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      <registrantstate>US-MA</registrantstate>
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        <website webpage="WWW.PUTNAM.COM"/>
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          <officeName>Higgins Michael J.</officeName>
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        <relyOnRuleTypes>
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          <relyOnRuleType>Rule 32a-4 (17 CFR 270.32a-4)</relyOnRuleType>
          <relyOnRuleType>Rule 12d1-1 (17 CFR 270.12d1-1)</relyOnRuleType>
          <relyOnRuleType>Rule 17a-6 (17 CFR 270.17a-6)</relyOnRuleType>
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