

	Year ended December 31,
	2019			2018		2017
Income before income taxes:
Domestic	$	52,190		$	64,670	$	46,180
Foreign	26,070			27,690		23,700
Total income before income taxes	$	78,260		$	92,360	$	69,880
Current income tax expense:
Federal	$	3,530		$	4,410	$	10,990
State and local	1,280			2,060		1,640
Foreign	7,070			6,200		6,010
Total current income tax expense	11,880			12,670		18,640
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
Federal	4,890			4,570		15,200
State and local	500			1,310		1,280
Foreign	(950		)	100		(1,200		)
Total deferred income tax expense	4,440			5,980		15,280
Income tax expense	$	16,320		$	18,650	$	33,920



	December 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
Deferred tax assets:
Accounts receivable	$	480		$	590
Inventories	4,390			3,040
Accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities	12,210			14,470
Operating lease liability	6,790			—
Tax loss and credit carryforwards	9,200			5,740
Other, principally deferred income	340			330
Gross deferred tax asset	33,410			24,170
Valuation allowances	(8,310		)	(4,330		)
Net deferred tax asset	25,100			19,840
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	(20,650		)	(14,620		)
Right of use asset	(6,700		)	—
Goodwill and other intangible assets	(13,250		)	(6,420		)
Investment in foreign affiliates, including withholding tax	(830		)	(1,050		)
Gross deferred tax liability	(41,430		)	(22,090		)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(16,330	)	$	(2,250	)

The following is a reconciliation of income tax expense computed at the U.S. federal statutory rate to income tax expense allocated to income before income taxes (dollars in thousands):



	Year ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
U.S. federal statutory rate	21		%	21		%	35		%
Tax at U.S. federal statutory rate	$	16,440		$	19,390		$	24,460
State and local taxes, net of federal tax benefit	970			2,730			2,170
Differences in statutory foreign tax rates	(870		)	490			(1,060		)
Change in recognized tax benefits	(920		)	(560		)	(90		)
Nontaxable income	(570		)	(940		)	(250		)
Research and manufacturing incentives	(1,160		)	(1,740		)	(1,510		)
Net change in valuation allowance	3,580			280			(250		)
Tax Reform Act	—			(400		)	12,660
Other, net	(1,150		)	(600		)	(2,210		)
Income tax expense	$	16,320		$	18,650		$	33,920

The Company has recorded deferred tax assets on $34.0 million of various state operating loss carryforwards and $27.0 million of various foreign operating loss carryforwards. The majority of the state tax loss carryforwards expire between 2026 and 2032 and the majority of the foreign losses have indefinite carryforward periods.

The Company has not made a provision for U.S. or additional foreign withholding taxes related to investments in foreign subsidiaries that are indefinitely reinvested since any excess of the amount for financial reporting over the tax basis in these investments is not significant as of December 31, 2019.

In December 2017, the Tax Reform Act was signed into law, and, among the provisions, reduced the Federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, and implemented a territorial tax system, imposing a one-time tax on the deemed repatriation of undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries ("Transition Tax"). The Transition Tax is payable over eight years beginning in 2019.

The Company recorded provisional expenses in 2017 related to the Transition Tax and finalized the measurement of the provisional expenses in 2018. In 2018, the Company recognized an approximate $1.1 million income tax benefit in connection with finalizing the revaluation of its net deferred tax assets following the filing of the Company's 2017 corporate income tax return, and recognized an approximate $0.7 million income tax expense related to finalizing the Transition Tax, resulting in a $0.4 million net reduction in 2018 to the $12.7 million provisional tax expense recorded in 2017.

As of December 31, 2019, the U.S Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) is still in the process of issuing guidance to taxpayers to address changes enacted in the Tax Reform Act. The Company has prepared the income tax provision for years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 based on available guidance. However, if final guidance is issued that modifies the existing temporary guidance issued by the IRS or if the final guidance contradicts positions taken by the Company in the absence of any IRS guidance, this could have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

The Company had approximately $2.3 million and $3.0 million of unrecognized tax benefits ("UTBs") as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. If the UTBs were recognized, the impact to the Company's effective tax rate would be to reduce reported income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 by approximately $1.9 million and $2.5 million, respectively.



	Unrecognized Tax Benefits
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	3,370
Tax positions related to current year:
Additions	60
Tax positions related to prior years:
Additions	390
Reductions	—
Settlements	—
Lapses in the statutes of limitations	(800		)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	3,020
Tax positions related to current year:
Additions	110
Tax positions related to prior years:
Additions	—
Reductions	—
Settlements	—
Lapses in the statutes of limitations	(880		)
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	2,250

In addition to the UTBs summarized above, the Company has recorded approximately $1.4 million and $1.8 million in potential interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The Company is subject to U.S. federal, state and local, and certain non-U.S. income tax examinations for tax years 2013 through 2019. In addition, there are currently several state and foreign income tax examinations in process. The Company does not believe that the results of these examinations will have a significant impact on the Company's tax position or its effective tax rate.