risk Rating:
Acceptable	$	667,489	$	809,921	$	8,260	$	89,842	$	31,275	$	641,145	$	12,480	$	2,260,412
Special mention(2)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard(3)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	667,489	$	809,921	$	8,260	$	89,842	$	31,275	$	641,145	$	12,480	$	2,260,412

For the Year Ended:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Rural Utilities net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.

(2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

The following table presents credit quality indicators related to Farm & Ranch loans held as of December 31, 2019:

Table 8.10


	As of December 31, 2019
	Crops		Permanent Plantings		Livestock		Part-time Farm		Ag. Storage and Processing		Other		Total
	(in thousands)
Internally Assigned Risk Rating(1)
Acceptable	$	2,556,956	$	1,050,160	$	825,234	$	343,329	$	10,360	$	4,597	$	4,790,636
Special mention(2)	107,406		111,739		46,107		13,591		—		—		278,843
Substandard(3)	108,815		51,257		39,962		7,044		—		—		207,078
Total	$	2,773,177	$	1,213,156	$	911,303	$	363,964	$	10,360	$	4,597	$	5,276,557

Commodity analysis of past due loans(1)	$	21,167	$	15,828	$	19,354	$	1,370	$	—	$	—	$	57,719

(1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.

(2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.